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ANNALS 


OF 


The Entomological Society of America 


VOCE UNE ON ol IA2 


EDITORIAL BOARD 


J. H. COMSTOCK, 


L. O. HOWARD, 
ITHACA, N. Y. 


WASHINGTON, D. C. 


C. J. S. BETHUNE, 


W. M. WHEELER, 
GUELPH, ONTARIO, CANADA. 


Boston, Mass. 


Cc. W. JOHNSON, 


Pb: CARVER, 
Boston, MASS. 


PHILADELPHIA, PA. 


V. L. KELLOG, 


J. W. FOLSOM, 
STANFORD UNIV., CAL. 


URBANA, ILLS. 


HERBERT OSBORN, Managing Editor, 
CoLUMBUS, OHIO. 


PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE SOCIETY 
COLUMBUS, OHIO 


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CONTENTS OF VOLUME V. 


PAGE 
Ofircerss Constitution atdelbist Of Miembersae-s 7.96. 4eseeuee css: seus - V-XiV 
The Evolution of the Webs of Spiders. J. H. ComMSTOCK.................... 1 


Notes on the Eastern Species of Cerceris (Hym. Philanthide. NATHAN BANKs 11 
Natural History and General Behavior of the Ephemeride Nymphs 


Heptagenia Interpunctata (Say). J. E. WODSEDALAK................. 31 
INewaviestern “lipulas a Re Wis DOANEM nme tnriess cee: soci e seerleniscs ¢ 4l 
A Problem in the Flight of Insects.. H. OSBORN..............2-.2.00.000005 61 
Haumichienopucies im: Entomology. . Hi OSBORNej.45.5 ~.a..c sss Se wn sels 63 
Notes on Aquatic Hymenoptera. R. MATHESON and C. R. Crospy.......... 65 
PESO TC TOMS ME enter era en rah es aioe Poe Od kU cute erect raat ties SRY cot Ses elena claw ale Scr ai 72 
Proceedings of the Washington Meeting. A. D. MacGILLIVRAY............. 76 
Homologies in the Wing-Veins of May-Flies. A. H. MorGAN................ 89 
(whe Pezomachini or-North America, EB. Hi STRICKLAND. j4)5.0-20-65. se 113 
The North American Chilopods and Diplopods. R. V.CHAMBERLIN........ 141 
Contribution to the Knowledge of Mealy Bugs, Genus Pseudococcus, in the 

Vicintivaon Cape mow Souter Ca gem GanGw AUN ease) steit. eit. 177 
Brazilian Ichneumonide and Braconice Obtained by the Stanford Expedition. 

CEIARIEE SUED RWESS iy recr eke 4 aya aan aE Wot eee neg 2 6 Bote mbit: Biel 193 
The Lacinia in the Maxilla of the Hymenoptera. ALEx D. MAcGILLIvRAy.... 231 
The Pupal Wings of Hepialus Thule. ALEx D. MAcCGILLIVRAY.............. 239 


Anatomy of the Tomato-Worm Larva, Protoparce Carolina. ALVAH PETERSON 246 
Observations of the Ecology of Dragon-Fly Nymphs: Reactions to Light and 


Contactar Co; Bel CURTIS HRIPE Vs saree, sot ie eee oor lien ara eke 273 
The North American Digger Wasps of the Subfamily Scoliine. Oscar C. 

Jo UATPaN EIDE Set JE eet irae capiarg Dist are eae Pore Lea a ter ier hater Seve y oe 293 
New: Neotropical’ Mipulinas, CHARLES; Py ALEXANDER: ¢ 224.4. [olen cee ess ss 343 
Life History and Habits of Trogoderma Tarsale (Melsh), a Museum Pest. 

Jeg: 1B NYY CIDE TDIDYA IDC Hip, ae pos ces es OE EERE EA ays Ecce t kein SLR eC 367 
The Internal Anatomy of Icerya Purchasi. Cart E. JOHNSTON.............. 383 
Death Feigning in Conotrachelus Nenuphar Herbst. Wrtson P. Gre and 

1 JRE. SDE UT TOTES Case 1 ct cote Mr Acai Reo TROGIR 391 


The Flight of Two Thousand Marked Male Mediterranean Fruit Flies 
(Ceratitis capitata Wied). Henry H. P. SEVERIN and Wo. J. Hartune 400 


Observations on the Life History of a New Species of Psychoda. PAut S. 


w. M, ; WHEELER, 


mi 


The , Entomological Aiea of Amero” ee ee ia 


FO UNDED 1906. 


OFFICERS 19172, 


President—S. A. FORBES. Seed Ee Ig 3 EG gee ep case Urbana, Hlinois Tae 


AF erst Vice-President—A. D. HOPKINS)... 0c ccc eeveeseseeees Washington, D. C. 
iy. second Vice-President—Ci BP, GILLETT, Soe ee £0. vay ee Fort Collins, Colorado 
Secretary-Treasurer—A,, D. MACGILLIVRAY, «4... cc cele ee ce eeces Champaign, Illinois 


j. B. Smita, E.D.Batit, Henry SKINNER, HERBERT OSBORN 


fa | Executive Committee—Tue Orricers, and J.H.Comsrock, © P.P. CaLvert 


Committee on Nomenclature—H. T. Fernatp,  E. P. Fett, T.D. A. CocKERELL ° 


: _- Price List of Publications. t 
_ ‘Annals, Vols. I, II, III and IV, complete, each.... 25... OR SR ROR . -$3.00 


Annals, Separate, Parts except as below, each........ Se Rbk bie ivelde Yo aca Mace lend 
‘Annats\V.ds. Cand Il, Patt ss each: 325. 8esces eee teas Se okncet cheese 50 


Annals, Vol. IV, Part IV, each... 2.000.502... sig ae Wa RE ages ova Ramneaa hve 50 


REPRINTS. FROM VOLUME I. 
“Proceedings of first three meetings; Constitution, By-Laws and List of Mem-: 


POLS. oe Nie 6 nis teva aiotae Re olivia alee bes meee ora Res PS Bit b apt e ce eek ye rene a ae 
( WHEELER, Wm, M. —Polymorphism OP AMES ari 2d wc ncin wield wele al state erie 30. | 
Osnorn, Herpert—The Habits of Insects as a Factor in Classification.. 5 Mee 


SEVERIN, H. H. AND SEverIN, H. C.—Anatomical and Histological Studies 
of the Female BeprosHeeye Organs of the American-Saw fly, Cimbex 
Americana, weak, |. 3/7) Suseion ne mwa hte aoa Sew eM Vette ables nc ewa retest rae 


FrLT, E. P.—Some Problems in Nomenclature. 0.0... .c ee eceee cues 
_\ Hammar, A. G.—On'the Nervous System of the Larva of Corydalis SS, L.. ..26 
_» Brabiey, J. C.—A. case. of Gregarious Sleeping Habits among Aculeate 


TIRIMETOP LET Aa Taine bie a ie Snel oto eh sad Sort od ir cdedig MDa ww we Mapho's ACE Su ede 30 
Davis, J. J.—Notes on the Life History of the Leafy eee of the Box- 
elder Aphid, Chaitophorus negundinis Thos....... 20s... e eee c ee deteee 10 
HAMBLETON, J. C.—The Genus Corizus, with a Review oe the North and 
—* < Middle American Species.. 25)... 6 yess e ele cece teenie cee cne ne deed eee 25 
Grravutt, A. A.—Biological Notes on Colorado Potato Beetle. 2... ...... eee {257 


Grravtt, A. A.—A Monographic Catalogue of the Mymarid Genus Alaptus... .26 
_ SEVERIN, H. H. anp SeEveRIN, H. C.—Internal Organs of Reproduction of 


Male. Saw-fly.. coe ce eee e ech een etter rece pe ce eteet er nertaees 15 
SMITH, Cup A Preliminary Study of the Aranee Theraphose of sess 75 
Davis, J.,J.—Studies‘on Aphididae....: Bees ch vOveVate asa sceeds ely oobi Sane ath a piote ata a CEI -20 
Ritey, W. A.—Muscle Attachment of Insects ffi). een RAD aNeae ES ina 15 
NEEDHAM, J. C.—Critical Notes on the Classification of the Corduliinae ‘i 

COC OMBRA SEC oR Tea wera Rew aay et aut ada apalas PMm a boate eretetaps weenie a, MOPS 15 
Howarp, L. O.—A Key, to the Species of Prospaltella with Table of Ficste 

and Descriptions of Four New Species. i... 5.20. se eee te cece ces Settee ede 15 
Hoop, J. D.—Two New Species of Idolothrips. bay cult Sie Se ASRS SA 10 

Address 


ANNALS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, 
Biological Building, State Univ., Columbus, Ohio. 


ANNALS 


Oke: 


The Entomological Society of America 


Volume V NWeACR Grea 191 2 Number 1 


THE EVOLUTION OF THE WEBS OF SPIDERS. 
By J. H. Comstock, Cornell University. 


ABSTRACT. = 


- The making of its wonderfully regular web by an orb-weaving 
spider is a remarkable instance of specialization in habits; and 
correlated with this are equally remarkable specializations of 
structure. In the construction of their webs some spiders use 
several distinct kinds of silk, to produce which several distinct 
sets of silk glands have been evolved; and to manipulate this. 
silk elaborate spinning organs have been developed. 

The tracing of the steps by which these specializations have: 
been evolved must be, in the present state of our knowledge,. 
largely conjectural. We are forced to follow the method 
commonly employed in constructing genealogical trees. We 
will look for generalized conditions and from these attempt to 
trace the evolution of those more specialized. 

A very little study by this method is sufficient to show that 
the web-making habit has not progressed in a single direct line. 
Beginning with the simplest type of web, we find that this type 
has been modified in widely different ways in the different 
families of spiders. 

In our search for a starting point we gain no help from a 
study of other arachnids than spiders. Silk organs are of rare 
occurrence in the other orders of the Arachnida. It is said that 
the tailless whip-scorpions carry their eggs in a sac formed of a 
dark brown transparent material containing some threads; but the 
source of this material has not been described. It is well-known 
that the Pseudoscorpions spin silk; but the silk glands of these 

*This address, delivered at the annual meeting in Washington, D. C., Dec. 
27, 1911, was illustrated by lantern slides made from photographs of the webs 


described. These photographs are reproduced in a volume on the Arachnida of 
North America, ‘‘ The Spider Book,’ by J. H. Comstock, now in press. 


It 


2 Annals Entomological Society of America iolkaye 


creatures are in the cephalothorax and open through the tips of 
one pair of jaws, the chelicerze, while the silk glands of spiders 
are in the abdomen and open through specialized legs at the 
opposite end of the body. Any genetic connection that there 
may be between these two sets of silk organs is too remote to 
throw any light on the particular problem before us. It is 
evident that in our study of the evolution of spider webs we are 
forced to confine our attention to the habits of spiders. 

It is probable that the production of silk by spiders was not 
primarily evolved for the making of webs for capturing prey. 
The representatives of many families do not spin webs; and 
there is no reason to believe that these non-web-making families 
have descended from web-making forms. It seems more 
probable that the use of silk for making webs for capturing prey 
is a secondary or tertiary adaptation. 

All spiders use silk in caring for their eggs. And it seems 
probable that this was the primary use of silk in this group 
of animals. 

With some spiders, as Pholcus, only a little silk is used for 
this purpose, merely enough to fasten the eggs together in a 
ball; with some spiders the habit of making an elaborate egg-sac 
has been evolved; and many types of these egg-sacs exist. A 
single illustration of an elaborate egg-sac is sufficient for our 
present purpose. Glyptocranium cornigerum makes an egg-sac, 
with a vase-shaped outer covering, and fastens it to a twig 
with bands of silk in a manner which almost suggests human 
intelligence. 

Spiders having acquired silk for the protection of their eggs 
have utilized it for other purposes, of which the making of webs 
for capturing prey is but one, and probably not the next one 
in the sequence of the different uses of this substance. 

Many spiders that live in burrows in the ground strengthen 
the walls of their burrows by a lining of silk. Some of these, 
the well-known trap-door-spiders close the entrance to their 
nest by an elaborately constructed lid; and some build a turret 
over the entrance of their burrow. In the case of the turret 
spiders we have, I believe, from observations made on one that 
I kept in confinement in my office for several months, species 
that build a structure to facilitate the capturing of their prey, 
the turret serving as a watch tower from which insects invading 
the region near the nest can be more easily seen. 


1912] Evolution of the Webs of Spiders 


CO 


A much more elaborate provision for capturing prey made 
by a burrowing spider by nee the lining of its tube is 
the purse-web of Atypus. 

Another remarkable device to aid in the capture of prey is 
made by one of the Dysderide, the species known as Ariadna 
bicolor. ‘This spider lives in a silken tube built in the hole that 
serves as a retreat for the spider. This tube is suspended from 
a frame-work of threads, built at the entrance of the retreat, in 
such a way that any disturbance of the exposed parts of the 
nest is communicated to the occupant of the tube. From the 
frame-work at the entrance of the retreat there extends a 
series of radiating lines each of which passes over two or more 
piers which keep it suspended a short distance from the face of 
the supporting object; so that any insect walking on this object 
is sure to disturb one of these lines. The touching of one of the 
trap lines by an insect results like the touching of the spring of 
a “ Jack-in-the-box.’”’ The spider comes forth with amazing 
swiftness, seizes the unlucky insect, and retreats with it in- 
stantly to its lair. 

Let us pass now from this glance at unusual devices for the 
capture of prey to a study of the more common forms of spider 
webs. 

How did the web-making habit arise? What were the steps 
by which the gap between the use of silk for the protection of 
eggs to its use in the construction of an elaborate web for the 
trapping of prey was bridged? With our present knowledge 
our answer can be only an hypothesis. 

The most important step I believe to have been the acquir- 
ing of the habit of spinning a drag-line, the thread which most 
spiders spin wherever they go. The first drag-line may have 
been a thread which a spider was using in the construction of 
an egg-sac and by which the spider found it could drop from an 
elevated position to a lower one; from this all of the well-known 
uses of the drag-line could be evolved. 

The complete history of the development of this activity is 
not so simple, however, as this statement might indicate. For 
there has been evolved a special kind of silk for use as a drag- 
line which differs in structure from that used in making egg-sacs 
and which is secreted by a distinct set of glands. But this is 
only one of several differentiations that have arisen; for now at 


4 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


least seven different kinds of silk, each adapted to a special 
purpose, are spun by spiders. 

The step from a drag-line to a web is not a great one. A 
spider spinning a thread wherever it goes would make a web if 
by chance it moved about in a limited space as in some nook in 
which it had taken up its abode. In such a web insects would 
be trapped, and thus might arise the habit of building webs for 
the purpose of trapping insects. The simpler webs made by 
spiders are irregular nets formed of the same kind of silk as that 
of which the drag-line is made. Such a web is made by Pholcus. 
It consists of a comparatively few threads spun without any 
regularity of arrangement. 

A marked step in advance of the irregular nets of Pholcus is 
illustrated by the regular webs of the sheet-web-weavers, the 
Linyphiide. These are constructed of dry silk, the kind used 
for the drag-line, but they are of more or less definite form. 
That of Linyphia phrygiana is a flat sheet spun between the 
twigs of ashrub oratree. Linyphia pusilla makes a horizontal 
platform between stems of grass and spins an irregular net 
above it to impede the flight of insects and cause them to fall 
upon the platform where they can be caught by the waiting 
spider. Linyphia marginata makes a filmy dome beneath 
which it waits to capture the insects that fall upon it after 
striking in their flight the irregular net spun above the dome, 
and Linyphia communis spins a bowl-shaped web with an 
irregular net above and a sheet below it. 

A type of web resembling those of the Linyphude in con- 
sisting largely of a sheet of silk, but differing in having a funnel- 
shaped retreat is made by certain members of the Agelenide of 
which the grass-spider, Agelena nevia is our most familiar 
example. A similar web is made in the basement of buildings 
and in other secluded places by Tegenaria. 

All of these webs of which illustrations have been shown 
so far are made of the same kind of silk as that used for the 
drag-line. Their function is to impede the flight of insects 
giving the waiting spider time to capture them. 

In the course of the evolution of the web- Bidens habit 
there has been developed in many families of spiders organs for 
producing a second kind of silk, which being of a viscid nature 
is fitted to hold fast the entangled insect. The nature of this 


1912] - Evolution of the Webs of Spiders 


Or 


viscid silk differs greatly in the different families producing it; 
and several types of it will be discussed before I close. 

Among the spiders that spin a simple web are the members 
of the Theridiide of which the common domestic spider, 
Theridion tepidariorum, is a familiar example. The webs of 
this spider abound in the corners of neglected rooms, and are 
nearly as simple as those of Pholcus. They probably represent 
a slight elaboration of the primitive type. 

In the family Theridiide is found the simplest form of viscid 
silk, this is merely a viscid liquid which is flung over the entan- 
gled prey. But although the silk itself is simple, correlated 
with its production there has been developed a specialized 
organ fitted for flinging the silk. This consists of a comb on 
the tarsus of the fourth legs. 

The presence of this comb is a distinctive family character- 
istic. And the silk is produced by a set of glands, the lobed 
silk-glands, which have been found only in this family. The 
Theridiidz, therefore, judged by their biological features and 
the correlated anatomical structures represent the tip of a 
distinct line of specialization. 

In the other families of spiders that make use of viscid silk, 
there is produced a thread or a band that is viscid, and which 
forms a part of the web. 

The webs in the construction of which two kinds of silk are 
used vary greatly in complexity of structure; and in different 
families the direction of specialization has been very different. 

Two quite different lines of specialization can be recognized. 
In one group of families the foundation of the web, the part 
made of dry silk, is comparatively generalized in structure, 
while there has been evolved a highly specialized band for 
supporting the viscid silk. In another group of families the 
foundation of the web is very regular in form, that is to say, 
highly specialized, while the structure of the viscid silk has 
remained comparatively simple. 

The first of these two lines of specialization, that in which 
the foundation of the web remains simple while. the viscid silk 
becomes complex is found in a group of families known as the 
Cribellatz. These are so called because they possess in addi- 
tion to the silk glands possessed by other spiders a large number 
of small silk glands which open through a sieve-like plate, the 
cribellum, situated in front of the spinnerets. These glands 


6 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


are supposed to secrete the viscid silk. Correlated with the 
presence of a cribellum is the presence of a comb of bristles on 
the metatarsus of the hind legs for manipulating this silk. 

It should be noted in this connection that viscid silk is 
produced by at least three different sets of glands in different 
families of spiders. By the lobed glands in the Theridtide, as 
already described; by the cribellum glands in the Cribellate; 
and in the orb-weavers to be described later it is obviously 
produced by some other glands, as these spiders possess neither 
the lobed glands nor the cribellum glands. Apparently this 
very useful product has arisen independently at least three 
times within the order Araneida. 

The viscid silk of the Cribellate is a band-like structure 
whose form is partly determined by the combing action of the 
calamistrum. I have, therefore, termed it the hackled band. 

The hackled band of one of the Dictynide, that of Amauro- 
bius may be taken as an example. This band consists of two 
parts; first, a supporting structure, which may be termed the 
warp; and second the viscid silk, which may be termed the woof. 

The warp consists of four elastic threads, two of which are 
straight and two are curled. The woof is a narrow sheet of 
viscid silk, the edges of which are undulating. It is probable 
that each undulation was produced by a stroke of the cribellum. 

While it is probable that the viscid silk, is spun from the 
cribellum glands, the threads constituting the warp are doubtless 
spun from spinning tubes situated on the spinnerets. 

Turning to the webs of the spiders that spin a hackled band, 
we find great differences in the extent to which this band is 
used and also in the nature of the web of which it forms a part. 
It is easy to arrange these webs in a series which suggests a 
possible course of their evolution. 

In the Dictynide is to be found the simpler types in this 
series. Here the foundation of the web is irregular, its form 
depending very largely upon the situation in which it is built. 
The following will serve as examples: 

Dictyna foliacea spins an irregular web of dry silk across the 
concavity of a leaf; and mingled with the dry threads are 
strands of viscid silk that have no regularity of arrangement. 

Dictyna volucripes spins an irregular web of dry silk upon 
the stems of herbaceous plants; and upon this foundation 
stretches its hackled band in comparatively regular ladder-like 


1912] Evolution of the Webs of Spiders 7 


frets. In the webs of this species, the larger part of the web is 
made of dry silk. While the hackled band is doubtless the most 
efficient factor in the capture of insects, it is still a subordinate 
part of the web. 

In the webs of Dictyna sublata the utilization of the hackled 
band is carried much farther. Here only so much dry silk is 
used as is necessary to support an elaborate lace-like sheet of 
viscid silk. This represents the quantitative extreme in the 
use of viscid silk. 

A somewhat similar condition exists in the webs of a species 
of Amaurobius which spins its webs on cliffs. 

In the webs of Hypochilus thorellit is found the same type 
of hackled band as in the webs of the Dictynide. I have been 
able to find no differences between the hackled bands of this 
spider and that of Amaurobius. But the web of Hypochilus is 
of regular form being lamp-shade shaped. 

It is a remarkable fact that this spider which has retained 
the most generalized condition of its respiratory organs of all 
true spiders, being four lunged like the Tarantulas, should 
have attained the making of a regular web. 

While the hackled bands of Amaurobius and Hypochilus 
are remarkable structures they lack much of representing the 
extreme of specialization in this direction. To see this we must 
examine the web of Fulistata, a very common house spider in the 
South. Here the hackled band is composed of four distinct 
kinds of silk. But the web itself is more simple than that of 
Hypochilus. 

Let us turn our attention now to the second of the principal 
lines of specialization of webs, that in which the attention of the 
spiders, to speak figuratively, has been devoted to perfecting 
the foundation of the web, while the viscid silk has remained 
comparatively simple. The culmination of this line is reached 
in the webs of the orb-weaving spiders. 

There are two families of orb-weaving spiders, the Uloboridz 
and the Argiopide. In the more typical webs of each of these 
families the most striking feature is the presence of a central, 
more or less orbicular part in which the frame-work of the web 
consists of radiating lines, which in the completed web support 
the viscid silk. The regular spacing of these radii gives the 
maximum of stability to the web with the minimum use of 
material. Most of the webs already described are built against 


8 Annals Entomological Society of America [Mole 'V, 


* 


firm supports. The orb-weavers stretch their webs in mid-air 
between distant supports. Webs so exposed must be replaced 
frequently in part at least. It is important therefore that there 
should be an economical use of the dry silk. 

It is only the orbicular part of the web that is renewed at 
frequent intervals. The outer foundation lines are a permanent 
investment and are carefully saved. 

In the two families of orb-weavers the same type of founda- 
tion has been attained. The web of Uloborus, so far as its 
foundation is concerned, closely resembles an argiopid web; but 
the nature of the viscid silk is very different. The Uloborids 
‘possess a cribellum and calamistrum and spin a true hackled 
band. This, however, is of a comparatively generalized type, 
the warp consisting of only two straight, elastic threads. The 
viscid silk is evidently less fluid than that of other families and 
consequently retains the form given it by the combing strokes 
of the calamistrum, that is a regular series of overlapping lobes. 

A remarkable variation of the uloborid type of web is the 
triangular web of /Hyptiotes, which consists of only a sector 
of a web. 

Passing to the webs of the Argiopide, we find in the different 
subfamilies striking variations in the details of the structure of 
the orb, only a few of which can be mentioned here. But first 
let us examine the viscid thread. 

In these webs where is found the most highly specialized 
frame-work of dry silk, there is found the simplest type of viscid 
thread. This consists of a double thread of elastic silk, upon 
which is poured the viscid silk. This viscid silk, is fluid, and 
almost immediately the surface tension of this fluid causes it to 
collect in drops, which are distributed along the elastic support 
in a very regular manner. 

The simplest known orb-web is that of Theridiosoma, one 
of the Argiopide. This has few radii and no hub; it is used, 
however, in a peculiar way, described long ago by Dr. McCook. 

Before examining more perfect argiopid webs, I wish to 
review briefly the steps in the building of an orb-web. These 
are so well-known that it is only necessary to enumerate them 
without a detailed description. First the outer frame-work is 
made; this is a permanent part of the web. In the open space 
surrounded by this frame-work the radii are then stretched. 
Upon the radii in the vicinity of the point where they converge 


1912] Evolution of the Webs of Spiders 9 


is built the hub of the web, the nature of which varies greatly 
in the webs of different divisions of the family. Extending 
from the hub a spiral line is spun upon the radii the turns of 
which are a considerable distance apart. As the function of 
this line is merely to hold the radii in place during the later 
stages of the web building, I have designated it the spiral guy 
line. This, like all portions of the web made up to this point is 
composed of dry silk. After the radii have been firmly stayed 
by the spiral guy line, the spider beginning at the outer edge of 
the orb and adds the loops and turns of the viscid line, destroy- 
ing the spiral guy line as it progresses. 

Frequently the remains of the spiral guy line can be seen as 
a series of regularly spaced dots on the radii of completed webs. 

Great differences exist in the different webs of orb-weavers 
as to the relative amount of dry and viscid silk, one extreme 
is illustrated by the web of Metepeira; the other, by the web 
of Cyclosa. 

In the webs of most orb-weavers, the entire orb is replaced 
frequently, only the outer foundation lines being a permanent 
investment. The spiral guy line is destroyed during the build- 
ing of the web, the radii and viscid line are sacrificed when it is 
necessary to renew the orb. 

But in the webs of Nephila we find that the web is so con- 
structed that it is only necessary to renew the viscid line as it 
becomes injured or dry. . 

Here is attained the extreme of economy in the use of the 
dry silk, although the first investment is somewhat greater 
than in ordinary orb-webs. The orbicular part of an ordinary 
-orb-web may be compared to a shack built for a day; the orb 
of Nephila, to a permanent structure built to stand during the 
life time of the occupant. 

This difference is brought about by radical differences in 
‘the style of architecture. In the orb of Nephila the radii are 
forked, which results in the outer part of the orb being as firm 
-as the central portion. The spiral guy line is attached to each 
radius lengthwise for a short distance; as this guy line is pulled 
taut it draws the radius out of its direct course; the course of 
-each radius is, therefore, zigzag. The viscid line is looped 
back and forth between the turns of the guy line, and gives the 
-web a banded appearance. When the web is repaired only the 


10 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


old viscid line is removed, the radii and the guy line remaining 
intact. 

An old female Nephila which I watched for a number of 
days at Miami, Florida, carried her economy in the use of silk 
a step farther. This individual removed the viscid thread of 
only one half of the web each night, repairing alternate halves 
on alternate nights. 

During the period that this spider was under observation 
there was a very severe storm, five inches of rain falling in the 
course of a few hours. When the web was visited on the follow- 
ing morning it was found that it had been repaired throughout. 

The steps in the perfecting of the webs of spiders briefly 
sketched in the preceding pages can be indicated in a tabular 
form as follows: 


WEBS OF SPIDERS. 
A. Webs made by spiders that use only dry silk. 


By nlrresularcwebssccioxte sae Sete ene tae eee circa ok keene eae Phoicide 
BB. Regular webs. 

Cy" Whersheetewebsi nie eiss ec ee eae ise oe nee Linyphiide 

CCy. The funnel-webswic ao. .ah ice eee aerents cite Seis eee Agelenide 


AA. Webs made by spiders that use both dry and viscid silk. 
B. Webs consisting only of dry silk; the viscid silk being flung 
Upon the prey seul ae eee ee Oe eee eles See Sen ee Theridiide 
BB. Webs consisting of both dry and viscid silk. 
C. Webs consisting of a comparatively generalized foundation 
of dry silk and a highly specialized band supporting the 
viscid silk. 
D. Warp of hackled band consisting of two straight 
and two curled threads. 


E. Foundation of web irregular............ Dictynide 
EE. Foundation of web regular..........Hypochilide 

DD. Warp of hackled band consisting of four curled 
threads and a) supporting conde sear Filistatide 


CC. Webs consisting of a highly specialized foundation and a 
comparatively generalized viscid thread or band. 
D. Webs containing a hackled band.............. Uloboridz 
DD. WVascidisillenotihackled aan eer ee Argiopidz 
E. Radii and spiral guy line temporary......... 
Most orb-weavers 
EE. Radii and spiral guy line permanent..... Nephila. 


NOTES ON THE EASTERN SPECIES OF CERCERIS. 
(HYM. PHILANTHID&.) 


By NATHAN BANKS. 


The species of Cerceris are among the prettiest of our ento- 
mophilous wasps; usually black, with bands and spots of yellow, 
of the general appearance of many species of Crabro. They 
are most abundant on flowers in July, some occur in June, and 
others as late as October. They are not especially shy, so are 
readily taken in the net. 

The sexes are easily distinguished as the male shows seven 
abdominal segments, while the female has apparently but six. 
In the male at each side of the clypeal margin is a series of hairs 
set close together, forming a hair-lobe. In the females of many 
species the upper part of the clypeus is elevated into various 
shapes, according to the species. In the female the pygidial 
area is rather dull, and slightly transversely wrinkled or rugose, 
with few hairs, while in the male this area is strongly punctate, 
and hairy. 

The characters of value for the distinction and identifica- 
tion of species are the coloration, the punctuation, the breadth 
of the face, shape of clypeal process in the female, of the clypeal 
margin and hair-lobes in the male, the length of the second 
joint of flagellum, and shape of the last joint, the distance of 
ocelli apart, the sculpture of the triangular area or enclosure at 
the base of the metanotum, the shape of the basal segment of 
abdomen, and the pygidial area at tip of body. Ina few forms 
there is a tooth or ridge on each side of mesosternum. The 
number and spacing of the spines on the hind tibie is variable, 
but sometimes useful. 

The color markings, as in other insects, are more or less 
variable; the spots on the metanotum are especially unstable, 
while the color of the hind femora is much more constant. All 
(except one) species have yellow spots or a band on the prono- 
tum, and with one exception there is a yellow band on the second 
abdominal segment; the face of the male is wholly yellow. The 
color of the stigma of wings is quite constant, and of consider- 
able systematic value. 

The sculpture of the enclosure on metanotum is of great 
value, but there is some variation observable when one examines 
a series of one species; however, a considerable difference in 


II 


12 Annals Entomological Society of America [Moll V', 


this sculpture seems to be of specific value. It is not always 
exactly alike in the sexes of a species. 

In the tables I have used the coloration as far as possible, 
not because it is the most important, but because it is easily 
observable; and the more essential characters are described, or 
have been described by others. 

Most of our species were described many years ago by Mr. 
Cresson; Packard treated them very briefly in his ‘‘ Fossorial 
Hymenoptera’’; a few new species have been added by others 
since, but no synoptic table of the Eastern species. Viereck 
and Cockerell tabulated the New Mexico species, and Swenk 
those of Nebraska. Schletterer has revised the European 
forms, and there are various other tables of local faune. 

Many other species occur in the Eastern States, and I hope 
this table will serve to interest others in their collection. 

Through the kindness of Dr. Skinner, I have examined the 
Cresson types in the American Entomological Society at 
Philadelphia, and wherever I did not already possess the species 
I have inserted it in the table according to the specimen in the 
Cresson collection bearing the label, which specimen I consider 
the type. 

A few other species have been described from the Eastern 
States, principally by Smith, from Florida, and Georgia; his 
C. rufopicta is probably a good species allied to C. rufinoda, but 
much larger. Saussure has described two from Texas which 
are unknown to me. 


MALES. 

1. Hind femora pale on base, with a large black spot near apex; rarely spot on 
sentellum,. post-seutellwm “yell Oy cy areas eaten ete ten ciety eet a -rsiaue eee 19 

Hind femora, mostly dark, mostly pale, or dark on base................. 2 

2. Scutellum not spotted, but post-scutellum yellow; large species; enclosure 
MOt thANSVELSELYEEUSOSEr eel oie ele ner oie ete merece clenelsyocre gee ot roles 3 
Some koran sanenaleexel yrttelay yO S65 ao dnondHosnagd ooodoucauesoospegdsueuns 5 

3 Wings black; a large lateral spot on each side of face; scape of antenne black; 
hind Stemoraand sstigmeanalsomblackarmn itt eit ttre ierre fumipennis 
Wings sub-hyaline; face all yellow; scape of antenne yellow beneath; hind 
femora mostly yellowish; stignia\ yellows: meee eee 4 

4. Band on second segment of abdomen not emarginate, legs II and III wholly 
yellow; no tuft of golden hair on last segment....................... gnara 

Band on second segment of abdomen emarginate in front, femora II and III 
black on base; apical segment with tuft of dense golden pubescence each 

side, basal jomt ‘of hind) tarsus, cunved. nee eer tt re ees ee venator 

5. Enclosure irregularly, transversely rugose; stigma blackish; hind femora 
mostly black: small, coarsely punctateiwspeeiesmnnris tate stete = 2) entree 6 
Enclosure more or less smooth, or longitudinally striate................... 9 

6. ‘Basal segment of abdomen mostly reddisinemie ee ee cette te a -cie letanenete 7 
Basal segment black, sometimes with a spot or band of yellow............. 8 

7. Band on second segment of abdomen not emarginate................ rufinoda 


Band on second segment emarginate in front........................ blakei 


1912] Eastern Species of Cerceris 13 


10. 


11. 
12. 
13. 


14, 
15. 
16. 


le 


18. 


19. 


23. 


24. 


Maceuswhollymeye lowe pate ee ci Secs let leis plee cesses finitima 
Face with a large black spot each side between clypeus and base of the 
AML ALT Clit) OS fey amen eee ee NAY. ceEN coy. hoe PSPs, oe oLois le wjco eteha-e) a's finitima nigroris 


A yellow band or spots on the vertex; scutellum, post-scutellum, and the 
metanotum with yellow; legs almost wholly yellow; enclosure mostly 
SUMO Uy MA veins soMern pod oo abu b ulood en BS thero el deel cel enAterIE ee tic Ae ae ae enn 10 

INotspots mon bandlomiienventexsts: 2 feos d= tees eb Gini cot claves oe ee ewe es 11 

First segment mostly yellow, second segment yellow on base; vertex with a 
band; antennz short; hair-lobes on clypeus very broad, not their breadth 
APALG ChyPeusy URUNCA Le mimi OMe iy ter yey ae) a cvefechs tei) Clepei morata 

First segment mostly black, second segment with yellow band on apical half; 
antenne normal; hair-lobes of clypeus very narrow, about twice their 


breadth apart, clypeus produced in middle below................. zelica 
No band on the second segment of abdomen, which is wholly black; a band 
On inst segment; no marks) on! postseutellum: 7. 25-7--55.0....-¢:. insolita 
Mpandsonnyellowson Second Sesmentynr ner aor aariase ee oe ci mete ee aes: 12 
A tooth or ridge each side on mesoternum; antennz situated high above 
clypeus, the last joint thick; bands on abdomen subequal in width...... 13 
Nett herCooLhenon mG eon mlesOstem umes rere nti ciecideclscias ¢ - 15 
Spine pointed downward, rather slender; no metanotal stripes, hind femora 
lollarelle so oat e.g. ioeue a oe eI Se ees ic cr dietns Gece kee ane ea compar 
Spine directed backward, rather the tip of a raised ridge................. 14 
No metanotal stripes; hind femora with two black stripes.......... jucunda 
Metanotal stripes present, hind femora mostly yellowish. ..jucunda carolina 
HindiiemorasblackwexceptatucbipS: 4.0 eho ratte omci ca a aie.. o soci = sian 16 
indstemora+palewexcepts ait, DASC.4. rer et ae eye patentee clas oe slates ae 17 
Post-scutellum yellow, enclosed area partly yellow; abdomen mostly reddish; 
stripes on metanotum; head reddish; large species................. ampla 
Post-scutellum black; antennez situated high above clypeus; stigma dark; 
Smallgcoanselya pul ctabLerSPECleS).a-) Senco ae cei ae ae aera kennicotti 
Scutellum and also post-scutellum spotted; last joint of antenne thick, barely 
longersuhanmpnecedineuy Outs. oo vacates ine ota rs eee h see oe has oe 18 


Post-scutellum black; stigma yellowish; clypeus roundedly produced below, 
terminal joint of antenne longer than preceding, and concave within at 


(6I1)O) 7 so Bets san ect ee eC em ech ere nee robertsoni 
Stigma dark; venter black; no band on basal segment; clypeus acutely pro- 
ducedpbelowsink the: middle =) sa. .a,.5se00 ae ae es cs ee compacta 
Stigma yellowish; venter ferruginous; first segment of abdomen often reddish. 
mimica 

Enclosure irregularly transversely rugose, or obliquely striate on sides, 
Glypeusuconvex= belowammemrddlles 9 sep eee Skee ce taco eles - clymen 
Enclosure more or less smooth or longitudinally striate.................. 20 
Enclosure broad, nearly wholly smooth; lateral spots on first segment of 
A ONGIOVIAVET Olan 5S msctesle ets GS es ate we LE REN SESA ORO ES eae ie 10 cP cee an Ee 21 
Hnclosunemnorenom less mlamlyestratess-c45.5s.-c05ees- eee e nese nae sn. 22 
Clypeus swollen out transversely above middle.................... fasciola 
ClypeusmeventlypmtaimblyeiCOmvexen. seiie seu: ase te os esis asa ss ce alaope 


Clypeus flat, broadly truncate in front, with a transverse depression before 
tip; face only slightly hairy; first segment of abdomen with spots; enclosure 
finely striate; last ventral segment only slightly emarginate at tip.deserta 


Clypeus convex, rather rounded below, no transverse impression......... 23 
Enclosure with prominent median groove, first segment of abdomen much 
broader than long, unspotted, body rather finely punctate..... chryssipe 
Enclosure without prominent median groove; first segment of abdomen 
hardivsbrodder: thanks lompysmemes tase tc ae ces = oss ib ee Steen Aa orks 24 
Rarely spots on first segment; enclosure striate all over, last ventral plate 
HGOHOAIHS” GNC. “TOW ésoruln B. vie tt nig cB R bah Ein G:C RTO OIE RIOR UREeI OL cue) Hie Car Ree EE ae 25 

Spots on first segment; enclosure striate only on sides; venter spotted. 
prominens 


Spots on first segment; ornaments white; enclosure striate all over; venter 
Wivdelon JleKrsey Spoons) (one ISG Ks IS} Ayo Ayn coe cro ae RIRIIG Rie Cie ein ani mee nigrescens. 


14 


bo 
Or 


Or 


16. 


Annals Entomological Society of America PVok HV; 


Enclosure finely evenly striate; abdomen very slender, first segment narrow; 


usually but four or five teeth above on hind tibia............. imitatoria 
Enclosure more coarsely striate; abdomen broader, more coarsely punctate; 
Six toreight teethyabove Onvhihd Gilbid.-. oa, s6- orien eee clypeata 
FEMALES. 
Clypeus with an elevation or process with a free apical edge............... 2 
Clypeus without such elevation, although more or less swollen........... 29 
The clypeal process erect, and as long asibread... ; .\. che ie aeons eee 3 
ithe clypeal*process; broader thanvlone iormop erect... -)...- ea tn 7 
No yellow mark on first abdominal segment, and that on second not emar- 
ginate in front; enclosure longitudinally striate................. clypeata 


Some yellow on) first abdonmnall seementseren aerrr enone ra ett ee 
Pronotum red all across, yellow on scutellum and post-scutellum, abdominal 
segments broadly yellow, enclosure striate all over............... morata 
Pronotum black, with yellow spots, scutellum not marked with yellow..... 5 
Band on second abdominal segment not emarginate in front; enclosure finely 
striate land vonlywonuthersidese (an. set 4 te eee ene ent eee gnara 
Band on second abdominal segment strongly emarginate in front........... 
All femora blackish; no metanotal spots; segments beyond second hardly 
marked; basal joint of antenne black; enclosure mostly smooth. ...alaope 
Only fore femora partly blackish; spots on metanotum; all segments (except 
first) plainly banded; scape of antennze yellowish; enclosure mostly striate. 
prominens 
First, and often second, abdominal segments mostly reddish.............. 8 
Binsteabdonnunall sseement) [lately sce reer wer rte erste ye ee 13 
Enclosure transversely irregularly rugose; small species, head mostly black; 
stigmadark ‘row. coy si8s. cert Sele eae te eae etic etn 
Enclosure smooth, or punctate on sides; head mostly reddish; large species; 
stigma yellow neces of oer himacd Ress ear tue ea ale Rae ey ances meen 
Black beneath clypeal process; second segment and metanotum black..blakei 
Yellow beneath clypeal process; second segment and metanotum partly 


Tg 2(C (oh ts\ cee Ree EE ee ee eM PAIN aris cist date a ie aan 4/oe velo irene 
Clypeal process very broad, broadly and deeply concave in front......... 11 
Cly peal. process NOt sSOn i.e Foo ene Hoes an CANIS EE ee cieis eienens 12 
Lateral angles of clypeal process not much elevated; abdomen pale only on 

bases wines: dark. * toile 2 hes Os upon: Reta icnaet eRe ee ee ete bicornuta 
Lateral angles of clypeal process high, all abdomen pale; wings paler. .frontata 
Clypeal process. “truncate in front; face very hairy sss ee mimica 
Clypeal process convex in front, a tooth on each side at its base; face not 

especralllivy: Manny 2 -ccA ci % sake aheacre es UNS Suck Aa SILO Pa Se eee eect ampla 


Clypeal process acute; vertex all red, pronotum red across; metanotum 
nearly all red, enclosure smooth, scarcely punctate on sides; stigma 
arellllohy caee temaee tart een ns SAE fae Aer Anas Ae Wciaiid ao goo om ae vc firma 

Wertex and) pronotumi not alllmedi= s.n aaeon eee eee en eae 14 

From the tip of clypeal process, which is not much elevate hangs a thin 
lamella wstalllyardivace demi mance eee e are ene ier eee 

No: such: lamella sporesentt <2), 40)... ale sale ee as cae eee Ore en rete 17 

These lamella or plates very small not half the width of clypeal process, 
which is low; spots on scutellum, band on second abdominal segment very 
broad, not emarginate; enclosure smooth in middle, faintly striate on 
thexsides?:%.. ccehietm ern ke hae Saanniueetent a eek ees acitoric once robertsoni 

Lamelle reach almost wholly across the tip of clypeal process............ 16 

Clypeal lamella not emarginate in middle; spots on scutellum, none on post- 
scutellum; hind femora more or less blackish; enclosure mostly smooth. 

mandibularis 

Clypeal lamella emarginate in middle, practically divided; scutellum and 
post-scutellum both marked with yellow, hind femora (as well as most of 
others) yellowish; enclosure strongly rugose....-----. 2-2... compacta 

Scutellum marked with yellow; usually a mark on first abdominal segment. 18 

Post-scutellum tonly with, yellow. -.: oso omit erie erento tie etna 21 


1912] Eastern Species of Cerceris 15 


18. 


18). 


20. 


21. 


22. 


23. 


24. 


26. 


27. 


28. 


29. 


30. 
31. 


32. 


33. 
34, 


Metanotum with yellow stripes; hind femora all reddish yellow, spot on 
clypeus each side at base of mandibles; clypeal process sub-conic; enclosure 


SaMOVonM= sim, ioavGicllS. jowmMGHAe) Oa SwSlSi- sede bes cack USO e a oOo r Ee zelica 
INobmetanotalistripes amd tenionay blackish facets sgs5-44-0+-2<. 00. ne 19 
Narrow bands on all segments; clypeal process small; enclosure smooth in 

Thi TaMTHOKGMWESS (5 oc tods cain A ko clone TOW OB 2 D Ue SEER OS DRT Dire eee compar 
All segments not banded, clypeal process plainly truncate in front......... 20 


Very coarsely punctate; no yellow on interantennal ridge, band on fourth 
abdominal segment, small species, a small tooth or ridge on mesosternum 


SACI IGEN Myo Ae doa cadiato tp 3o0 So Cae Eien ann Ser aa Kennicotti 
Enclosure strongly transversely, irregularly rugose; basal segment of 
ADCoOMmMene note spOUkeGenm waawy teense eon A) a2 mnie nasa tile aries: snes 4 22 
Bnelosure smoothin' part) on longitudinally striate). .0.5.-....2.+0.-+..<-- 23 
Clypeal process twice as broad as long, yellow beneath, stigma brownish. 
halone 

Clypeal process nearly as long as broad, black beneath; stigma yellowish. 
clymene 

Basal abdominal segment not spotted clypeal process nearly square; stigma 
VeloOwisn sen GlOostne: COArSelyaStrlabens ee rietat foe. 2 ase « a5 ol chryssipe 

IBD AISI “GE SATONSTTE. SOLOS ETS Mma nee Stone ic apc Ss So coos ein ef aie Cres cht ea ee 24 
Spot at base of mandibles, ususally also on metanotum................... 25 
No spot at base of mandibles, clypeal process not or but little narrowed in 
ROME eo e'c bs S'dhe-o ao Lockey Gee ORO ML IOP aa Toc on cach a ae eee een en 27 
Marks white; enclosure striate all over; clypeal process emarginate in front. 
nigrescens 

Marks yellow; enclosure mostly smooth or clypeal process narrowed in front 
PATE GUGTI ODM Ca Aas ATT Aamo ape us) Sf tc) an ee Rapa ueee PRP RL teme) eve eta) <flroerecerd a. lNlee, Bee’ 26 
Clypeal process narrowed in front and almost rounded below; enclosure 
finely striate, except at tip, hind femora yellowish.............. psamathe 
Clypeal process broad, emarginate in front, enclosure almost wholly smooth, 
lauaycle ievaavoura sloleKel ke, flies ch ols teas prac cic deals See CeO ee ieee aa fasciola 
Angles of clypeal process very sharply produced; enclosure strongly striate; 
Spots on first abdominal segment connate, 4..5-.......:.+-..+.-. dentifrons 
Clypeal process only, slightly emarginate imfiront............-..........:-. 29 
Enclosure large, mostly smooth; no metanotal marks; stigma yellowish; 
ClypcalapnrocessemOb emlancinaten. .o..a ssh. ae ceeeis sos owe aes deserta 
Enclosure finely striate; stigma brownish; clypeal process emarginate in 
[LONE mSCApesOneambemtice [laCk.. jl 2 Wei ae Sat eee Go nae oe arelate 


Wings wholly black; face with three transverse pale spots, post-scutellum 
yellow, scutellum unmarked, band only on second abdominal segment, 


Enelastmen broad mama sMOOtn... .. 0. salads euros 2. sas Bess fumipennis 
Win opr omy ©llnvailonlel corms ett Mee bes e.2 cber ARMIN Shige ches idtievere a esac 64 30 
NecondmsecmentmonmabG omenmunnmmlankeGs.. s25 se 4440-45-52 6- se. - insolita 
Hecondseseamentworapdomennbangdeduans..nui aan o.68 2 soc eeee wee slan 31 
Enclosure transversely rugose; stigma dark brown; spots on scutellum and 

band on post-scutellum yellow; small, coarsely punctate species........ 32 
Enclosure smooth in part or longitudinally striate; stigma yellowish; first 

segment of incleeomeaineambande hans. ite) ls... :. 2. . 34 
First segment of abdomen red; band or second segment usually not emar- 

GIMENLS, Tn IRON. Wese'e c. Pho Boe Slee Obes De oes LUO crete Ole ate ea aera 33 
First segment of abdomen black, usually with yellow mark; band on second 

segment usually emarginate Til HACIA «23,2 os Geena ale finitima 
IMIS MOREA TOIL ee EYE Ses Re ce chat oy ke aa rufinoda 
Metanotum reddish (except enclosure)..................--- rufinoda crucis 


Scutellum, but not post-scutellum yellow; clypeus all yellow; band on basal 
segment of abdomen; hind femora blackish; enclosure punctate on sides. 
catawba 

Post-scutellum, but not scutellum, yellow; yellow spot on clypeus; basal seg- 
ment of abdomen spotted; hind femora yellowish, enclosure mostly smooth 
fulvipediculata 


16 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


Cerceris ampla n. sp. 


2 Reddish; face yellow; tips of mandibles black; vertex reddish, 
two elongate yellow spots, and a long yellow patch behind the eyes; 
antenne rufous on basal half, rest black; large spots on pronotum, 
tegule, about five large spots on pleurz; scutellum and post-scutellum, 
metanotum on sides, and the enclosure, yellow; first segment of abdo- 
men mostly yellow, others with apical yellow bands, very broad on sides 
of second segment, fourth, fifth, and sixth segments mostly black; 
venter red on base, black beyond, apical segments with broad apical 
band of short tawny hairs; legs mostly yellow and rufous, hind femora 
black behind, and a spot on the middle tibia. Wings fuscous on 
anterior half, stigma yellowish. Body coarsely, confluently punctured. 
Clypeal process prominent, apex rounded, (as figured) a lateral process 
on each side-lobe, not erect, and seen from the side as broad at tip as at 
base; lower edge of clypeus with two teeth near the middle; ocellar 
triangle very low, rather forming a curved line; enclosure swollen, 
broad, smooth in the middle, punctate on the sides; first segment of 
abdomen with nearly parallel sides, hardly one-half as wide as the 
second segment; pygidial area about twice as long as broad, the sides 
nearly parallel, but a little bowed outward near base. 

The male is colored similar to the female, but more black, especially 
on the thorax, the metanotum mostly black, side stripes yellow, and a 
spot on the enclosure, front and middle femora above and hind femora 
mostly black, tibia black on apical half. Middle joints of antennz very 
short, last two joints very long subequal, the last curved, but not 
tapering; the hair-lobes scarcely more than breadth apart; pygidial area 
scarcely as long as broad, the apex undulate. 

Length 9 22 mm., co’ 18 mm. 


From Fedor, Lee County, Texas, (Birkmann) Mr. Rohwer 
had given this name, but has not published a description. It 
is related to hebes Cam., bidentata Say, and macrosticta Vier, & 
Ckll., but differs in several points from each of them. 


Cerceris bicornuta Guerin. 


From Southern Pines, N. Car. The pygidial area of the 
female is two and one-half times as long as broad, and very 
much narrowed near base. It is allied to C. frontata by shape 
of the clypeal process. 


Cerceris frontata Say. 


This is a Western species, but was described fron ‘‘ Arkan- 
sas’’; I have it from Palmerlee, Arizona. The pygidial area of 
female is of the same shape as in C. ampla. The radius of the 
wing is black until a little before the stigma, other veins yel- 


lowish. 


1912] Eastern Species of Cerceris 17 


Cerceris fumipennis Say. 


From Washington, D. C., Falls Church, Va., and Fedor, 
Texas. The pygidial area of the female is about two and a-half 
times longer than broad, broadest near base, and much nar- 
rowed to the tip. In male this area is more than twice as long 
as broad, the sides nearly parallel, and as broad at tip as any- 
where. The hair-lobes are nearly one and a-half times their 
breadth apart; the last joint of antenne is as long as preceding, 
slightly tapering and somewhat curved. 


Cerceris mandibularis Patton. 


From Washington, D. C., and Falls Church, Va., in June. 
It is allied to C. compacta by structures of clypeus; the enclosure 
is very broad and smooth; the pygidial area two and one-half 
times longer than broad, tip about one-half as broad as in 
middle, the sides strongly curved, the base very narrow. 


Cerceris robertsoni Fox. 


From Falls Church, Va., and Southern Pines, N. Car., in 
June and July. The pygidial area of the female is about two 
and a-half times longer than broad, broadest near base, about 
one-half as broad at the rounded tip, the sides curved. In the 
male it is about twice as long as broad, and plainly narrower at 
tip than elsewhere; the last joint of antennz is as long as the 
penultimate, a little curved, but not concave behind; the hair- 
lobes are fully three times their breadth apart; the clypeus 
very hairy. 

Cerceris compacta Cress. 

This is the most common species in Virginia, and occurs 
from June to September; also from Southern Pines, N. Car., 
and Lee County, Texas. The pygidial area of female is nearly 
twice as long as broad, broadest near base, narrow at tip, the 
upper part of sides strongly curved. In the male this area is 
hardly one and a-half times longer than broad, broadest at 
base; the last joint of antenne is barely longer than the preced- 
ing, tapering, but not concave behind. The hair-lobes are fully 
twice their breadth apart, the lower part (in fact all) of face is 
very hairy; in both sexes the stigma is plainly darker than the 
cell beyond it. In the female the front tarsi are broader and 
more flattened than in any other species. Cameron's figure 
shows that C. mexicana is perhaps the same species. 


18 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


Cerceris chryssipe n. sp. 


Q Similar in most respects to C. clypeata, but the clypeal process is 
broader than long, the abdomen is rather broader and the punctuation 
less coarse; the enclosure is raised in middle with a median furrow, and 
very coarsely striate on sides. 

o The male is similar to C. clypeata in markings and clypeus, but 
has the abdomen very much broader, and with finer punctuation; the 
enclosure more coarsely striate than in C. clypeata. 


From Falls Church, Va., in July, on Cicuta. 
Cerceris dentifrons Cress. 


The type from Illinois has the clypeal process broad, and 
the lateral angles are very strongly produced; more so than in 
any other species seen from the Eastern States. 


Cerceris clypeata Dahlbom. 


From Ithaca, N. Y., and Falls Church, and Glencarlyn, Va., 
in June and July. The pygidial area of the female is more than 
twice as long as broad, the sides sub-parallel, and the tip only a 
little narrower than the base; in the male this area is scarcely 
one and a-half times as long as broad, with broad, truncate tip; 
the hair-lobes are fully twice their breadth apart, I have 
restricted this species more than Cresson or Packard, with a 
definite clypeal process. 


Cerceris deserta Say. 


From Sea Cliff, N. Y., and Falls Church and Glencarlyn, Va., 
in June, July and September; the September specimens are all 
males. The pygidial area of female is two and a-half times 
longer than broad, the sides nearly parallel, and the tip hardly 
narrowed. In male this area is a little over twice as long as 
broad, sides parallel; the hair-lobes are very small, fully three 
times their breadth apart. 


Cerceris arelate n. sp. 


2 Black; mandibles all black, barely a trace of pale near base; a 
spot on clypeal process, a large spot each side on face, tegule, post- 
scutellum, two spots on basal segment (nearly connected), narrow, 
emarginate bands on other segments, yellow; legs yellow, front and 
middle femora black, hind femora black on base, inner tip of hind 
tibia, and most. of hind tarsi blackish; flagellum somewhat yellow at 
base beneath; scape, interantennal carina, and pronotum black, venter 
also black, unspotted; wings fumose, darker on costal apex, stigma 
yellowish. Clypeal process moderately elevate, much broader than 


1912] Eastern Species of Cerceris 19 


long, seen from in front the edge is concave; lateral ocelli as near to 
eyes as to each other; enclosure large, striate, the lateral strie rather 
oblique; abdomen not very broad, basal segment more than one-half 
width of second segment; pygidial area about two and one-fourth times 
longer than broad, nearly twice as broad at base as at tip, but the sides 
are nearly straight; body moderately punctate. 

Length 10 mm. 


From Great Falls, Va., 20 June. By black pronotum, and 
scape it is quite distinct from allies, and omitting these it will 
not fit any other form. 


Cerceris morata Cress. 


Males from Fedor, Lee County, Texas, (Birkmann). The 
pygidial area is about one and a-half times longer than broad, 
broad at base, and fully twice as broad in middle as at the nar- 
row tip. The last joint of antenna is longer than the penulti- 
mate, but not concave behind; the hair-lobes are exceedingly 
large, only about one-third their breadth apart. The second 
segment is yellow in front, instead of behind as usual. I have 
figured the clypeal process of the female from the type. 


Cerceris prominens n. sp. 


2 Black; base of mandibles, a large spot each side between antennze 
and eyes, spot on clypeal process, dot behind eyes, two spots on pro- 
notum, tegule, metanotal stripes, two spots on first segment of 
abdomen, a broad band, deeply, triangularly indented, on second, 
narrow bands on next three segments, yellow. Legs yellow, front 
coxze, and basal part of femora, blackish; rather dark on base of mid 
femora and tip of hind tibia, hind tarsi dusky; scape and first two joints 
of flagellum beneath yellowish. Wings dusky, stigma yellow. Body 
coarsely punctate, clypeal process a little longer than broad, nearly 
square, enclosure with a deep median groove, and lateral, somewhat 
oblique striz; pygidial area two and one-fourth times as long as broad, 
broadest near base, much narrowed at tip (not as narrow as in C. 
clypeata). Venter black, finely punctate. 

o With face all yellow, no metanotal marks, that on second seg- 
ment not indented, front and mid femora black behind, hind femora 
and tibia black on apical half, last joint of antennz fulvous; clypeus 
apparently rounded below, but with three black teeth; hair-lobes about 
one and a half breadth apart; second joint of flagellum much longer 
than third, apical joint scarcely longer than the preceding, curved; 
enclosure smooth in middle, striate on sides; pygidial area about twice 
as long as broad, scarcely broader in the middle, apical corners rather 
prominent. 

Length 13 mm. 


From Falls Church, Va., September and October. 


20 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


Cerceris firma Cress. 


I have seen only the types, these (females) have a small 
almost acutely pointed depressed clypeal process, partly 
obscured by hair; it is shown in the figure. 


Cerceris imitatoria Schlett. 


Specimens from Falls Church, Va., in June, I have placed 
doubtfully as this species, which in nearly all structures seems 
almost identical with C. clypeata. 


Cerceris nigrescens Smith. 


From Ithaca, IN: Y., and’ Southern “Pines, IN. VCarY sige 
pygidial area of the female is figured. The male has not been 
described, so the following is given: 

o& Black, basal part of mandibles, face, two spots on pronotum, 
tegulz, post-scutellum, a small spot each side on the metanotum, two 
spots on basal segment, bands on following segments, all broader on 
sides, pale yellowish. Venter black, second, third and fourth segments 
with pale bands; legs pale yellowish, front and mid femora more or less 
black, mostly behind, hind femora with black apical spot, also on hind 
tibia, hind tarsi dusky. Scape of antennze yellow, black above, flagel- 
lum more or less fulvous beneath. Wings nearly hyaline, dark on 
costal apex, stigma yellow. Face and rest of body very finely punctate, 
vertex more coarsely punctate; second joint of flagellum short, but 
little longer than the third, apical joint smaller than the preceding 
joint, curved; lateral ocelli nearer to each other than to eyes; clypeus 
rounded below, with three blunt, black teeth; hair-lobes three times 
their breadth apart; enclosure rather broad, striate; pygidial area 
small, two and one-eighth times as long as broad, tip faintly rounded; 
about five or six spines on hind tibia. 

Length 8.5 mm. to 10 mm. 


From Ithaca, N. Y., and Southern Pines, N. Car.,(Manee). 

Mr. Rohwer has informed me that the type of Smith has 
the clypeal process truncate, and differs somewhat in other 
points; however this is the C. nigrescens of Cresson and Packard, 
and so I leave it until it is shown that there is another species 
more closely agreeing with the type, or the limits of variation 
in the shape of the clypeal process are better known than at 
present. 

Cerceris clymene n. sp. 


@ Black; base of mandibles, spot above their base, sides of face, 
upper surface (except tip) of clypeal process, dot behind eye, two spots 
on pronotum, tegule, post-scutellum, a broad band on second segment 
of abdomen, a narrow line on each of next two segments, and the fifth 


1912] Eastern Species of Cerceris 21 


with a spot each side, yellow. Interantennal ridge black, scape yellow, 
black line above, first and second joints of flagellum partly rufous; 
wings dark, darker on costal apex, stigma yellow; venter black; legs 
pale, coxze wholly and femora partly black, hind tibia dusky at tip, 
hind tarsi dusky. Body densely and quite coarsely punctate, venter 
nearly smooth. Clypeal process a little broader than long, emarginate 
in front; clypeus below the process shows a ridge each side; second 
joint of flagellum much longer than third; lateral ocelli plainly nearer 
to each other than to the eyes; enclosure coarsely transversely rugose; 
abdomen quite broad, the segments not much narrowed at base, the 
basal segment much broader than long; pygidial area a little more than 
twice as broad as long, sides sub-parallel; six or seven spines on hind 
tibiae, sub-equally spaced. One specimen shows a small spot each side 
on basal segment of abdomen. 

o Similar to female, face all yellow, large metanotal spots, small 
spot each side on basal segment, last segment more plainly banded than 
in female. Clypeus with three blunt, black teeth below on middle; 
hair-lobes about one and a half their breadth apart; last joint oi 
antenne not as long as preceding, curved, and tapering; enclosure with 
oblique strize on lateral angles, elsewhere transversely rugose; abdomen 
rather broad, segments but little constricted at base; pygidial area 
hardly twice as long as broad, sides parallel, apex truncate, surface 
coarsely punctate. Legs with front and middle femora largely black, 
hind femora with large black spot, but the base pale, hind tibia blackish 
each side near tip, tarsi blackish. 

Length 9 11mm. o& 10mm. 


From Glencarlyn, Va., 23 June (Ceanothus), and Falls 
Church. Vas 30) july. 


Cerceris psamathe n. sp. 

2 Black; basal half of mandibles, spot above base of mandibles, 
clypeal process above, spot each side on face, interantennal carina, dot 
behind eye, two spots on pronotum, tegulee, post-scutellum, stripes on 
metanotum, two spots on basal segment, rather broad and broadly 
emarginate bands on other segments, yellow; band on second segment 
not much broader than others; legs mostly yellow or rufous, anterior 
and middle femora black at base, spot near tip of hind tibia, and tarsi 
dusky; antennz blackish above, except at tip. Body very finely 
punctate (not near as coarse as in C. nigrescens), clypeus as figured; 
enclosure large, finely striate; basal segment of abdomen scarcely one- 
half the width of second segment; pygidial area long, plainly constricted 
near tip. 

Length 11 mm. 


From Lee County, Texas, (Birkmann). C. convergens 
Vier. & Ckll., from New Mexico has a similar pygidial area, 
but is said to be coarsely punctate, with spots on scutellum, ete. 
The description of C. novomexicana agrees very well, except the 
constriction of pygidial area is not mentioned. 


22 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


C. occipitomaculata was described from one male from 
Kansas; I have not seen it, but it belongs in this group of the 
genus and was compared with C. nigrescens. The female, 
above described, is near to C. nigrescens, and, barring sexual 
characters, agrees fairly well with Packard’s description, 
however there is some doubt. A female specimen named 
C. occipitomaculata in the Cresson collection is very near to 
C. deserta; until the female of C. occtpitomaculata is surely 
known it is better to consider this form new. 


Cerceris gnara Cress. 


A pair from Lee County, Texas, (Birkmann). The pygidial 
area of the female is a little more than twice as long as broad, 
broadest near base, the sides nearly straight, and the tip not 
much narrowed and rounded. In the male this area is not 
quite twice as long as broad, with parallel sides and truncate 
tip; the hair-lobes are about once and a-half their breadth 
apart; the last joint of antenne is longer than the penultimate, 
curved and concave behind. 


Cerceris alaope n. sp. 


o Face, two spots on pronotum, tegulee, post-scutellum, two spots 
on basal segment of abdomen, a broad band, emarginate in front on 
second segment, and narrower bands on following segments,. pale 
yellow. Antenne black above, scape beneath yellow, flagellum fulvous 
beneath. Wings fumose, darker on tip, stigma dull yellowish. Legs 
pale yellow; front and mid femora, apical part of hind femora, and 
apical half of hind tibia, black; venter black, a few pale spots each 
side. Clypeus very slightly evenly convex, almost flat, not swollen 
above, lower margin truncate, upper edge slightly rounded, coarsely 
punctate; hair-lobes rather narrow, fully twice their breadth apart; 
second joint of flagellum much longer than the third, apical longer and 
narrower than the preceding, and somewhat curved; lateral ocelli 
about as near to eyes as to each other; enclosure very large, smooth, 
with a median groove and indistinctly striate on base; abdomen (includ- 
ing basal segment) much broader than in C. fasciola; pygidial area 
hardly twice as long as broad, truncate at tip, sides parallel, rather 
densely punctate, and very hairy; spines on hind tibia, seven or eight, 
evenly spaced. 

Length 10 mm. 

Q Similar to male; clypeal process black across tip; large spot each 
side on face, spot at base of mandibles, extreme base of mandibles, spot 
behind eyes, yellow; flagellum mostly fulvous, abdomen marked as in 
male, but the bands more narrow, and that on second segment is more 
deeply emarginate; all femora mostly black, but pale on tips; clypeal 
process erect, longer than broad; enclosure large, and mostly smooth as 


1912] _ Eastern Species of Cerceris 23 


in the male; pygidial area about two and a fourth times longer than 
broad, sides sub-parallel, but narrowed at tip. 

From Falls Church, Va., 5 June on Ceanothus. Related to 
C. fasciola, but with broader abdomen, different clypeus, and 
more coarsely punctate, especially on metanotum and abdomen. 


Cerceris fasciola Cress. 


_ Described from Texas; I have a pair from Lee County. The 
pygidial area of the male is about twice as long as broad, the 
sides parallel, the tip truncate. The hair-lobes are plainly 
more than twice their breadth apart. The female in structure 
is near C. nigrescens, but the smooth enclosure ,and mostly 
yellow legs will easily separate it. 


Cerceris insolita Cress. 


From Falls Church, Va., 30 July, and Lee County, Texas, 
July. In the male the hair-lobes are very broad, so that they 
are hardly more than one-half their breadth apart; the clypeus 
shows two little black spots at apex; the last joint of antennz 
is thick and short; the pygidial area is less than twice as long 
as broad, the sides parallel, tip truncate, surface coarsely punc- 
tate, but scarcely hairy; on the venter the third segment shows 
a yellow band. C. obsoleta of Mexico is very close to this 
species. 


Cerceris zelica n. sp. 


co Black, basal part of mandibles, face (except little black spot 
at tip of clypeus) inter-antennal streak nearly reaching the ocelli, two 
spots on vertex, spot behind eye, pronotum all across, tegule, spot 
beneath wings, scutellum, and spot on post-scutellum, broad stripes on 
mesonotum, median spot on basal segment of abdomen, bands on other 
segments, yellow. Band on second segment broader than others, all 
narrowed in middle; venter with spots each side, some connected by 
lines; scape yellow, first joint of flagellum brown, rest rufous, but black 
above beyond base; legs all yellowish. Body coarsely punctate; 
clypeus rounded in middle below, hairy each side, truncate above; hair- 
lobes fully three times their breadth apart; antennz high above clypeus; 
second joint of flagellum longer than the third, apical not much longer 
than the preceding, tapering, not concave within. Enclosure mostly 
smooth, a median groove, and punctate on sides; abdomen rather 
broad, the segments strongly constricted at base, first segment plainly 
broader than long; pygidial area once and two-thirds as long as broad 
at base, narrowed to tip, which has prominent angles, surface coarsely 
punctate; venter nearly smooth, punctate a little on sides. 

Length 12 mm. 


24 Annals Entomological Society of America [ Vole 


Fedor, Lee County, Texas, 7 June, (Birkmann). The 
female which seems to agree in all essential points with the 
male is described as follows: 


2 Black, most of mandibles, spot at base of mandibles, all of 
clypeal process, above and below, oblong spot each side on face, inter- 
antennal mark, two spots on pronotum, tegule, scutellum, stripes on 
metanotum, all segments of abdomen with bands, yellow. Band on 
las: segment of abdomen very narrow, on second quite broad, scarcely 
emarginate, legs yellowish, coxee and bases of femora blackish. Body 
not very coarsely punctate; clypeal process small, sub-conic; lateral 
ocelli as near to each other as to eyes; enclosure mostly smooth, punc- 
tate on sides; the abdomen moderately broad, the segments not much 
constricted at base; pygidial area about three times as long as broad, 
narrowed at base; hind tibia with about seven spines, nearly evenly 
spaced; second joint of flagellum plainly longer than third. Wings not 
very dark, except tip, stigma yellowish. 

Length 12 mm. 


From Lee County, Texas, 7 July (Birkmann). 


Cerceris halone n. sp. 


2 Black; a small spot at base of mandibles, spot beneath clypeal 
projection, one on its upper surface, a large triangular mark on each 
side of face, two spots on the pronotum, tegule, post-scutellum, a 
broad band (emarginate in front) on second abdominal segment, an 
elongate lateral spot each side on third segment, and narrow bands on 
the next two segments, yellow; basal two joints of flagellum yellowish 
beneath; legs yellow, cox, and front and mid femora black, hind 
femora black behind, (except tip), black at inner tip of tibia, and the 
hind tarsi mostly blackish; venter black. Body densely and rather 
coarsely punctate. Clypeal process small, from above it is about 
three times as broad as long, and emarginate in front, from in front it 
shows as an even arch, above it is transversely convex, and very hairy 
at sides; lateral ocelli a little nearer to each other than to eyes; enclosure 
not very coarsely but very irregularly and mostly transversely rugose. 
Abdomen moderately slender but basal segment is much broader than 
long; pygidial area about two and one-fourth times longer than broad, 
sides sub-parallel, but narrowed at tip, and margined with much black- 
ish hair; venter rather finely punctate; hind tibia with seven not evenly 
spaced spines. Wings dusky, darker at tips, stigma yellowish. 

Length 12 mm. 


From Falls Church, Va. 


Cerceris fulvipediculata Schlett. 

This is the C. fulvipes Cress., the name being preoccupied. 
From Falls Church, Va., 4 September. The pygidial area of 
the female is fully three times longer than broad, the sides 
practically parallel, but the tip rounded, and a little more nar- 
row than the base. 


1912] Eastern Species of Cerceris 


bo 
On 


Cerceris kennicotti Cress. 


This is a very common species in northern Virginia, and also 
occurs in Texas. The pygidial area of the female is about twice 
as long as broad at base. and fully twice as broad near base as 
at the truncate tip. The male has the hair-lobes fully three 
times their breadth apart; the pygidial area is hardly twice as 
long as broad, with curved sides, the tip almost one-half nar- 
rower than base. 


Cerceris compar Cress. 


From Ithaca, N. Y., and Falls Church, Va., The pygidial 
area of female is two and a-half times longer than broad, broad- 
est at middle, and much narrower at base than at tip. The 
male has hair-lobes so large that they are less than their breadth 
apart; the pygidial area is not twice as long as broad, and more 
narrow at base than at tip, its surface very coarsely pitted 
except near tip. The spines on mesosternum easily separate 
the male. 


Cerceris catawba n. sp. 


2 Black, face and clypeus pale yellow, on the sides extending above 
antenne and a line between them; antennz yellowish or reddish beneath, 
dark above, an elongate spot each side on pronotum, the scutellum, a 
stripe each side on metanotum pale yellow; all segments of abdomen 
with complete posterior yellow bands, that on the first segment as wide 
as that on second, but the latter concave in front; legs yellowish, the 
femora black on basal half or two-thirds, the hind tibize black at tip, 
the mid tibize with dark streak behind, the hind tarsi dusky, the basal 
joint only at tip. Wings smoky, darker in marginal cell and beyond, 
the stigma brown. Clypeus of female not elevated, produced below in 
middle, but truncate at tip, above broadly truncate; enclosure smooth 
in middle punctate on sides, pygidial area two and one-half times as 
long as broad, nearly as broad at apex as in middle, but narrowed at 
base. 

o Similar to female; with clypeus slightly convex, sparsely, 
coarsely punctate, lower margin slightly rounded but with a black, 
truncate edge; hair-lobes broad, but about their breadth apart; antennz 
high above clypeus, second joint of flagellum short, barely longer than 
the third, apical joint thick, but a little longer than the preceding; 
pygidial area twice as broad as long, sides subparallel, tip truncate, 
surface with a few coarse punctures; last ventral broadly emarginate at 
tip. 

Length 9 mm. 

From Southern Pines, N. Car., June, (Manee). 


26 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


Cerceris jucunda Cress. 


From Fedor, Lee County, Texas, 6 April (Birkmann). The 
hair-lobes of male are scarcely more than one-half their breadth 
apart. The pygidial area is narrower than in C. compar, and 
more narrowed at base; the last joint of the antenne is as long 
as preceding joint, but thick, and not curved. 


Cerceris jucunda carolina n. var. 


From Southern Pines, I have specimens a little larger than 
the type, with a rather broad head; there are large yellow 
stripes on the mesonotum, and the pygidial area is hardly nar- 
rowed at base; the mesosternal processes are of the same shape 
as C. jucunda. With a larger series it will perhaps prove a 
distinct species. 


Cerceris blakei Cress. 


From Falls Church, Va., 28 July, and Southern Pines, N. 
Car., June and July. In the female the clypeal process is more 
erect than in C. irene, the pygidial area of female is fully twice 
as long as broad, the sides convex. 


Cerceris rufinoda Cress. 


From Falls Church, Va., August, and Fedor, Texas, June. 
The female from Falls Church has the face black, except a large 
spot each side; the pygidial area is long, very narrow at base, 
sides convex, and tip truncate; in the male the pygidial area is 
short, and not narrowed at base; the clypeus convexly rounded 
below as in C. finitima, the hair-lobes nearly one and a-half 
times their breadth apart. The variety C. rufinoda crucis 
Vier, and Ckll., comes from Lee County, Texas. 


Cerceris irene n. sp. 


2 Face wholly yellow; scape yellow, barely reddish above, flagellum 
rufous beneath, blackish above; vertex with a reddish spot each side, 
and reddish behind, and with a yellow spot behind the eyes; large 
spots on pronotum, tegule, large spots (almost contiguous) on the 
scutellum, and band on the post-scutellum, yellow. Mesonotum mostly 
reddish, with a black patch each side, meso- and meta-sternum reddish. 
First and second segments of the abdomen reddish, latter with apical 
yellow band and moderately wide bands on the next three segments; 
venter reddish at base; legs wholly reddish yellow; wings fumose, 
stigma almost black. Body very coarsely punctate; clypeal process but 
little elevated, apex nearly truncate, and reddish; antennz situated 


1912] Eastern Species of Cerceris 27 


more than the diameter of sockets above the clypeus; second joint of 
flagellum but little longer than the third; lateral ocelli scarcely nearer 
to each other than to eyes; enclosure coarsely, mostly transversely 
rugose; basal segment of abdomen hardly one-half the width of the 
second segment; pygidial area twice as long as broad, sides strongly 
convex, broadest in middle, and narrower at tip than at base; hind 
tibize with about seven spines above, nearly evenly spaced. 
Length, 7 mm. 


From Fedor, Lee County, Texas, 25 June, (Birkmann). 


Cerceris finitima Cress. 


From Falls Church, Va., Southern Pines, N. Car., and Lee 
County, Texas. The female pygidial area is very slender as 
figured; in the male it is about twice as long as broad, about 
equally broad at base and tip, with slightly curved sides; the 
last joint of the antenna is thick and heavy; the hair-lobes are 
about once and a-half their breadth apart. 


Cerceris finitima nigroris n. var. 


This is a variety of the male which is larger than the type, 
and with a large black spot each side of clypeus above the base 
of mandibles. 

From Falls Church, Va., in August. 


Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 


Annals Entomological Society of America  [Vol. V, 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


Cerceris psamathe, head, clypeus in front. 
Cerceris psamathe, pygidial area of female. 
Cerceris mandibularis, clypeal process, front from above. 
Cerceris clymene, clypeal process, above. 
Cerceris clypeata, clypeal process above. 
Cerceris ampla, pygidial area of male. 

Cerceris prominens, clypeal process, above. 
Cerceris chryssipe, clypeal process, above. 
Cerceris alaope, clypeal process, above. 
Cerceris finitima, pygidial area, female. 
Cerceris finitima, clypeus in front, female. 
Cerceris zelica, clypeal process, front. 

Cerceris bicornuta, clypeal process, front. 
Cerceris gnara, clypeal process, above. 
Cerceris blakei, clypeal process, above. 
Cerceris ampla, clypeal process, above. 
Cerceris compacta, clypeal process, front. 
Cerceris compar clypeal process, front. 
Cerceris nigrescens, pygidial area, female. 
Cerceris robertsoni, female, pygidial area, and clypeal process in front. 
Cerceris mandibularis, clypeal process, front from below. 
Cerceris kennicotti, head, female. 

Cerceris frontata, clypeal process, above. 
Cerceris compacta, pygidial area, male. 
Cerceris morata, clypeal process, above. 
Cerceris arelate, clypeal process, above. 
Cerceris irene, clypeal process, above. 
Cerceris halone, clypeal process, above. 
Cerceris deserta, clypeal process, above. 
Cerceris mandibularis, clypeal process, above. 
Cerceris fasciola, clypeal process, above. 
Cerceris nigrescens, clypeal process, above. 
Cerceris fasciola, pygidial area, female. 
Cerceris mandibularis, pygidial area, female. 
Cerceris fumipennis, pygidial area, male. 
Cerceris fulvipediculata, pygidial area, female. 
Cerceris firma, clypeal process, above. 
Cerceris clypeata, male, last ventral segment. 
Cerceris prominens, male, last ventral segment. 
Cerceris deserta, male, last ventral segment. 


ANNALS E. S. A. Vou. V, PLATE I, 


NATURAL HISTORY AND GENERAL BEHAVIOR OF THE 
EPHEMERIDAE NYMPHS HEPTAGENIA 
INTERPUNCTATA (SAY). 


By J. E. WopSEDALEK. 


There is a comparatively small amount of literature on the 
behavior of the Ephemeride. Probably the best general 
account is that given in Miall’s ‘Natural History of Aquatic 
Insects.’’ This treatise contains greatly abridged and repro- 
duced in English, the useful account of the life history of the 
Ephemera found in Swammerdam’s “Biblia Nature,’’ and the 
very entertaining description of Reamur, but the behavior of 
these insects has been a subject of practically no experimental 
investigations. The species upon which the present study is 
based is Heptagenia interpunctata (Say), which is described 
in Needham’s work on ‘‘ May-Flies and Midges of New York.’’ 


HABITAT AND GENERAL HABITS. 


Especially in the fall of the year these nymphs are found in 
ample abundance clinging to the under sides of rocks on the 
shores of Lake Mendota. Although they may be found under 
almost any rock, they are most numerous on greenish brown 
stones corresponding to the coloration of the nymphs, and pre- 
senting a rough surface well covered with small aquatic plants. 
This choice of habitat is probably determined, to a great extent 
at least, by their negative phototaxis and strong positive 
thigmotaxis, since I have never seen the nymphs on the upper 
or the lateral faces of stones. 

In a previous paper* the reactions to light and their control 
by chemicals in H. interpunctata have been discussed in con- 
siderable detail. It was found that when the nymphs are 
placed in a long glass dish of water near a window they immedi- 
ately swim away from the light. The same negative reaction 
takes place when the dish is taken into a dark room and a light 
is introduced near one end. It was also found that this strong 
negative phototaxis can be reversed by means of various 
chemical solutions. 

*Wodsedalek, J. E. Phototactic Reactions and Their Reversal in the May-Fly 


Nymphs Heptagenia Interpunctata (Say). Biological Bulletin Volume 21, 
Pages 265-272, 1911. 


3. 


ey Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


The nymphs have a wonderful clinging power. Their 
flattened bodies, and limbs which extend laterally, are pressed 
close to the rock, thus enabling the insects to retain their hold 
and escape the full force of the waves. The legs are supported 
distally with sharp claws which the nymph digs into the small 
holes and crevices of the stone. While removing the insects 
from the stones one can often feel the resistance which they offer 
despite their small size, and in some cases they cling with such 
force that their stubbornness often results in the loss of a limb 
or two. This misfortune however does not seem to be disas- 
trous to the vitality of the insect, and the lost appendages 
soon regenerate. ) 

Although the nymphs spend most of their time lying quietly, 
it is astonishing to see with what rapidity they can move with 
their flattened bodies over the moist surface of stones when 
they are disturbed, even if the stones are inverted so that the 
insect is compelled to move with its dorsal surface downward. 
The latter fashion appears to be even less difficult, owing 
probably to the fact that they almost continually cling to the 
under side of rocks in their natural habitat. They frequently 
move sidewise and even backward, and are so active that an 
attempt to collect them from stones under water is an almost 
impossible task. 

All summer these insects occupy a narrow strip, about three 
feet wide, along the lake shore and are particularly numerous 
on the shores of Picnic Point. Along in the latter part of 
October as the water turns cool, the nymphs slowly begin to 
migrate into deeper water and practically all desert the shallow 
water before the ice begins to form. A careful search was made 
on the day the ice broke up in the spring but not a single spect- 
men was seen. A few days after the ice disappears, however, 
the nymphs begin to make their appearance. 

I have never seen the nymphs swimming freely in their 
natural habitat, although when a stone to which several of 
them are attached is suddenly jerked out of the water, some 
become dislodged and quickly make for a neighboring rock. 
They swim in an undulating movement, bending the head, now 
up, now down, but this locomotion is by no means as rapid as 
when they are in contact with some object under water. Ordin- 
arily the two lateral sete are distended at an angle of about 
forty-five degrees, but during the swimming they are drawn in 


1912]  Ephemeride Nymphs Heptagenia Inter punctata 33 


toward the middle one, thus forming a sort of flexible paddle. 
When the swimming movements cease, the sete are again dis- 
tended, allowing the nymph to sink slowly to the bottom, or to 
take a short rest in suspension before another seemingly stren- 
uous effort at swimming is resumed. Short distances of two 
or three inches are usually made with alacrity, but a longer 
distance seems to fatigue the nymph and little progress is made. 
However, when shelter is in evidence the movement increases, 
and almost invariably the nymphs put on extra speed on the 
home stretch. 

May-Fly nymphs obtain their ogyxen from the water by means 
of the seven pairs of tracheal gills which are attached to the 
first seven abdominal segments. The nymphs would be quite 
inconspicuous in their natural habitat were it not for the simul- 
taneous backward and forward motion of the gills. While 
they are in a quiet attitude, all of the gills are not usually 
brought into play and their motion varies in proportion to the 
physical exertion, and to some extent at least, in proportion to 
the amount of food within the body of the nymph. The motion 
of the gills can be greatly increased by giving the nymph vigor- 
ous exercise and also by keeping it out of water for some time. 
Specimens destitute of nutrition for several days exercise their 
gills to a comparatively small degree. 


FOOD AND FEEDING. 


Ten active specimens were placed in separate dishes of 
water containing a bare rock, and after a few days of fasting, 
all chewed at a piece of alga when brought near to their mouth 
parts, as long as they were attached to a stone, finger, or some 
other object. It might be well to mention the fact that alge 
form the greatest share of the food of these nymphs and that 
animal food is not taken until the nymphs are well starved, 
when they chew at almost anything they come in contact with. 
When the stones were removed, the nymphs refused to eat 
unless the piece of food was large enough to afford attachment. 
Some of the nymphs ate almost immediately after coming in 
contact with the food, while others did not do so until after 
several days. Others again would attach themselves to smaller 
pieces of alga, but would not eat unless the particle of food was 
lightly pressed against their mouth part. Evidently the particle 
of food was too small to afford comfortable attachment and the 


34 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


soft consistency of the alga did not offer the proper contact 
stimulus. 

There seems to be sufficient evidence that small objects are 
hot seen by the nymphs, for very frequently they will repeatedly 
ignore a particle of food held in their immediate neighborhood. 
This is also true of much fatigued specimens which, during their 
slow search for food, devour the savory morsels only when they 
accidently hit upon them. 

In another experiment I took ten specimens and placed each 
in a small dish of water containing a carefully measured piece 
of food. Daily observations were made and the results obtained 
are tabulated below. The (—) sign indicates that the food 
remained untouched; the (+) sign is meant to show that part 
of the food had been eaten, and (O) marks the day when no 
food remained in the dish: 


Specimen |Size of food | 1 PA Neve lh ee Gy | aye Ne 7h ll ks} | OF LON ate et 
1 1 sq.mm. : O 
PA SE Sec S=|=)S |S] =/-| oe 
3 ee Sef | | | 
4 25 « a fea) (a 
ag PAPREMES Spo |) 
6 35 « ih Rca ag ae +|0| 
RN Sat +/+{+]0] | 
8 ie an (ee ae ers 0 Se ole | a 
TTS e272 4) 0) | 
10 5.5 ee ee ee | 


The experiment was repeated with another set of nymphs, 
and similar results were obtained. Evidently the specimens 
in the first few cases did not see the piece of food, and ate it 
only when they came in contact with it by chance. 


THIGMOTAXIS. 


The strong positive thigmotaxis of the nymphs, as was 
stated in speaking of their habitat, is apparently the most 
pronounced feature of their behavior. When several specimens 


1912] Ephemeride N. yinphs Heptagenia Inter punctata ao 


are placed in an aquarium they mass together into clusters 
where they remain for many hours, and if recently collected, 
even days. As soon as a rock or any other object is placed in 
the water, the loose forms swim toward it, while considerable 
time often elapses before the masses are broken up. 

Two long bricks were placed one over the other in a basin of 
water and between them small pebbles varying 1n size so that 
the space gradually varied in thickness from one end to the other. 
Then a large number of nymphs were put in the water, and 
after a short time it was found that nearly all of the specimens 
were attached to the lower surface of the upper brick with their 
dorsal side downward, and a large majority of the specimens 
were in that portion of the wedge-shaped space where their 
backs came in contact with the brick below. 

Then a stone to which several nymphs were attached, was. 
placed in a tin pan and the temperature of the water was slowly 
raised. As the temperature approached 42°C. several speci- 
mens began to lose hold of the rock, others clung to it until the 
temperature reached 45°C. and in no case did the specimens. 
desert the stone until they were completely overcome by the 
heat. Then a large stone was placed in the pan, half of it being 
above the surface of the water. On top of this were placed 
other rocks highly heated and thus heating the stone half sub- 
merged, to which the specimens were attached. A piece of ice 
was kept in the water to keep it cool, while the temperature of 
the rock was quite high. This time the insects did not hug the 
rock as tightly as is their natural custom, but clung to it ina 
sort of half fast fashion. That, however, was not the only sign 
manifesting discomfort, as upon close observation it was noticed. 
that first one foot would be withdrawn from the hot rock and 
then another, the specimens clinging by four or five feet at a 
time and cooling the others. The space between the nymph 
and the rock would grow wider and wider until the insect would 
hang by only one or two claws and finally fall down backward to 
the bottom. As soon as refreshed in the cool water it would 
again attach itself to the hot rock. This same process was 
repeated over and over, though when long continued the rock 
was not sought with such extreme anxiety as in the beginning. 

Although most of the nymphs behaved in that way, occa- 
sionally one would leave the rock when the temperature of the 
stone was about 40°C. and would not return for a long time. 


36 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


When it was brought near the stone again, it would at first 
swim toward it, but as soon as the heat was felt it would again 
turn and swim away. Some of the forms, upon coming in 
contact with the hot rock, would suddenly dart off, make a 
little circuit, and then return. This was repeated several times, 
the circuit becoming more and more extended until finally the 
nymph would no longer return to the stone. Still others would 
leap from place to place on the rock as though in search of a 
cool spot, some finally deciding to leave the stone, while others 
would quietly settle down and like the large majority of them, 
would cling to the stone until overcome by the heat. 

While working on the food reactions, I came across a speci- 
men that showed an exceptionally strong thigmotactic propen- 
sity. When it was placed in a separate dish of water it swam 
about very much animated, and after intervals of rest, its 
vigorous activity was again resumed. When a stone was placed 
in the dish the nymph eagerly attached itself and remained 
perfectly quiet, but when the stone was taken out and a small 
piece of alga was placed in the dish, the insect would come up 
to it, attach itself, and then quickly swim away again. The 
soft consistency of the plant evidently did not appeal to it. 
The circus movements were repeated every time I appeared 
near the dish. Not until after five days of fasting did the nymph 
attach itself to the morsel of food, to which it clung so firmly 
that its body became a complete ring. Then it commenced 
to feed on the ball of food it held so tightly in its claws. The 
smaller the piece of alga became the more tightly the specimen 
seemed to cling to it. Finally when only a small part of the 
food was left, the nymph discontinued feeding but still clung to 
the small particle. Thinking that this was probably due to the 
chemical stimulus of the plant, I took it away and gave the 
nymph a tiny pebble about the size of an ordinary sweet pea. 
The pebble was eagerly accepted but being much too small to 
afford normal attachment, the nymph coiled itself around the 
pebble and thus brought as much of its body in contact with it 
as possible. It continued encircling the pebble for six days 
when I noticed that it was about to moult. This was a difficult 
task, and although the pebble was cast aside during the attempt 
to get out of the old skin, the specimen now retained its ringlike 
shape. As the nymph was unable to moult in that condition, 
the old integument was carefully torn off, but the unfortunate 


1912] Ephemeride Nymphs Heptagenia Inter punctata av 


specimen still remained helpless, disfigured, and unable to 
swim. All attempts to make it attach itself to a flat surface 
were of no avail, as the nymph would spring up like a stretched 
out hoop and fall to the bottom. When a small pebble was 
placed against the ventral surface of the insect, it was grasped 
and held tightly. Every day I gave it a trifle larger pebble and 
by the time of the next moulting, the nymph almost recovered 
its normal form. 

Undoubtedly the specimen experienced some difficulty from 
the beginning, in clinging to so small a pebble in such an unnat- 
ural condition, and yet the content derived through the contact 
with the pebble must have been more potent, for the nymph 
would curl itself about the pebble, getting as much of its body 
in contact with it as posslble, in spite of the fact that the body 
coiled itself into a complete ring. 


DEATH FEIGNING INSTINCT. 


The death feigning instinct 1s quite pronounced in May-fly 
nymphs when roughly handled out of water. It is rather diffi- 
cult, however, to make them feign death in water and when one 
is successful the feint lasts but a few minutes at the most, 
usually only a few seconds.* Holmes found that mature 
Ranatras will feign death very readily when taken out of the 
water and laid on the table, and that they will endure all sorts 
of maltreatment during the death-feint, even suffering their 
legs to be cut off one by one or their bodies cut in two without 
the least response. Most May-fly nymphs can be made to 
feign death by taking them out of the water and throwing them 
on the table, but the time of the feint varies widely in the differ- 
ent individuals, some feigning only a fraction of a minute, and 
others as long as fifteen minutes. The average death-feint 
lasts about two or three minutes, but it can be prolonged by 
stroking the nymph on the sternum or ventral part of the abdo- 
men. Under such conditions some specimens were observed 
to feign death on a very damp piece of cloth for a period longer 
than an hour. 

By placing nymphs with their backs against a rock, and the 
abdomen with the tracheal gills submerged under water, I have 
seen some of them feigning death as long as sixty-five minutes 


*Holmes, S. J. Death Feigning in Ranatra. The Journal of Comparative 
Neurology and Psychology, Volume 16, No. 3, pages 200-216, 1906. 


38 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


at a time, despite the fact that the anterior part of the body 
was exposed to the air. I sometimes came across forms that 
could not be made to feign death at all, in others again, though 
very rare cases, the feint would be so pronounced that pricking 
the insects only made them more rigid and apparently under 
obligation to serve their time in that attitude. Usually, 
however, a touch with a sharp object makes the nymphs dis- 
continue the feint while a smooth object tends to prolong it. 
Sometimes, before the recovery from a death-feint, the nymphs 
begin to move the sete, or stretch out a limb, and then a quick 
movement of the other limbs follows. Ordinarily, however, 
the recovery is a sudden jerk, and occasionally, if the nymph 
happens to lie ventral side downward, the violent, simultane- 
ous extension of the folded legs throws the nymph into the air. 
Most nymphs can not be made to feign death longer than fifteen 
minutes on a dry table, a fact probably due to the disturbance 
in the metabolism of the body occasioned by the lack of oxygen. 


MOULTING AND LIFE CYCLE. 


The nymphs moult on the average once in about two weeks; 
the intervals being largely independent of the age and size of 
the insect. They grow on the average about one-third of a 
millimeter during the time which elapses between the two suc- 
cessives moults. They do, however, moult several times after 
they are apparently full grown, or when the growth in length at 
least, is not appreciable. The number of moults would probably 
vary during the different seasons if the nymphs were in their 
natural out-of-door environment and the almost regular moult- 
ing may be possibly influenced by the almost invariable tem- 
perature of the water in the aquaria. 

Ten individuals varying from one to nine millimeters, were 
kept in separate dishes with an abundant supply of food; daily 
observations made, and the dates of the various moults recorded 
which are given in the following table. Several of the larger 
forms metamorphosed and some of the small ones died within 
a month or two, and these I was unable to replace on account of 
the rare sizes, but two lived as long as the experiment was 
continued. 


1912] Ephemeride Nymphs Heptagenia Inter punctata 39 


I II III IV Vv VI VII VIII IX x 


1mm. /} 1.5mm. | 2.6 mm. 3 mm. 4mm. 5mm. 6 mm. 7mm. 8mm. 9 mm. 


Nov. 7] Nov: 8 | Nov. 7| Nov. 9 | Nov. 8 | Nov. 10 | Nov. 6] Nov. 8] Nov. 9] Nov. 10 


Nov.22|. Nov. 20 | Nov. 20 | Nov. 22 | Nov. 20 |} Nov. 21 | Nov. 18 | Nov. 18 | Nov. 20 | Nov. 20 


Dec. 3} Dec. 1 | Dec. 1 Dec. 4] Dec. 1] Nov. 30 | Nov. 30 | Nov. 30 | Nov. 30 | Dec. 1 


Dec.f9 | Dec. 13 | Dec. 13 | Dec. 15 | Dec. 12 | Dec. 9} Dec. 8 | Dec. 7] Dec. 9] Dec. 12 


Dec. -28 | Dec. 23 | Dec. 23 |-Dec. 22 | Dec. 22 | Dec. 21 | Dec. 18 | Dec. 19 | Dec. 30 


jem. 16) || Ie, Gay Weis ei Ih Ter ey |) Weve a femal CEN) ese He || ere 3 


Janee23e\ Jane 220s lane dom |\elanel6n | Jan. e26) yang 205 jane 8! | yan 16 


Feb. 10 | Jan. 29 | Feb. 2| Feb. 10| Feb. 6 


Feb. 12 | Feb. 16 | Feb. 23 


Mar. 5 Feb. 26 | Feb. 28 


Mar. 21 | Mar. 4] Mar. 12 


pesoydioureyzayy 
pesoydiowrryayy 


April 3 | Mar. 28 


pesoydioweyzay 


April 18 | April 13 


pesoydiowlezoyyy 


lMay 4.| April 29 


May 19 | May 16 


poesoydioureyzayyy 


June 2 | May 30 | 


June 17 June 16 


Just how long //. interpunctata live I am not entirely certain, 
as I have been unable to keep any specimens throughout their 
whole life history. However, there seems to be sufficient 
evidence that their life extends through a period of two years. 
In the observation on moulting careful measurements were 
made of all the specimens after each successive moult. From 
these data the entire life cycle can be inferred. For example, 
specimen I which was one mm. long November 7, was one and 
one-half mm. long December 3; specimen II, one and one-half 
mm. long November 8, was two and one-half mm. long Decem- 
ber 13; specimen III, two and one-half mm. long November 7, 
was three mm. long January 23; specimen IV, November 9, 
was three mm. long, or the same length as specimen III had 
attained when its record ceased, was seven mm. long in June. 


40 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


Specimen VIII which was seven mm. long in November 8, 
metamorphosed three months later. 

Specimen I, which was one of the smallest obtained in 
November, was apparently an offspring of the last adults of the 
season, which metamorphosed in the latter part of August. On 
further plausible supposition, that it hatched the first part of 
September, specimen I was about three months old on Decem- 
ber third, when it was one and one-half mm. long. Adding to 
this the time it required specimen II to become two and one-half 
mm. long, and specimen III to attain three mm. and so on, we 
have a total of nineteen months, an apparent gain of five months. 
This gain, however, is easily accounted for owing to the fact 
that the specimens had the advantage of wintering over in the 
aquaria. Such a gain actually took place in the larger speci- 
mens, which metamorphosed in January, February, and March, 
and no doubt would not have metamorphosed until June, July, 
or August of the following summer had they remained in their 
natural habitat. 

The members of this species do not all emerge in the same 
day or few days, as is true in many other Ephemeridz, but 
adult specimens may be collected near Lake Mendota any time 
from the latter part of June to the latter part of August. The 
emergings are most numerous in the afternoon. The nymphs 
crawl up on the rocks, a split appears in the median line of the 
mesothorax which quickly extends through the pro and meta- 
thorax. The head appears first and then the thorax, closely 
followed by the first pair of legs. A few jerks cause the extri- 
cation of the wings and a moment later they become erect. The 
other two pairs of legs are pulled out about the same time and 
soon the entire subimago is exposed. After a short rest the 
insect flutters upward and usually settles a short distance away. 
This whole process is completed within five or six minutes. On 
several occasions, when the lake was quiet, I observed the entire 
emerging process take place at the surface of the water. The 
sub-imago skin is usually shed within a few hours after the emer- 
gence, and the entire life of the adult is comparatively short, 
lasting about six days at the most and many of the specimens 
live a much shorter time. 

I wish to express my thanks to Prof. S. J. Holmes for his 
suggestions and kind criticisms. 


Zoological Laboratory, University of Wisconsin. 


NEW WESTERN TIPULA. 


By R. W. Doane, Stanford University. 


Kertesz’s ‘‘Catalogue Dipterorum”’ vol. II (‘‘conclusum 
exitu anni 1900’’) lists 309 species belonging to the genus TIPULA. 
In 1901 I published descriptions of 52 additional species. 
Between that time and this there have appeared in various 
journals descriptions of some 16 other species, 7 of which are 
American. This makes a total of 377 species described before 
the beginning of 1911. 

All who have worked with the genus know that long ago it 
became unweildy and realize that it should be divided into a 
number of smaller genera. But no one has yet been able to 
separate the genus into groups well enough defined to be worthy 
of generic or even subgeneric rank. My studies have convinced 
me that any satisfactory division of the group must be founded 
on a study of the structure of the hypopygium. This will mean 
that all the types that are available will have to be re-examined, 
for few if any of the earlier descriptions describe this organ in 
any detail, even the late descriptions refer only briefly to the 
more conspicuous parts and pass the others over entirely. That 
the structure of these often remarkably complicated organs is 
the final test for the determination of species has been demon- 
strated time and again when two or more forms, exactly alike 
in all other respects, have been found to exhibit constant 
striking differences in the structure of the hypopygium. 

Hesitating to add still more species to the genus until some 
such a division is made, I have refrained from publishing 
descriptions of new species, having during the last ten years 
described only a few forms that were, on one account or another, 
of particular interest. I find now that I have in our collections 
here many undescribed species some of which I have been sending 
out to my correspondents with manuscript names. In order 
that these names may be legitimate and that I may more easily 
keep our large collection of Tipulide in better shape, I have 
decided to publish descriptions of a few of the undescribed 
species that I now have before me, confining myself, in this 
paper, to western forms. 


AI 


42 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


Tipula acutipleura n. sp. 


Light brown; head grayish brown, with a brown line above; rostrum 
yellowish with a brown stripe laterally; palpi brown; first and second 
segment of antennz yellow; third segment fusiform, yellowish, darker 
in the middle, remaining segments growing darker, those beyond the 
fifth wholly brown, each darker and somewhat incrassated at the base; 
collare lighter brown with three brown spots; mesonotum very light 
brown with four rather broad brown stripes; coxee, pleura, scutellum 
and metanotum hoary, the latter with three narrow stripes which are 
less hoary; halteres yellow, knobs brown; legs yellowish, tarsi and the 
tips of the femora and tibia brown; abdomen lhght brown with a rather 
broad brown line above; eighth sternite narrowed posteriorly, posterior 
margin with a shallow rounded incision from the sides of which arise 
tufts of rather long, stiff, curved, yellow hairs; ninth tergite small with 
a deep V-shaped incision and a narrow median depression; ninth sternite 
almost divided by a deep broad U-shaped incision in which hangs a 
pair of yellow tumid appendages; pleural suture almost completely 
setting off the somewhat triangular pleura which are produced poster- 
iorly into a rather long acute black-tipped process; upper pair of append- 
ages spatulate, tips with long black hairs, lower pair broad, flattened, 
yellow, distal margin black, more strongly chitinized and somewhat 
twisted; wings hyaline with a slight grayish tinge; an indistinct whitish 
band beginning in front of the stigma and extending into the base of 
the fourth and fifth posterior cells; another indistinct whitish spot in the 
middle of the first and the bases of the second and third posterior cells; 
stigma and a small spot over the tip of the auxilliary vein brown; discal 
cell more than three times as long as wide; Length 11 mm., wing 12 mm. 


Habitat> san Dieso, Cale eA male: 


Tipula atrisumma n. sp. 


Male: brownish yellow; head grayish brown with a darker brown 
line above; rostrum yellowish, somewhat grayish above; palpi wholly 
brown; first and second segments of antennee yellow, others wholly 
brown, those beyond the fourth slightly incrassate at the base; collare 
brownish with two yellow spots; mesonotum yellowish, with three 
broad brown stripes the median one divided by a faint gray line; coxee 
pleura and metanotum hoary; scutellum brownish yellow; halteres 
brownish, knobs darker; legs brownish yellow, tarsi and tips of femora 
and tibia darker; abdomen yellowish with a very broad brown line 
above, posterior margin of segments yellow; posterior margin of eighth 
sternite with a median pair of short yellow projections which are but 
little longer than wide; median one-third of ninth tergite yellow, rest . 
brown, with a broad deep incision and a median depression; just below 
the median portion of the groove is a pair of short, black, highly chitin- 
ized, triangular plates; ninth sternite with a deep very broad U-shaped 
incision from the lateral margins of which hangs a pair of short slightly 
tumid processes; pleural sutures complete; pleura produced into a 


OA? New Western Tipula 43 


rather long somewhat curved process the black tip of which ends in two 
short points; first pair of appendages spatulate, second pair broad, flat- 
tened, twisted and ending in two short black tips the upper one of 
which is longer, broader and triangular; wings hyaline; stigma brown; 
the indistinct whitish line not reaching the base of the fourth posterior 
cell. 

Female: First and second joint of antennez yellow, third and 
sometimes the fourth somewhat yellowish, others brown; eighth tergite 
a little shorter than the seventh; eighth sternite about as long as the 
seventh; posterior margin witha crescent-shaped incision and depressions; 
the apical appendages, corresponding to the lower valves of the ovipos- 
itor, are short, quadrate, upper margins more strongly chitinized with 
the edge twisted or rolled, posterior margins with sharp-pointed trian- 
gular processes ninth tergite about half as long as eighth; tenth tergite 
narrow, about twice as long as ninth ending posteriorly in a pair of 
short, round-tipped lobes, beneath which is a broad, short, unchitinized 
appendage which also ends in a pair of short lobes similar to those above; 
ninth sternite, lying above the eighth sternite, consists of two strongly 
chitinized lateral plates which are united posteriorly into a rather long 
sharp process. Length, male 9 mm.; female 11 mm., wing 10 mm. 


abit oanslucgo, Cale ll o,.o o- 


Tipula incurva n. sp. 


Brown; head grayish brown; rostrum yellowish brown; palpi brown; 
first, second and third joints of antennze yellow, others brown, cylin- 
drical, slightly darker at base; collare grayish brown with four brown 
spots; mesothorax grayish brown with four brown stripes, the median 
ones indistinctly divided by grayish lines; coxe and pleura hoary; 
scutellum and metathorax yellowish; halteres yellow, knobs brown; 
femora yellow; tarsi, tibia and tip of femora brown; abdomen yellowish 
brown with the anterior margin of each segment darker brown; ninth 
tergite brown, short, broad, with an inconspicuous median ridge, posterior 
margin with a slight crescent-shaped incision; posterior lateral angles 
ending in short, blunt, downward-projecting processes; ninth sternite 
with a broad rounded incision from the posterior lateral angles of which 
arises a pair of two-lobed inward and upward projecting appendages, 
the lower lobe being much the smaller of the two; second pair of pleural 
appendages almost concealed by the first which are rather broad, flat- 
tened and bluntly pointed at the tip; wings with a brownish tinge; a 
rather broad, whitish band beginning in front of the stigma and extending 
through the basal cells a short distance from their tips to the sixth vein, 
along which it extends to the posterior margin of the wing; an irregular 
whitish spot about the middle of the axillary cell; another covering the 
basal two-thirds of the discal cell, and another in the base of the second 
marginal and sub-marginal cell; stigma brown; discal cell twice as long 
as wide. Length 10 mm., wing 11 mm. 


Habitat: Nebraska. 1 male. 


44 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


Tipula alta n. sp. 


Brown; head brown; rostrum yellow; palpi yellow darker toward 
the tips; first and second joints of antennz yellow, others brown, seg- 
ments rather long, cylindrical; collare light brown with three darker 
brown spots; mesothorax grayish brown with three brown stripes, the 
median one divided by a grayish line; pleura hoary; scutellum and 
metathorax yellowish the latter somewhat hoary; halteres brown, 
knobs darker brown; legs yellowish, tarsi and tips of femora and tibia 
brownish; abdomen brownish yellow, with a broad dorsal line and 
interrupted lateral brownish bands; posterior margin of eighth sternite 
with a cresent-shaped incision from the posterior margin of which arise 
two tufts-of rather long yellow hairs; ninth tergite with a broad, deep 
V-shaped incision the margins of which are black; ninth sternite yellow, 
with a broad, deep depression; pleural suture very short; pleura yellow, 
somewhat triangular, first pair of appendages small, spatulate, second 
pair broad, flat, the lower branch somewhat hooked-shaped and. black- 
tipped; wings hyaline; stigma brown; an indistinct interrupted whitish 
band beginning in front of the stigma and extending into the base of 
fourth posterior cell; discal cell in the single specimen before me open. 
Length 9 mm., wing 9 mm. 


Habitat: Lander, Wyoming. 1 male. Alt. 5,000 to 8,000: 
Reet. 

This is the first Tipula I have seen with an open discal cell. 
As I have only a single specimen before me I do not know 
whether this is a constant character or only accidental. 


Tipula marina n. sp. 


Brown; head grayish brown; rostrum grayish brown; palpi dark 
brown; antennze wholly dark brown; segments beyond the third some- 
what excised below; collare grayish brown; mesonotum light brownish with 
three broad, dark brown stripes, each of which is divided by a light 
brown line; coxz, pleura, scutellum and metanotum grayish, somewhat 
hoary; halteres brownish, knobs darker; legs brownish, base of femora 
and tibia somewhat yellowish; abdomen brown, posterior margins of 
segments narrowly, lateral margins, broadly lighter; ninth tergite 
reddish brown, darker toward the base, posterior lateral angles some- 
what produced, tips rounded; with a median deep, narrow V-shaped 
incision; no pleural suture; third pair of appendages short, tumid, 
brownish yellow, covered with short yellow hair; wings with a brownish 
tinge much lighter toward the base; the rather broad whitish space 
bordering the fourth vein extends through the discal cell and the fourth 
posterior cell to the posterior margin of the wing, in the region of the 
prefurca it widens and extends to the anterior margin and sends a 
broad irregular shaped arm through the second basal cell; bases of the 
marginal, sub-marginal and first posterior cells whitish; veins and stigma. 
brown. Length male 13 mm., wing 13 mm. 


1912] New Western Tipula 45 


Habitat: Palo) Alto, Cal 3 males. 

Differs from T. tristis Doane, which it somewhat resembles 
in being larger, darker, wings darker and in the V-shaped 
incision on the posterior margin of the ninth tergite being 
broader posterior y, narrower anteriorly and much deeper. 


Tipula fulvinodus n. sp. 


Brown; head brownish, cinereous above with a median broad, 
brown stripes; rostrum yellowish on the sides; palpi brown; first and 
second segment of antennze yellowish; third brownish yellow, others light 
brown; dorsum of thorax very light brown with three broad, brown 
stripes each of which is divided by a gray line; scutellum, metanotum 
and pleura grayish pruinose; halteres light brown, base yellow, knobs 
darker brown; legs yellowish, tips of femora, tibia and tarsi darker; 
abdomen brown, darker posteriorly with three darker brown stripes, 
posterior margin of each segment yellowish; posterior margin of eighth 
sternite with a rather deep incision, posterior lateral angles each having 
a tuft of long yellow hair; posterior margin of ninth tergite with a 
Y-shaped incision, lateral angles rounded, yellow; ninth sternite with a 
broad rounded incision in which hangs a pair of whitish appendages 
the tips of which are brown, flattened and covered with thick, short 
yellow hair; pleural suture very indistinct, pleura whitish; first pair of 
appendages whitish, long, very slender, slightly curved; second pair 
broad, flattened, tips with two black teeth; third pair long, narrow, 
slightly wider toward the tips; wings hyaline; stigma brown; a whitish 
spot just beyond the stigma and a faint broken, hardly perceptible 
whitish band beginning in front of the stigma and extending through 
the discal cell into the base of the fourth posterior cell. Length 12 mm., 
wing 13 mm. 


Habitat: Grand Coulee, Wash. 1 male. 


Tipula nigrocorporis n. sp. 


Head and thorax blue-black; palpi dark brown, reddish brown 
toward the tips; antennz dark brown, second segment yellowish; joints 
of flagellum deeply incised, dorsum of thorax with three rather indistinct 
brown lines; femora yellow, tips brown; tibia and tarsi brown; halteres 
yellowish, knobs brown; first segment of abdomen black, others brown- 
ish yellow with a brown, lateral stripe, the sixth, seventh and eighth 
quite brown, yellowish posteriorly; ninth tergite with a broad, deep, 
crescent-shaped incision; ninth sternite with a deep V-shaped incision 
which almost separates the two sides of the segment; pleural plates 
distinctly separated from the lateral parts of the sternum; wings light 
brownish with four indistinct whitish spots, one before and one just 
behind the stigma, a larger one in the middle of the second basal cell 
and a fainter one in the middle of the anal and axillary cells. Length 
male 16 mm., wing 18 mm. 


Habitat: Estes Park, Colo. 1 male, 


46 Annals Entomological Society of America iVioly -V; 


Tipula cylindrata n. sp. 


Brown; head very dark brown; rostrum dark brown above, yellowish 
below; palpi blackish brown; first and second segments of antennze 
yellow, third brownish yellow, others dark brown, incised below; 
eollare grayish with three brown spots; metanotum grayish with three 
brown stripes, each of which is divided by a broad gray line; coxe, 
pleura, scutellum and metanotum hoary; scutellum and metanotum 
with a median brown line; halteres yellow, knobs brown; legs brown, 
femora somewhat lighter toward the base; abdomen light brown, with 
a dorsal darker brown line; ninth tergite with a broad deep V-shaped 
incision, the lateral margins of which are notched; ninth sternite with a 
narrow very deep incision; the margins of which are continuous for a 
part of their length; no pleural sutures; pleural margin with a small 
triangular chitinized projection just outside the base of the short tumid 
brown third pair of appendages; wings with a grayish tinge, with 
several irregular more or less distinct whitish spaces; a rather broad, 
not well-defined whitish band beginning in front of the stigma, covering 
the distal portion of the first basal cell, crossing the second basal cell a 
little beyond its middle, and extending along the anal cell to the posterior 
margin of the wing; indistinct whitish spots in the base of the anal and 
axillary cells, in the tip of the sub-marginal cell, and in the base of the 
marginal, sub-marginal, first posterior, discal and fourth posterior cells; 
stigma and a small spot over the tip of the auxilliary vein and another 
over the tip of the preefurca, brown. Length 11 mm., wing 13 mm. 


Habitat: San Diego, Cal. 3 males. 


Tipula flavomarginata n. sp. 


Yellow; head cinereous above with a median brown stripe; rostrum, 
palpi and first two segments of antennze yellow; third segment yellowish, 
brownish toward the tip, other segments brown somewhat darker at 
the base; dorsum of thorax light yellowish with four distinct brown 
stripes; scutellum and metanotum yellow, with a faint, median, brown 
line; pleura yellow; halteres yellow toward the base, darker towards 
the knobs which are dark brown, tips lighter; femora, except the tip, 
yellowish; tibia and tarsi and the tips of the femora brown; abdomen 
yellowish at the base, brownish posteriorly, posterior margin of each 
segment yellow; eighth sternite slightly produced, posterior margin 
roundly emarginate with two bunches of reddish yellow hairs; ninth 
tergite produced and narrowed posteriorly, posterior margin with a 
crescent-shaped incision in the middle of which is a pair of short, black 
triangular, downward-projecting teeth, the ventral margins of the pos- 
terior lateral angles with narrow, elongate, black ‘projections; ninth 
sternite divided ventrally by a broad membranous area, posterior 
margin with two pairs of small appendages, the upper pair ovate, tips 
with long yellow hairs, the lower pair more spatulate, hanging in the 
crescent-shaped incision in the posterior margin of the sternite; pleural 
suture distinct; upper pair of appendages narrow toward the base and 
broader toward the tip the anterior upper corner produced into a finger- 


1912] New Western Tipula AT 


like projection; second pair of appendages broad, irregular in shape 
anterior margin folded back; third pair broad at the base, slightly 
narrower toward the tip, anterior upper corner produced into a broad, 
blunt tip; wings hyaline; the stigma, a small spot over the origin of the 
preefurca, and a narrow border along the great cross vein and the end of 
the fifth vein, brown; the whitish band beginning in front of the stigma 
extends across the discal cell into the fourth posterior cell, (in some 
specimens reaching almost or quite to the posterior margin) ; small white 
spot just beyond the stigma. Length 11 mm., wing 13 mm. 


Habitat: San Diego, Cal. 8 males. 


Tipula rusticola n. sp. 


Yellow; head yellowish, darker above; palpi brown, last segment 
darker; first and second segments of antennz yellow, others lght 
brown darker at the base; thorax light yellow, the brownish stripes of 
the dorsum faintly indicated; halteres yellowish, knobs brown, tips 
lighter; femora yellowish, tips brown; tibia and tarsus brownish; abdo- 
men yellowish, brownish posteriorly; posterior margin of eighth sternite 
with two tufts of rather long, reddish yellow, hairs; ninth tergite with a 
broad, median furrow, lateral angles but slightly produced; ninth sternite 
divided by a rather broad, whitish membranous portion; from the pos- 
terior margin just at the edge of the membrane there arises a pair of 
chitinized two-parted appendages, the outer posterior part 1s somewhat 
spatulate the tip furnished with a fringe of reddish yellow hair, the 
inner part is broader, longer, somewhat twisted and with a double- 
pointed tip; first pair of appendages long, slender; second pair broad, 
black-tipped with three more strongly chitinized ridges; the third 
appendages are much smaller, unchitinized and have a small soft leaf-like 
lobe extending outwardly at right angles to the rest of the lobe; wings 
hyaline, veins brownish yellow; stigma brown; a whitish broken band 
beginning in front of the stigma and extending across the discal cell into 
the base of the fourth posterior cell. Length 12 mm., wing 12 mm. 


Habitat: Keyport, Wash. 2 males. 


Tipula derbyi n. sp. 

Yellow; head dark brown pruinose above; rostrum brownish yellow; 
palpi very dark brown; first, second and basal half of third segment of 
antenne, yellow, other segments very dark brown; thorax yellow the 
three dorsal brown stripes more or less distinctly indicated; halteres 
brown, yellow at the base, knobs darker; legs yellow, tarsi and the distal 
portion of the tibia brownish; abdomen yellow somewhat darker pos- 
teriorly; dorsal and lateral lines more or less faintly indicated; eighth 
tergite of male semicircular; eighth sternite produced posteriorly and 
forming a floor for the genital chamber, posterior margin with a shallow 
semicircular incision which is filled with a white more or less tumid 
membrane; posterior lateral angles with sub-triangular chitinized 
processes, the terminal portion of which bear a few short, curved bris- 
tles; ninth tergite divided by a median suture into two sub-rectangular, 


48 Annals Entomological Society of America Wol=ae 


somewhat tumid, protruding processes the posterior lateral margins 
of which are sharply incised; ninth sternite large, lower posterior angles 
with somewhat curved, downward-projecting spatulate appendages, 
these are attached by the lateral margin and bear numerous short, 
reddish brown hairs near the tip; pleural sutures well-developed com- 
pletely setting off the sharp-pointed triangular pleura, first pair of 
pleural appendages small, spatulate, second pair with a narrow stalk 
bearing a large, thin, irregular, rectangular plate; third pair somewhat 
spatulate, very much larger than the first pair, with rather long reddish 
hair at the tip; eighth sternite of female rather strongly chitinized, 
posterior lateral angles produced into short rounded lobes a little longer 
than wide; two short, broad, two-pointed strongly chitinized appendages 
arise from the posterior lateral angles of the broad truncate median lobe; 
ninth tergite very small almost concealed beneath the eighth; tenth 
tergite also very short, more strongly chitinized, cerci very short, broad, 
rounded; wings hyaline with a very slight smoky tinge, costal and 
subcostal cells yellowish; stigma brown, an interrupted whitish band 
running from in front of the stigma through the discal cell into the base 
of the fourth posterior cell, another whitish spot behind the stigma, a 
small indistinct brownish spot at the origin of the prefurca. Length 
male 13 mm., female 12 mm., wing 12 mm. 


Habitat: Stanford University. Many males, 6 females. 
Larve feeding on grain roots in meadows. 


Tipula pacifica n. sp. 


Brown; head grayish brown with dorso-median and _ post-ocular 
broad, brown lines; rostrum grayish brown, sides darker; first and last 
segments of palpi dark brown, others lighter brown; first and second 
segments of antennz yellowish brown others brownish, darker at the 
base; antennz of female more yellowish; thoracic dorsum with very 
broad, brown stripes which are distinctly bordered by darker brown lines; 
median stripe divided by a fusiform brown line; lateral margins clouded 
with brown; dorso-pleural membrane whitish; pleura grayish brown 
with indistinct brown spots; an irregular brownish line just below the 
dorso-pleural suture; scutellum almost wholly brown; metanotum 
grayish with three broad, brown stripes; halteres brownish, knobs 
darker, tips whitish; legs brownish, tarsi and tips of femora and tibia 
darker; abdomen brown, darker brown laterally; extreme margins 
whitish, seventh, eighth and ninth segments almost wholly dark brown; 
posterior margin of eighth sternite yellowish, not produced posteriorly; 
posterior margin of ninth tergite yellowish, under surface with two 
black, triangular, downward-projecting processes; posterior margin of 
ninth sternite with a broad, deep rectangular incision; pleural suture 
indistinct, lateral margins with a pair of very large whitish irregular- 
shaped appendages some of the inner and upper folds of which are 
furnished with thick, short, black hairs or bristles; upper appendages 
rather broad, lateral margins somewhat rolled, tip rounded; ovipositor 
of female reddish brown, upper valves rather long, acute; lower valves 


1912] New Western Tipula 49 


reaching about to middle of upper valves; wings long and broad, brown, 
with whitish spots in all the cells, a spot in the beginning of the basal 
cells, the origin of the preefurca, the stigma, the tip of the seventh vein 
and less distinct spots near the middle of the second basal, anal and 
axillary cells, darker brown; the margin of the wing is marked with 
larger or smaller whitish spots in all the cells; irregular whitish spots in 
the region of the stigma, the discal cell and in the basal anal cells; veins 
brown, some of them with a narrow brown border. Length male 
26 mm., female 33 mm., wing 27 mm. 


ne@bitat: Weer Park. Placer:Co., Cal. (3 males, 2 females: 
(Types). Keyport, Wash. 1 female. 

One of the males is much smaller measuring only 20 mm. 
wing 20 mm. In size and general appearance, this specimen 
looks somewhat like T. abdominalis Say, but the antenna; the 
markings on the thorax and the structure of the hypopygium 
are quite different. 


Tipula californica n. sp. 


Brownish yellow; head yellowish slightly darker above; palpi brown, 
yellowish toward the base; first and second and the basal half of the 
third segments of the antennze yellow, other segments brown, darker at 
the base; dorsum of thorax light brownish yellow with four broad, brown 
stripes; scutellum and metanotum brownish yellow; pleura hoary; 
halteres whitish, knobs brown, tips lighter; legs yellowish, tips of the 
femora, tibia and tarsi darker; abdomen yellowish, brownish posteriorly, 
sides with a distinct broken brown line; posterior margin of eighth 
sternite with a rounded incision, the middle with a short rounded pro- 
jection above which arises two slender pencils of yellow hairs; lateral 
angles with a pair of triangular tooth-like projections which bear a 
fringe of long yellow hairs on their inner margins; ninth tergite with a 
deep median furrow and a rather deep V-shaped incision from the apex 
of which arises a short triangular black-tipped tooth; ninth sternite 
with a very broad, deep U-shaped incision in which hangs a pair of 
large, tumid, yellow-haired appendages; apex of this incision with fine 
short, reddish-yellow hairs which almost conceal two short, conical 
projections; pleural sutures complete; first pair of appendages somewhat 
conical, furnished with rather long, black hairs; second pair broad, 
somewhat flattened edges black; third pair more strongly chitinized, 
oblong, somewhat twisted, ending in a blunt point; wings hyaline with 
a slight brownish tinge particularly in the apex; the stigma and a small 
spot over the tip of the subcostal vein and the beginning of the preefurca, 
brown; veins with an indistinct whitish border; a whitish spot just before 
and just behind the stigma. Length 16 mm., wing 20 mm. 


Habitats Palo Alte:-Cal” ~Z-males; 


50 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vok V, 


Tipula rupicola n. sp. 


Brown; head brownish with broad, darker, dorso-median and post- 
ocular lines; rostrum darker brown; palpi very dark brown; antennz 
yellowish darker toward the tip, base of each segment beyond the third 
blackish; mesonotum tawny the three brown stripes bordered by dis- 
tinct darker brown lines, the median one divided by a rather broad, dark 
brown line; dorso-pleural membrane whitish; pleura grayish brown; an 
irregular line just below the dorso-pleural suture, and other spots, 
darker brown; scutellum and metanotum brown; halteres light yellow, 
knobs brown, tips lighter; legs yellowish brown, tarsi and tips of femora 
and tibia darker, a broad whitish ring on the femora a short distance 
from the tip; abdomen brown, darker posteriorly, lateral margin darker; 
ninth tergite somewhat tumid, posterior margin reflexed and with a 
pair of inconspicuous black edged teeth; pleural suture complete extend- 
ing to the anterior margin of the segment thus distinctly separating the 
pleura from the sternum; ninth sternite almost hidden by the eighth 
sternite; posterior margin with two broad appendages the edges of 
which are rolled in such a way that the contiguous edges of the two 
form a large projecting open tube; posterior margin of the pleura rather 
strongly chitinized, lower corner produced into a short, sharp point; 
upper pair of appendages broad, short, tips with a shallow rounded 
incision and with a fringe of black hairs; upper and posterior margin of 
second pair of appendages furnished with rather long reddish brown 
hairs the lower angle produced into a rather long spatulate projection; 
the upper posterior angle of the third pair of appendages strongly 
chitinized and bearing a few black hairs; wings rather broad and long, 
brownish with the following parts darker brown: the stigma, a spot 
over the origin of the preefurca, the base of the fourth posterior cell, 
the tips of all the veins beyond the apex of the wing, the middle of the 
posterior margin of the second basal cell, the middle of the anal cell; 
the distal portion of the second and fifth vein narrowly bordered with 
brown; a whitish spot beginning in the margin of the wing just beyond 
the stigma extends into the first posterior cell and follows it to the tip 
of the wing; another whitish spot beginning in the margin in front of 
the origin of the praefurca extends diagonally across the first basal and 
just into the second basal cell; other smaller spots in the discal, anal, 
axillary and the margins of all the posterior cells, those in the anal cell 
extending forward into the second basal cell. Length 25 mm., wing 
25 mm. 


Habitat: Oak Creek Canon, Ariz. 1 male. 

The coloring of the body and the wing markings somewhat 
resemble T, contaminata Doane, but there are several differ- 
ences the most important of which is the structure of the hypopy- 
gium. This and the following species, T. albimacula, have the 
pleural sutures well developed thus entirely separating the pleura 
from the other sclerites. Following Snodgrass, these species 


1912] New Western Tipula 51 


would be in a group lower than any he studied, a group cor- 
responding to the simplest of the brevipalpi where the pleura 
and sterna are entirely separated. 


Tipula albimacula n. sp. 


Brownish yellow; head brownish yellow with a darker stripe above; 
first segment of palpi yellowish others brownish, last segment darker; 
antenne yellowish toward the base, growing darker toward the tip, 
last four or five segments brown; metanotum brown with three broad, 
darker brown stripes; pleura yellowish, pruinose, with a rather broad, 
brown stripe extending from above the base of the first coxee to the base 
of the wings; scutellum brown with a median lighter line; metanotum 
yellowish with a very narrow median brown line; legs yellowish, tarsi 
and tips of femora and tibia darker; abdomen yellowish, spotted with 
brownish, with dorsal and lateral brown stripes; first, sixth, seventh and 
eighth terga brownish; ninth tergite tumid, posterior margin with a 
broad crescent-shaped incision in the middle of which is a small semi- 
circular incision; ninth sternite similar to the preceding sternites, pos- 
terior margin bearing a pair of leaf-like appendages which are attached 
near the middle of their long sides, the margins of the opposing faces 
shightly curled in, thus forming an incomplete tube; pleural suture 
extending to the anterior margin of the segment so that the pleural 
sclerites are completely separated from the others; upper appendages. 
broad, rounded, margins somewhat more chitinized; lower appendages 
long, rather broad, somewhat twisted, ending in an upper rather broad, 
blunt arm and a lower narrow, curved, sharp-pointed claw; wings with 
a brownish tinge with several lighter and darker spots; an irregular 
broken V-shaped, whitish band beginning in front of the stigma and 
ending close to the tip of the sixth vein; a rather large irregular whitish 
spot on the margin of the axillary cell and other smaller whitish spots 
in all of the cells in the apical portion of the wing; the whitish spots in 
the margins of the posterior cells are bordered on each side by brownish 
spots. Length 20 mm., wing 22 mm. 


Habitat; Arizona. 1 male: 
See the note in regard to the hypopygium of T. rupicola. 


Tipula aspersa n. sp. 


Brown; head grayish brown with a narrow median, dark brown line 
above and brownish lines back of the eyes; rostrum grayish brown, 
darker laterally; palpi dark brown; antennze yellowish, base of each 
segment beyond the third black; metanotum grayish with three brown- 
ish stripes each of which is margined by darker brown; median stripes 
divided by a narrow brown line, lower margin of metanotum bordered 
by a brown line; pleura grayish pruinose with two median brown spots 
and a brown stripe which begins on the prothorax and ends just beyond 
the mesopleural suture; scutellum and metanotum grayish, each with 
a median brown line; a brown spot above the base of the halteres; 
halteres yellowish, knobs brown; legs yellowish, tarsi and tips of femora 


52 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


and tibia darker; abdomen brown with darker stripes dorsally and 
laterally; posterior margin of ninth tergite of male with a pair of shiny. 
brown, triangular projections between which is a deep narrow U-shaped 
incision; ninth sternite completely bordered below by a deep V-shaped 
incision; pleural suture distinct curving upward about the middle of 
the segment after which it soon disappears; upper appendages long, 
broad, strap-like, tips rounded; lower appendages broad, the chitinized 
margins rolled upon themselves, the distal margin with a long, strong 
claw; upper valves of ovipositor of female long narrow tips rounded; 
lower valves rather broad, flat, tips acute; wings with a brownish tinge 
with brown spots at the tips of all the veins, on the origin of the praefurca, 
and in the second basal and anal cells; third vein and anterior branch 
of the fourth vein with brownish spots near the middle; second, third 
and fourth posterior cells with brownish spots toward the bases; stigma 
brown; an interrupted whitish band beginning back of the stigma and 
extending across the discal cell into the base of the fourth posterior 
cell. Length male 14 mm., female 19 mm., wing 17 mm. 


Habitat: Pacific Grove, Cal. 1 male, 1 female. 


Tipula planicornia n. sp. 


Brownish yellow; head yellowish somewhat cinereous above, with 
a median darker line; palpi yellow, last segment brown; first three 
segments of antennz yellow, fourth sometimes also yellowish, others 
brown, darker at the base; dorsum of the thorax brownish yellow, with 
three brown stripes the median one divided by a cinereous or yellowish 
line; scutellum yellow with a median, brown line; pleura and metano- 
tum grayish pruinose; halteres yellow, knobs brown, tips lighter; legs 
yellow, tarsi somewhat darker; abdomen brownish yellow, darker 
posteriorly, the median, dorsal, brown line broader than the later lines; 
posterior margin of the eighth sternite with a shallow rounded incision, 
middle portion with a whitish membrane from which arises two brush- 
like tufts of long, light yellow hairs, as both tufts are directed inward 
they cross each other; lateral angles furnished with a broad, irregular- 
shaped chitinized appendage, the upper inner angle of which is drawn 
out into a rather long, flattened, slightly curved claw; the inner (anter- 
ior) face of this appendage is furnished with two ridges or keels, the 
upper one has a serrate, hairy margin, the lower one, running at right 
angles to the other, is pruduced into a long, narrow, slightly curved arm; 
ninth tergite small, posterior margin with two-small crescent-shaped 
incisions between which is a sharp, triangular, furrowed tooth; ninth 
sternite with a very deep U-shaped incision which is filled with a pair 
of appendages the posterior faces of which are chitinized and each 
terminating in a pair of backward-projecting claws, the lower ones long 
and curved, the upper ones short, less strongly chitinized, inconspicu- 
ous; pleural suture complete; upper pair of appendages reddish brown, 
broadly spatulate, furnished with long, brownish/and yellowish hairs; 
second pair elongate, suddenly broadened about the middle, posterior 
margin with long yellow hairs, distal margin black, strongly chitinized; 
third pair yellow, narrowly spatulate; the long, strongly chitinized , 


1912} _ New Western Tipula 53 


black-tipped, shield-shaped penis guard often shows distinctly between 
these appendages; abdomen of female long, cylindrical; ovipositor 
reddish brown, upper valves long, slender, acute, lower valves broader, 
less acute; wings hyaline with a slight brownish tinge; stigma light 
brown, inconspicuous; a rather distinct whitish band beginning in 
front of the stigma and extending through the discal cell into the base 
of the fourth posterior cell. Length male 18 mm., female 27 mm., 
wing 19 mm. 


Habitat: San Diego, Cal. 20 males, 8 females. 


Tipula pyramis n. sp. 

Brownish yellow; head yellowish, cinereous above, with a median 
darker line; palpi yellow, last segment darker; first three segments of 
antenne yellow, others brown; dorsum of thorax light yellowish brown, 
with four broad, brown stripes, the anterior ends of each of which curve 
slightly outward; between the median pair is a narrow, indistinct 
brown line; metanotum, pleura and coxz grayish pruinose; halteres 
yellow, knobs brown, tips lighter; legs brownish, base of femora yellow- 
ish; abdomen brownish yellow, darker posteriorly with three brown 
stripes which are broader and browner posteriorly; eighth sternite 
somewhat produced posteriorly, posterior margin with a rather broad, 
elongated round-tipped flap which is margined with yellowish hairs; 
above this flap, attached to the inner (upper) surface of the eighth 
sternite and to the anterior margin of the ninth sternite is a long, flat, 
tapering, slender process the curved tip of which hooks into the median 
incision of the posterior margin of the ninth sternite; ninth tergite 
short, leaving the appendages unusually exposed, divided by a deep 
V-shaped incision and a dorsal median furrow from which arises a short, 
conical light-colored process; ninth sternite elongated, posterior margin 
with a deep incision in which, arising from the margin just below the 
pleural suture, is a pair of long, slender-pointed appendages; pleural 
suture very short; first pair of appendages rather short, stout, curved 
forward near the middle; second pair with the edges rolled up, ending 
in two black teeth; third pair unusually large, narrow at the base, 
broad in the middle, tapering to a blunt point, on the posterior margin 
near the base are two blunt teeth; wings hyaline, costal and subcostal 
cell with a yellowish tinge; stigma brown; a broken, whitish band begin- 
ning in front of the stigma and reaching through the discal cell into the 
base of the fourth posterior cell. Length 19 mm., wing 19 mm. 


nabitatcaveyramicd wake, Nev. . (males. 


Tipula sylvicola n. sp. 


Brownish-yellow; head yellowish, cinereous above; palpi brown, 
first segment yellow; first three segments of antennz yellow, others 
brown, somewhat darker at the base; dorsum of thorax grayish brown 
with three broad, brown stripes, the median one divided by a gray line; 
scutellum light yellow with a faint median brown line; metanotum and 
pleura yellowish, pruinose; halteres yellow, knobs brown, tips lighter; 
legs yellow, tips of femora tibia and tarsi darker; abdomen brownish 


54 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


yellow, darker posteriorly, the darker dorsal and lateral stripes faintly 
indicated; posterior margin of eighth sternite with a very broad, rounded 
incision, middle portion with a narrow white membrane from which 
arises two brushes of very long, reddish yellow hair; lateral angles with 
more strongly chitinized, triangular, inward-projecting appendages, 
the tips and inner margins-of which are furnished with yellow hairs; 
posterior margin of ninth tergite with a broad shallow incision and with 
a less strongly chitinized yellow border which is quite distinctly set off 
from the rest of the tergite, the middle of this border is provided with a 
pair of blackish triangular teeth, the inner margins of which are straight 
and close together; ninth sternite with a deep narrow U-shaped incision 
in the upper part of which hangs a pair of tumid, yellow appendages; 
pleural sutures complete; upper pair of appendages spatulate, yellow, 
furnished with brownish and yellow hairs; second pair broad, yellow, 
black-tipped; third pair elongate, tips rounded, margins reddish brown; 
wings hyaline; stigma brown, a broken whitish band beginning in front 
of the stigma and extending across the discal cell into the base of the 
fourth posterior cell. Length 16 mm., wing 17 mm. 


Habitat: Keyport, Wash. 5males(Type). S.Cal. 1 male. 


Tipula ungulata n. sp. 


Brown; head yellowish, cinereous above, with a median darker 
line; palpi brown, first segment yellow; first three segments of antennz 
yellow, third brown toward the tip, other segments brown; thorax 
grayish pruinose; dorsum with three brown stripes, the median one 
divided by a gray line; scutellum yellowish with a median brown line; 
halteres yellowish, knobs brown, tips lighter; legs yellowish, tarsi, tips 
of femora and tibia brown; abdomen yellowish brown, darker poster- 
iorly with three distinct brown lines; eighth sternite with a slight, 
rounded incision from which arises two tufts of reddish yellow hair; 
posterior lateral angles with large more strongly chitinized appendages, 
the posterior face of which is mostly black, ending in a broad, blunt 
outer tooth and an inner, narrower, sharper tooth; posterior margin of 
ninth tergite with a rounded-incision in the middle of which are two 
short, sharp points; ninth sternite divided by a deep, broad U-shaped 
incision in which hangs a pair of yellowish pendulous appendages and 
from which projects a pair of conspicuous, strongly chitinized, claw-like 
appendages; pleural suture complete; first pair of appendages rather 
broad, brown, tip rounded, with long brown hair; second pair broad, 
flattened, outer face with a more strongly chitinized fold; third pair 
elongate, narrowed in the middle, tip rounded; abdomen of female very 
long, ovipositor reddish brown, upper valves long, acute, tips slightly 
curved, lower valves long, broad, tips truncate, slightly roundly emar- 
ginate; wings hyaline with a brownish tinge; costal and subcostal cell 
yellowish; stigma and a very narrow border on the great cross vein and 
the tip of the fifth vein brown; a whitish band beginning in front of the 
stigma and extending across the discal cell into the base of the fourth 
posterior cell; and indistinct whitish spot beyond the stigma. Length 
male 15 mm., female 23 mm., wing 16 mm. 


Habitat: San Diego, Cal. 16 males, 4 females. 


(7 


1912} New Western Tipula 


Tipula bifalcata n. sp. 


Yellow; head yellow, cinereous above with a median, darker line; 
palpi yellow, tips somewhat darker; first and second segments of an- 
tenne yellow, others brown; dorsum of thorax honey yellow, stripes 
very faintly indicated; rest of thorax yellowish, pruinose; halteres 
yellow, knobs brown; legs yellow, tips of femora, tibia and tarsi darker; 
abdomen yellow at the base, brownish posteriorly; eighth sternite 
produced, narrowed posteriorly; posterior margin with a shallow broad, 
rounded incision from the middle of which arises a tuft of short, thick, 
stiff, yellow hairs; lateral angles with a pair of conical processes, the tips 
of each of which are furnished with a pair of close-set, long, heavy, 
curved, reddish bristles and several shorter yellow hairs; ninth tergite 
with a deep median furrow, posterior margin ending in a pair of short, 
broad, blunt, black teeth, between which is a square incision; posterior 
lateral angles inflexed; ninth sternite with a deep shield-shaped incision 
from the sides of which arises a pair of rectangular plates which are 
imbedded in the membrane and to the tips of which are attached the 
two-parted base of the long, strongly curved, deeply furrowed, two- 
pointed guard; just below the end of the pleural suture, which is indi- 
cated only at the posterior margin, hangs a pair of flat, truncate append- 
ages, the lower edges of which are furnished with long, thick, reddish 
yellow hair; posterior margin of pleura with a very slight rounded 
incision; first pair of appendages long, slender, yellow, curved backward 
near their middle, tips with long yellow hairs; second pair broad, flat- 
tened, base narrower, anterior margin strongly chitinized, with a sharp 
triangular tooth at the tip and a long, narrow spine near the base of the 
appendage; inner faces with a series of fine chitinous ridges; third pair 
well separated from the second, spatulate with anterior angle drawn 
out into a broad, blunt point; arising from the same common base as 
the other appendages is a fourth pair of strongly chitinized appendages 
each consisting of a broad base and a long, regularly upward-curved, 
tapering hook; wings hyaline; costal and subcostal cell lightly tinged 
with yellow; stigma brown, indistinct; a faintly indicated whitish spot 
in front of the stigma. Length 18 mm., wing 19 mm. 


Habitat: san iis. Cal. l-male: 


Tipula biarmata n. sp. 


Like T. bifalcata with the following exceptions: third joint of antennz 
mostly yellow; dorsum of thorax lighter yellow; the posterior margin of 
the ninth tergite without the median square incision; the truncate 
appendages just below the end of the pleural suture are more tumid; 
third pair of pleural appendages elongate, narrow, of the same width 
throughout; fourth pair of appendages flatter, shorter, less strongly 
curved; a distinct whitish band beginning in front of the stigma and 
extending across the discal cell into the base of the fourth posterior cell. 
Length 18 mm., wing 19 mm. 


Habitat: Keyport, Wash. 1 male. 


56 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol <V, 


Tipula sternata n. sp. 


Yellow; head yellow slightly darker above; palpi brown, yellow at 
the base; first two segments of antennee yellow, third brownish yellow, 
others brown; dorsum of thorax yellow with three brown stripes faintly 
indicated; scutellum, metanotum and pleura yellowish; halteres brown, 
base yellow, knobs brown, tips lighter; legs yellow, the tarsi and the 
extreme tip of the femora and tibia a little darker; abdomen yellow at 
the base, brownish yellow posteriorly, the three brown stripes only 
faintly indicated; eighth sternite extending well up on the sides of the 
abdomen and much produced posteriorly, posterior margin rounded, 
upper (inner) surface with a median pair of short brush-like tufts of 
hair and a lateral pair of large whitish, membranous appendages 
which end in strongly chitinized brown triangular tips; ninth tergite 
very large about as broad as long, posterior lateral angle produced into 
a pair of thick heavy, slightly curved pointed horns; posterior margin 
with two broad, flattened, black-edged teeth between which is a small 
rounded incision; ninth sternite about concealed by the eighth sternite, 
only the sides showing; posterior margin with a double incision the 
heart-shaped anterior part being connected with the rounded posterior 
part by a narrow channel; in the middle of the heart-shaped part lies the 
two slender, curved, round-tipped processes which branch off from the 
base of the guard, the guard itself being long, shield-shaped and with 
seven black teeth or spines toward the tip, the largest and longest arises 
from the middle line of the posterior face not far from the tip; pleura 
very small, suture complete; first pair of appendages small, whitish, 
spatulate, tip with brown hairs; second pair flattened, posterior margin 
rounded, anterior margin more strongly chitinized, black, ending in a 
heavy triangular tooth with a much smaller spine just before it; third 
pair closely joined to the second forming a rounded lobe on its posterior 
margin; wings hyaline, costal and subcostal cells and stigma with yellow- 
ish brown tinge; veins brown. Length 17 mm., wing 18 mm. 


Habitat: Stanford University, Cal. 2 males: 


Tipula tergata n. sp. 


Brown; head yellowish, somewhat cinereous above; palpi yellow, 
last segment brown; first two segments of antennze yellow, the third 
yellowish, brownish toward the tip, other segments brown, slightly 
swollen at the base; dorsum of thorax light yellowish brown with four 
distinct brown stripes; scutellum and metanotum light brown with a 
median darker line; pleura grayish, pruinose; halteres yellow, knobs 
brown, tips lighter; legs brown, coxee and basal portion of femora yellow; 
first two or three segments of abdomen yellowish, others brownish, 
posterior margin of each light yellow; eighth sternite very large, the 
broad posterior margin with a very slight rounded incision, the narrow, 
whitish membrane at the middle provided with two tufts of reddish 
vellow hair; lateral angles with irregular-shaped appendages, ending in 
an upper blunt and a lower sharper lobe, the posterior faces strongly 
chitinized; ninth tergite large, about as broad as long, posterior latera 


1912] New Western Tipula 57 


angle produced into two long, triangular processes, the tips of which are 
slightly curved and acute;-on the posterior margin at the base of the 
inner face of these processes is a pair of short, black, blunt projections; 
ninth sternite divided by a deep broad membranous depression on the 
lower margin of which are two small chitinous rings and from the upper 
portion of which arises the long curved, highly chitinized, beak-like 
guard; in the lateral margin of this depression just below the pleural 
suture, which is complete, is a small, short, curved claw, and a short 
yellow-haired, tumid process; the posterior angle of the pleura produced 
into a short, broad, triangular point; first pair of appendages small, 
very light brown, gently curved forward, with reddish brown hair; 
second pair broad, flat, twisted, ending in a heavy, black, triangular 
tooth; third pair broadly joined to the second, elongate, distal halt 
suddenly narrowed; wing hyaline, costal and subcostal cell yellowish; 
stigma brown; a faint whitish spot in front of the stigma; Length 
17 mm., wing 17 mm. 


Habitat: Pyramid Lake, Nev: 2 males, (Type). S. Cal. 
1 male. 

Similar in appearance to T. sternata but differs in the mark- 
ings of the thorax and the details of the structure of the 


hypopygium. 
Tipula flavicoma n. sp. 


Yellow; head yellow with a narrow brown stripe above; rostrum 
yellow; first three segments of palpi yellow, last segment brown; first 
three segments of antennze yellow, fourth segment yellowish brown, 
others brown; metanotum brownish yellow with thin indistinct brown 
stripes, the median one divided and faintly bordered by darker brown; 
pleura light yellow, pruinose; scutellum and metanotum yellow; halteres 
yellow, knobs brown; legs yellow, tarsi and tips of femora and tibia 
darker; abdomen yellow with distinct brown lines above and on the 
sides, the latter wavy; eighth sternite somewhat produced posteriorly, 
posterior margin truncate with a fringe of light yellow hairs; inner sides 
of the lateral angles, which are somewhat produced, with tufts of long 
yellow hair; ninth tergite with a median rather broad U-shaped incision 
and lateral very slight rounded incision; ninth sternite with a very deep, 
broad, rounded incision in which hangs a pair of long, yellow, tumid, 
hairy appendages; pleural suture complete, the upper portion faintly 
marked, posterior margin of pleura with a broad, shallow, rounded 
incision; first pair of appendages small, spatulate, second pair broad, 
twisted, tips black, third pair broad, flat, tips rounded; wing hyaline; 
veins and subcostal cell yellowish; stigma brownish, rather indistinct; 
. a whitish interrupted band beginning in front of the stigma and extend- 
ing across the discal cell into the base of the fourth posterior cell; 
indistinct whitish spots in the second basal, anal, and axillary cells. 
Length 17 mm., wing 16 mm. 


Habitat: Montana. 1 male. 


58 Annals Entomological Society of America PVol.-V, 


Tipula biuncus n. sp. 


Brownish yellow; head yellowish, cinereous above with a median 
darker line; palpi yellow, first two segments of antennz yellow, others 
brown; dorsum of thorax cinereous with three median brown lines and 
two lateral broader brown stripes; dorsal pleural membrane yellow; 
pleura grayish, pruinose; halteres yellow, knobs brown, tips lighter; 
legs yellow, tarsi and the tips of the femora and tibia brown; abdomen 
brownish yellow with three brown stripes, the dorsal one broad and 
distinct the lateral ones broken; posterior margin of eighth sternite with 
a very slight, rounded incision with a few reddish yellow hairs; ninth 
tergite with a very deep V-shaped incision; posterior lateral angles 
sharp-pointed; ninth sternite divided by a deep, broad furrow in which 
hang two very short, tumid, yellow appendages; pleural sutures com- 
plete; lower angle of pleura produced into a short, blunt point; first 
pair of appendages broad, spatulate, brown, thickly covered with brown 
hair; second pair flattened, black-tipped, third pair closely joined to 
second, yellowish, rounded; a pair of long, slender, sharp-pointed, 
slightly curved hooks projects beyond the appendages; base of oviposi- 
tor brown, valves yellow; upper valves slender, straight, tips rounded, 
lower valves broad, triangular, short, not reaching half way to the tips 
of the upper valves; wings hyaline; subcostal cell tinged with yellow; 
stigma brown; a very faintly indicated broken whitish band beginning 
in front of the stigma and extending across the discal cell into the base 
of the fourth posterior cell. Length male, 12 mm., female 15 mm., 
wing 13 mm. 


Habitat: S$. Calls iimale. i temale 


Tipula meridiana ‘n. sp. 

Gray; head grayish, darker above; rostrum grayish above, brownish 
on the sides; palpi brownish; metanotum light yellowish with three 
broad, ashen stripes, each of which are distinctly brown bordered and 
the middle one divided by a narrow brown line; pleura, scutellum and 
metanotum grayish, pruinose, latter with a median brownish line; 
halteres yellow, knobs brownish at the base; legs brownish yellow, tarsi 
darker; abdomen brown; eighth sternite distended below to make room 
for a rather large, tumid appendage that arises from the ventral side of 
the base of the ninth sternite; ninth sternite with a deep V-shaped 
incision and a median suture which extends to the base of the segment; 
pleural suture complete setting off a large rectangular sclerite, the poster- 
ior ventral corner of which is extended into a blunt point which bears 
the appendages; the first pair of appendages somewhat ovate, second 
pair broad at the base, distal half twisted and more strongly chitinized; 
posterior margin of ninth tergite with two close-set, black-tipped, blunt 
projections; wings almost hyaline with a slight brownish tinge; an indis- 
tinct whitish stripe in the first basal cell extending through the first 
posterior cell to the tip of the wing; all the veins with a more or less 
distinct brown border. Length 11 mm., wing 15 mm. 


Habitat: Arizona, anale: 


1912} New Western Tipula 59 


Tipula spatha n. sp. 


Yellow; head yellow slightly darker above; palpi yellow; first two 
‘segments of antennze yellow others wholly brown; mesonotum yellowish 
brown with three brown stripes, the median one divided by a lighter line; 
pleura yellow, pruinose; scutellum and metanotum yellow; halteres 
brown, base yellow, tips of knobs yellowish; legs yellow, tarsi and tips 
-of femora and tibia darker; abdomen yellow, darker posteriorly, posterior 
margin of each segment lighter; eighth sternite very large, brownish 
yellow; posterior margin with a median rectangular projection, distal 
side of which is fringed with short yellow hairs; laterad of this is a pair 
of club-shaped appendages the tips of which are provided with long, 
stiff, reddish hairs; ninth tergite divided by a deep, V-shaped incision 
and a deep furrow which reaches to the anterior margin where it widens 
considerably, the posterior margin ending 1n two sharp downward- 
projecting points; posterior margin of ninth sternite with a very deep, 
‘broad, U-shaped incision from the anterior margin of which arises a 
long, rather broad and tumid, light yellowish process; pleural suture 
complete, setting off a rather large rectangular sclerite; upper appendage 
broad, flat, rounded, base narrower, margins with long yellow hairs; 
second appendages broad, thin, margins with fine black hairs; below 
the pleural suture is a pair of tumid appendages which bear long yellow 
hairs; between these, projecting from the genital chamber are three 
long, strongly chitinized organs, the upper pair are long, narrow, sharp- 
pointed, the lower one is wider and has a broad, downward-projecting 
tip; wings hyaline, subcostal cell yellowish, a whitish band beginning 
in front of the stigma and extending across the discal cell into the base 
of the fourth posterior cell; stigma brown; fifth vein narrowly bordered 
with brown. Length 23 mm., wing 22 mm. 


Habitat: Arizona. 1 male. 


Tipula occidentalis n. sp. 


Brownish yellow; head yellowish, cinereous above with a median 
darker line; rostrum yellowish at the base, brownish toward the tip; 
first three segments of antennze yellow, others brown, darker at the 
base, distal end of segments 4, 5, 6, 7, more or less yellowish; dorsum of 
thorax light yellowish, with three brown stripes, the median one divided 
by a light line; scutellum and metanotum very light brown with a median 
brown stripe, sides of metanotum brown; pleura very light yellow, with 
indistinct grayish spots; halteres yellow, knobs brown, tips lighter; 
legs yellow, tips of the femora, tibia and tarsi darker; abdomen brownish 
yellow, darker posteriorly, with three distinct brown stripes, the dorsal 
one the broadest; posterior margin of each segment whitish; posterior 
margin of eighth sternite with a rounded incision from the middle 
membranous portion of which arises two brushes of rather long, yellow 
hair; lateral angles with triangular hooked appendages the tips of which 
are furnished with a few yellow hairs; ninth tergite with a very broad, 
deep, V-shaped incision; ninth sternite divided ventrally by a rather 


60 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


broad, membranous portion, posterior margin with a broad, shallow 
U-shaped incision in which hangs a pair of tumid, yellow, hairy append- 
ages; pleural suture complete; first pair of appendages brown, furnished 
with brown hairs, long, gently curved near the middle, tip rounded; 
second pair broad, more strongly chitinized, ending in two strong, blunt 
points; third pair closely joined to the second, quadrate, yellow, less 
strongly chitinized; wings hyaline with a faint brownish tinge; the stigma 
and faint spots over the tip of the subcostal vein and the origin of the 
prefurca, brown; the whitish band beginning in front of the stigma 
extending across the discal cell into the base of the fourth posterior cell. 
Length 15 mm., wing 17 mm. 


Habitats San Dieco:.Cal. 6) males: 


Tipula flavocauda n. sp. 


Brown; head yellowish brown, cinereous above; palpi yellow, last 
segment brown; first three segments of antenne yellow, others brown, 
darker at the base; dorsum of thorax gray with four brown lines; scutel- 
lum, metanotum, pleura and coxe grayish pruinose; halteres yellow, 
knobs brown; legs yellow, tibia and tarsi darker; abdomen yellowish 
brown with three broad, brown stripes; posterior margin of eighth 
tergite with a median tuft of short, light yellow hairs between a pair of 
irregular-shaped, six-sided, box-like appendages which, when folded in 
place, show only one of the broadly triangular surfaces; ninth tergite 
brown, posterior and lateral margins yellow; posterior-lateral angles 
produced into two broad, truncate projections each bearing on its 
ventral side a short, sharp, triangular tooth; between the lateral projec- 
tions and separated from them by small rounded incisions is a median 
pair of short, sharp-pointed, broadly triangular projections; posterior 
margin of ninth sternite with a rounded incision from the membranous 
middle portion of which arises a pair of rather prominent, strongly 
chitinized, horn-like projections; above these, usually concealed by the 
pleural appendages, is a group of four other chitinous appendages, the 
lateral pair long, slender, sharp-pointed and bent at right angles near 
the center, the upper member of the group is strong and beak-like, the 
lower member weak, slender and hooked at the tip; in the lateral margins 
of the incision, just below the pleural sutures is a pair of very short, 
yellow, tumid appendages the tips of which are furnished with yellow 
hairs; pleural sutures complete, posterior margin of pleura with a short 
triangular tooth; upper pair of appendages slender, whitish with many 
brown hairs; second pair brown, flat, ending in a sharp, heavy, black, 
triangular point; third pair closely united to the second, consisting of 
two lobes the anterior one sharp-pointed, the posterior one truncate; 
upper valves of ovipositor long, tips rounded and slightly curved 
upward; lower valves weakly chitinized, short, reaching only to the base 
of the upper valves; wings hyaline, costal and subcostal cells, the stigma. 
and the veins brown. Length 16 mm., female 20 mm., wing 17 mm. 


Habitat: San Diego, Cal. 3 males, 3 females. 


1912] A Problem in the Flight of Insects 61 


CHANGE OF NAMES. 


Mr. C. P. Alexander has recently called my attention to the 
fact that some of the names that I used in describing certain 
Mipulacinemy article im Jour, NO Y.-Ent. Sec. Vol. [IX No. 3 
(1901), were preoccupied. Some of these I had noted before 
but had neglected to change them. I now wish to propose 
the following changes: 

Page 107, for Tipula clara substitute T. pellucida. 

Page 115, for Tipula concinna substitute T. olympia. 

Page 119, for Tipula albovittata substitute T. vittatapennis. 
Page 121, for Tipula contaminata substitute T. commiscibilis. 
Page 124, for Tipula graphica substitute T. fulvilineata. 


A PROBLEM IN THE FLIGHT OF INSECTS. 


HERBERT OSBORN. 


In the usual explanations for the flight of insects, the 
mechanism is considered essentially as a plane with a rigid 
anterior border, flexible hinder border and with a vertical 
movement so that the vibrations result in the forward propul- 
sion of the insect and, so far as I am aware, no further discussion 
of the modes of progression have been presented. There is, 
however, another feature in the flight of insects which appears 
to me to be well worthy of notice and which is not explained by 
the application of these principles, at least without some 
modification. Insects, aside from the direct forward flight, 
are able to hover or even fly distinctly backward as of course 
everybody who has observed insects must have noticed. It is 
only necessary to recall the hovering flight of swarms of insects 
in the air, such as midges, gnats, certain species of flies, May- 
flies, and even grasshoppers, to appreciate the distinctness of 
this feature of flight. For a distinctly backward progression, 
we may cite the approach and retreat of the hawk moths in 
their visits to flowers, the backward and forward movements 
of bees as they light or rest upon plants, the dragon-flies, and 
perhaps especially the backward flight of the honey bee in its 
initial flight from the hive when it is fixing the location of the 
entrance to its hive. 

Now if we consider the mechanism of the wing as simply a 
membrane with a rigid anterior border and the progression 


62 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V,. 


effected by the up and down movement of this membrane, the: 
propulsion being determined by the flexibility of the posterior 
border, it will be seen that while this device provides beauti- 
fully for the forward progression of the insect, it does not 
account for such backward movements as have been noticed. 
This problem has been in mind for several years and I have 
presented it on a number of occasions to my classes in Ento- 
mology and it has provoked a good deal of discussion, and it 
appears to me that it is possible to offer an explanation which 
may be considered somewhat of a solution of the problem. 
This solution has been suggested and contributed to by a 
number of students in these discussions and it may be difficult 
to credit the explanation to any original source. 

The explanation of these movements seems most readily 
accounted for on the basis of an adaptation in the wing which 
provides for a forward and backward movement so that the 
angle of the wing with reference to the axis of the body repre- 
sents different degrees ranging from a right angle to an angle 
of 30 to 45 degrees for the anterior quadrant. It will be seen 
that when rotating forward in this manner, the rigid portion of 
the anterior part of the wing is shifted so that the flexible apical 
and posterior margins have a different extent and must present. 
a varying pressure upon the air. It appears quite certain that 
this rotation would allow for varying degrees of the forward 
and backward pressure, or to state it in another way that the 
direction of force of each wing would form an angle to the 
median axis of the body, and that at the point where these 
would neutralize each other, the effect would be to produce a 
stationary condition of the insect whereby it would hover at 
a fixed point, and that a slight further rotation forward would 
serve to push the insect in a backward direction. 

That this mechanism actually exists in many insects may 
be determined by the movement of the wing forward or back- 
ward in a horizontal plane, and it is easily noted in the position 
in which wings are fixed at death in many insects. Compari- 
son among different groups of insects will show that the extent. 
of rotation differs greatly in different groups and this would 
agree thoroughly with the fact that the ability to hover or to 
retreat in flight is very differently developed in different insects. 
Furthermore, it appears that the ability for this kind of flight 
depends in some degree upon the shape and especially upon 


1912] -  Faunistic Studies in Entomology 63 


the width of the wings, as it will readily be recalled that the 
broad winged moths and butterflies show little if any flight of 
this character, whereas the narrow winged hawk moths, flies, 
bees, etc., which have the property distinctly developed are 
mostly narrow winged species. Furthermore, it seems that the 
development of lobes or other variable extentions of the mem- 
brane on the posterior border may be significant in this con- 
nection. An exhaustive comparison amongst different species 
of insects, and careful reference as to the extent to which 
hovering or backward flight is possessed by the different species 
would be an interesting matter in this connection, but the 
author has not had time to devote to such a research and the 
problem is presented here rather as a suggestion for investi- 
gation than with the idea that it has been exhausted. 


FAUNISTIC STUDIES IN ENTOMOLOGY. 


HERBERT OSBORN. 


I desire to call attention in this note to the desirability. of 
more extensive and especially more distinctly correlated 
studies upon the insect fauna of the country and especially 
with reference to the localities represented by the members 
of this society. 

There is no question, I think, as to the great desirability of 
studies on the geographical distribution of insects, but I have 
been particularly impressed with the necessity for such studies 
and the desirability that it should be pushed to greater intensity 
by recent efforts to secure data concerning the distribution of 
the species in a group upon which I have been engaged. 

The records of occurrences for insects have always been a 
quite prominent feature of entomological journals and to a 
considerable extent, lists of species in certain groups, for certain 
localities, states, or districts, have appeared in various journals. 
While the preparation of such lists may by some be considered 
as a rather easy part of entomological investigations, it appears 
to me that accurately done work of this kind becomes of the 
highest scientific value, and that we may very well encourage 
it to the greatest extent that is possible. Undoubtedly this 
particular kind of work is one which could be entered upon 
with the greatest interest and with promise of most distinct 


64 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


advancement to the science, if brought to the particular atten- 
tion of the members of this society, and especially for those 
who are located in places where such studies have been neg- 
lected. In many cases such isolated individuals are deterred 
from undertaking the listing of their native species because of 
the idea that such work is not of primary importance, or from 
the difficulties encountered in finding the most satisfactory 
methods of preparation for various groups or securing the 
identification of such groups as may lie outside of their own 
especial field. These conditions may be greatly helped by the 
distinct stamp of approval of this society for such work and by 
some concerted effort to. arrange so that determinations may 
be secured for the collections in different orders. The direct 
method of encouragement, it appears to me, may be best taken 
up by the appointment of a standing committee on faunistics, 
the duty of which committee shall be to suggest means for the 
encouragement of such local work, the assisting of individuals 
in placing their collections where they may be identified, the 
gathering of scattered and isolated local lists into more com- 
prehensive ones, either for certain groups of insects or to 
cover certain geographical districts, or to develop the faunistic 
study of Entomology in such other ways as they may deem 
profitable. If this suggestion appeals to the society, I should 
be pleased to see such a committee organized at this meeting 
or at such time as may seem appropriate, and given such 
instruction as the society may see best. In general, it would 
seem desirable that such lists as have been mentioned should 
be published in the various jounrals to which they might be 
most appropriate, in the proceedings of state academies or other 
local societies and that the more extended faunistic papers 
resulting from the collection of these may be finally published 
in the Annals or in such journal as may give to them the widest 
distribution and permanence. 

Some most excellent work of this kind is in progress in 
certain states and I think we will all agree as to the useful 
purpose that has been served by such extensive state lists as 
that on New Jersey Insects and many of us have had occasion 
to admire and ‘make use of the extensive work in this line 
carried along by the State Entomologists of Illinois and of 
North Carolina. These are by no means the only cases of the 
kind but may serve to illustrate the utility of work in this field. 


AQUATIC HYMENOPTERA IN AMERICA. 


RosBert MATHESON and C. R. Crossy. 


This article is intended primarily to call attention to an 
almost entirely neglected field of entomological research, at 
least in this country, namely—the study of the habits and life- 
histories of those minute hymenopterous insects that have 
assumed aquatic life. In Europe considerable work has been 
done along this line. As early as 1836, F. Walker observed 
Agriotypus armatus (an anomalous Ichneumon fly) descend 
some distance into the water. Von Siebold (1858), W. Muller 
(1888), and others have shown that it is parasitic on Trichop- 
terous larve. In 1863 Sir John Lubbock published his well 
known account of Polynema natans and Prestwichia aquatica, 
both with aquatic habits, the former swimming by means of its 
wings, the latter using its legs. Nothing was known by him 
regarding their earlier stages. Enock, Heymons and Willem 
have since reared Prestwichia aquatica from a variety of insect 
eggs, including Notonecta, Ranatra, Dytiscus and Pelobius. 

In 1908, Heymons reared from eggs of a dragon-fly a Myma- 
rid (Anagrus subfuscus) which although provided with wings 
kept them closed and swam with its legs. He also observed 
Gyrocampa stagnalis, a Braconid, swimming under water by 
means of its legs. Other European workers have made similar 
observations on the same or related species. 

Our notes refer to three species, all reared at Ithaca, N. Y. 


Hydrophylax aquivolans n. gen. and n. sp. 

In September, 1908, Dr. J. G. Needham observed a number 
of minute Trichogrammids swimming by means of their wings 
in an aquarium which contained eggs of Ischnura, probably 
verticalis. These were again observed by him in the summer of 
1911. Nothing is known regarding their earlier stages. 

This species is apparently undescribed and runs to the genus 
Asynacta Foerster in Ashmead’s tables (Chalcis Flies, p. 359, 
1904). Foerster used the name Asynacta in a table in his 
Hymenopteren Studien, II, p. 87, 1856, but no species has ever 
been placed in the genus, and it is therefore a nomen nudum. In 
any case, although the present species agrees with Asynacta 
Foerster in antennal characters it would be separated from that 
genus by the extremely narrow wings which are abnormal to 


65 


66 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


that group. For it is only fair to assume that the wings in 
Asynacta are of the usual type, otherwise Foerster would have 
mentioned it in his description of the genus. 

Hydrophylax. New genus. Antenne 8-jointed; scape, ped- 
icel, ring joint, 2 funicle joints and 3-jointed club. Fore wings 
extremely narrow, twenty times as long as wide; marginal cilia 
at least four times as long as the width of wing. Abdomen is 
conic-ovate, broadly joined to the body. Ovipositor slightly 
exserted. 


Fic. 1. Hydrophylax aquivolans. 
Drawn by Miss Anna C. Stryke. 


Type, the following species. 

Hydrophylax aquivolans. New species. @ length .6 mm. 
Length of fore wing .69 mm.; hind wing .45mm. (Fig. 1.) 

General color light brownish yellow. Legs and antenne 
paler. Head seen from above gently concave in front and 
behind, sparsely clothed with a few stiff setae. Thorax smooth, 
clothed with stronger sete. Scutellum gently rounded behind. 

Postscutellum with two fine seta, close together on each 
side. Propodeum smooth, without sete except near the 
spiracles. Metathoracic spiracles enlarged, with two short, 
knobbed hairs which appear to arise within the opening. 

Abdomen conic-ovate, sparsely clothed with long stiff sete, 
broadly joined to the thorax; 5 visible dorsal segments; length 
of abdominal segments in the ratio of 5, 2, 2, 2, 3. Ovipositor 
exserted about the length of the shortest abdominal segment. 


1912] Aquatic Hymenoptera in America. 67 


Antenne 8-jointed, consisting of scape, pedicel, 1 ring joint, 
2 funicle joints and a 3-jointed club. Scape compressed, 
elongate-oval; pedicel as long as the first joint of funicle and 
ring joint, elongate-obconic; first funicle joint cylindrical, 144 
times as long as the second; second slightly oval; club elongate- 
oval, 1-5 longer than the funicle. Anterior and middle femora . 
slightly enlarged medially, the posterior femora more distinctly 
enlarged. Anterior and middle tibiza of about same width 
throughout. Posterior tibia somewhat enlarged distally and 
slightly narrowed just before the tip. First and second posterior 
tarsal joints of equal length, the third somewhat shorter. 

Front wings very narrow, 20 times as long as broad. Mar- 
ginal cilia very long and evenly spaced, those on the posterior 
margin four times as long as the wing is wide. Marginal cilia 

are interspersed with a submarginal row of short sete. 

. & Length .6 mm. Similar to the female. Antenne 8-seg- 
mented, consisting of a scape, pedicel, a ring joint, 5 funicle 
joints, the last three more closely united. Scape compressed; 
pedicel obconic; ring joint distinct; first funicle joint about 1144 
times longer than second, thicker at base than apex. The 
remaining joints sub-equal in length, the last two thicker than 
the preceding. Apical joint pointed at tip. Antenne clothed 
with stiff setaze, which are longer than those of the female. 


Limnodytes gerriphagus Marchal. 


On June 16, 1911, we reared a species of Proctotrypide from 
the eggs of a water strider (Gerris remigis). Both males and 
females were observed swimming actively under water by means 
of their wings. They readily broke the surface film and made 
their escape flying in the air. They were observed to re-enter 
the water and examine carefully the surface of the leaf as if 
searching for the eggs of their host. The eggs of Gerris are laid 
in a single row in gelatine on the under side of the floating 
leaves of aquatic plants. The females were observed oviposit- 
ing in the eggs of Gerris. In the field several of these parasites 
were found on the under side of a floating leaf on the egg mass 
of Gerris. Only a single parasite emerged from each egg. 

We have determined this species as Limnodytes gerriphagus 
Marchal, described in 1900 from specimens reared from the eggs 
of Gerris collected in the vicinity of Paris. Although our 
specimens agree with his descriptions and figures, yet to be 


68 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


certain of our identification we have sent specimens to Dr. 
Marchal for comparison. In a letter of February 9, 1912, Dr. 
Marchal informs us that our specimens are identical with 
Linnodytes gerriphagus. 


Caraphractus cinctus Walker. 


— 


On December 7, 1911, we collected some aquatic plants 
(Ludvigia palustris) from a small pond at Ithaca, in the stems 
of which we found an abundant supply of the eggs of one of the 
back swimmers (Notonecta). Over half of these eggs contained 
larve of a Hymenopterous parasite in which could be observed 
the legs and antennz of the developing pupe. Four to five 
larve were found in each egg. The heads of all did not point in 
the same direction. Plant stems containing a supply of these 
eggs were kept in aquaria in a warm room and on December 19, 
some young back-swimmers had hatched and were swimming 
actively about. Adults of the parasite had also emerged and 
were observed to be actively swimming in the water. One of the 
parasitized eggs was removed from the stem and placed under 
the microscope. It contained four adults, one of which, a male, 
was beginning to gnaw a hole in the end of the egg shell. This 
male emerged within five minutes, and taking a position on the 
top of the egg shell stripped off the pupal sheath from antennez 
and legs. This one was followed by a second male and two 
females, all emerging within nine minutes through the same 
opening. 

The adults of this species seem perfectly at home under 
water and swim quite rapidly by means of their wings with a 
jerky motion, corresponding to the wing strokes made at the 
rate of about two per second. The legs are trailed behind and 
are not used in swimming. They spend much of their time 
walking nervously over the stems of submerged plants, the 
surface-of which they examine carefully with the tips of their 
antenne, as if searching for eggs in which to oviposit. They are 
able to walk on the sides of the glass aquaria and on the under 
side of the surface film. After transferring a jar of water con- 
taining these parasites from one building to another a number 
were found on the upper side of the surface film in the air and flew 
across the surface trailing their legs attached to the film. They 
emerge from the water by crawling up some object and forcing 
their way through the surface film. (Fig. 2.) 


1912] Aquatic Hymenoptera in America. 69 


In three cases we observed males and females apparently in 
copulation under water on the stems of the plants. We have 
not had opportunity to observe oviposition although females 
have been seen several times attempting to insert the ovipositor 
in the eggs of Notonecta which were nearly ready to hatch. 


{ 
il 


| 


Fic. 2. Caraphractus cinctus Walker. 
Drawn from life by Miss Anna C. Stryke. 


We have been unable to see any external air supply carried 
by these insects while under water. While submerged they 
appear to be perfectly wet but as soon as they emerge into the 
air they seem to be perfectly dry. They are able to live sub- 
merged in water for over 12 hours in a bottle filled full of water 


and corked. 


Fic. 3. Egg of Caraphractus cinctus Walker. 


70 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol Vv; 


The egg of Caraphractus cinctus as dissected from the female 
is white, elongate-ovate, and provided with a short pedicel at 
its larger end (Fig. 3). Length .16 mm.; width .043 mm. 
The ovaries contain a large number of eggs. 

Caraphractus cinctus Walker is an older name for Polynema 
natans Lubbock. Upon finding that our specimens agreed with 
the figures and description of the latter as given by Lubbock 
(1863) we forwarded specimens to him for identification. Lord 
Avebury kindly sent these specimens to Mr. Fred Enock for 
comparison with British examples. After examination Mr. 
Enock informs us that he is of the opinion that they are identical. 


LIST OF KNOWN AQUATIC HYMENOPTERA. 


CHALCIDID. 

Prestwichia aquatica Lubbock, 1863. Parasitic on the eggs 
of Notonecta, Ranatra, Dytiscus, and Pelobius. 

Hydrophylax aquivolans Matheson and Crosby, 1912. Para- 
sitic on the eggs of Ischnura. (New York). 


PROCTROTRYPID. 
Limnodytes gerriphagus Marchal, 1900. Parasitic on the 
eggs of Gerris spp. (France and New York). 
Limnodytes setosus De-Stefani Perez, 1902. Parasitic on 
the eggs of Gerris sp. (Sicily). 


MyYMARID&. 

Caraphractus cinctus Walker, 1846. (Polynema natans Lub- 
bock, 1863). Parasitic on the eggs of Notonecta. (England 
and New York). 

Anagrus subfuscus Heymons, 1908. Parasitic on the eggs 
of Calopteryx virgo L. (Germany). 


BRACONID. 
Gyrocampa stagnalis Heymons,1908. Host unknown. (Europe) 
Dacnusa rousseaut Schulz, 1907. (Europe). 
-~ Chorebus natator Schulz, 1907. (Europe). 


AGRIOTYPID. 
Agriotypus armatus Walker, 1836. Parasitic on larve of 
Trichoptera. 


1912] Aquatic Hymenoptera in America. 71 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


Curtis, John—1832. British Entomology. No. 389. 


De-Stefani Perez, T.—1902. Osservazioni biologiche sopra un Braconide acqua- 
tico, Giardinaia urinator, e descrizione di due altri Immenotteri nuovi. 
Zool. Jahrb. Syst. XV, pp. 625-633, Taf. 34. 


Enock, Fred—1896. Notes on Aquatic Hymenoptera and rediscovery of Prest- 

wichia aquatica (Lubbock). Jour. Quekett Mic. Club. 
Wil (QQ) pps 2io-2nee 

1898. Aquatic Hymenopteron. Nature. LVIII, p. 175. 

1898. Notes on the early stages of Prestwichia aquatica Lubbock. 
Ent. Mag. XXXIV, p. 152. 

1899. (No title). Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. XV. 

1900. (No title). Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. XII. 


Heymons, Richard—1908. Susswasser-Hymenopteren aus der Umgebung Berlins. 
Deutsch. Ent. Zeit. pp. 137-150. 

Klapalek, Fr.—1889. Agriotypus armatus (Walker) Curtis; its life-history and 
geographical distribution. Ent. Mo. Mag. XXV, pp. 339-343. 


Kollar, V.—1857. Beitrag zur Kenntnis ueber die geographische Verbreitung des 
A griotypus armatus Walker. Verhandl. Wien zool.-bot. Ver., pp. 189-190. 


Lubbock, Sir John—1863. On two aquatic Hymenoptera, one of which uses its 
wings in swimming. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) XXIV, pp. 135-141. 
Plate 23, Figs. 10-15. 


Marchal, Paul—1900. Sur un Nouvel Hymenoptére aquatique. Le Limnodytes 
gerriphagus n. gen., n. sp. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. LXIX, p. 171-176. 


Muller, W.—1889. Ueber Agriotypus armatus. Zool. Jahrb. Abth. f. Syst. IV, 
pp. 1182-11384. 


Rousseau, E.—1907. Les Hyménoptéres aquatiques, avec description de deux 
espéces nouvelles par W. A. Schulz. Ann. Biol. Lacustre Bruxelles, II, 
pp. 388-401. 


Schulz, W. A.—1907. Schwimmende Braconiden. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., EI, 
pp. 164-173. 


Von Siebold, C. T. E.—1858. Ueber Agriotypus armatus in Trichostoma picicorne. 
Amtl. Bericht d. Versamml. d. Naturforscher in 
Carlsruhe., p. 211. 
1861. Ueber Agriotypus armatus. Stett. Ent. Zeit., pp. 
ile 


Walker, Francis—1836. Agriotypus armatus. Entomol. Mag. p. 412. 
1846. Descriptions of Mymaride. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 
DWAUIES Fo} ty. 
1873. Notes on the Mymaride. The Entomologist, VI, pp. 
498-502 (p. 501). 
Willem, Victor—1896. Note sur le male de Prestwichia aquatica Lubbock. Ann. 
Soc. Ent. Belgique, XL, pp. 497-499. 


1897. Description de Prestwichia aquatica Lubbock. Bull. 
Scient. France et Belg. XXX, pp. 265-271, pl. XIV. 


12 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


RESOLUTIONS 
ON THE DEATH OF SAMUEL HUBBARD SCUDDER. 


It is with profound sorrow that we record the death on May 
the 17th, 1911, of Dr. Samuel Hubbard Scudder. Born of fine 
lineage in the city of Boston on April the 13th, 1837, he was 
graduated at Williams College in 1857, taking the degree of B. A., 
and in 1862 from Harvard, taking the degree of B.S. He was 
one of the favorite pupils and assistants of the late Professor 
Louis Agassiz. He was the Secretary of the Boston Society 
of Natural History from 1862 until 1870, during much of this 
period being also the Curator of the Museum; and from 1880 to 
1887 he served as the President of the Society. From 1879 to 
1882 he was the Assistant Librarian of Harvard University. 
From 1886 to 1892 he held the position of Paleontologist of the 
United States Geological Survey. His scientific and literary 
industry was prodigious. His entomological works deal princi- 
pally with the Lepidoptera, the Orthoptera, and fossil insects. 
He placed American biologists under everlasting indebtedness 
to him by the preparation of the ‘‘Nomenclator Zoologicus”’, 
and by many bibliographies and indices. - His great work *‘ The 
Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada with special 
Reference to New England’’, and his magnificent volumes 
upon the “Pretertiary and Tertiary Fossil) Insects of Nort 
America’ will always remain classical. Honors were abund- 
antly bestowed upon him by learned societies both in America and 
Europe, and he received many richly deserved academic degrees. 

Reviewing his work in its entirety, 1t constitutes one of the 
most notable contributions made by a single individual to the 
literature of biological science during the past fifty years. It is 
a monument attesting the vast learning and the colossal indus- 
try of a man, who in circumstances which did not entail upon 
him the necessity for labor, dignified his life by consecrating 
his noble. powers to the advancement of human knowledge. 
Though suffering the keenest domestic bereavements, and 
during the last years of his life compelled to undergo a living 
martyrdom through paralysis both of hands and feet, he 
preserved to the last his cheerful disposition and an unclouded 
intellect. His death came as a gentle release from suffering, 
leaving our Society and the world the richer by his example of 
patience and the fruits of his toil; the poorer by his removal 
hence. (Signed) W. J. HoLLAnp; 

Ce ej.20. -BbETHUNE: 


DR. S. H. SCUDDER 


Plate LIT 


Pants ate boa h 


: iy 


ih 5 7 


DR. HENRY C. McCOOK 


Plate lV 


1912] . Resolutions ie 


RESOLUTIONS 
ON THE DEATH OF HENRY CHRISTOPHER McCook. 


The Reverend Doctor Henry Christopher McCook, an 
Honorary Fellow of this Society, died at his home in Devon, 
Pennsylvania, October 31, 1911. 

It is fitting that those persons, members. of the Society, 
interested in the same studies that he pursued with such success, 
for so many years, should place on record their sorrow for the 
loss of an American pioneer in the study of social insects, who 
added so much to our knowledge of these creatures and by 
his many attainments shed lustre on American Entomology. 
He had a profound love and enthusiasm for all nature; a keen 
observer, he had the literary ability to translate his observations 
into word pictures that are an ornament to the literature of 
Entomology. 

He believed that study of the structure, conditions and 
behavior of all created things highly tends to elevate human 
character, and we can truly say that our departed friend was a 
shining example of this fact. He was also distinguished in 
ways other than in Entomology and we have lost:a profound 
scholar, a deep thinker, an able observer, a great educator, a 
genial companion and friend, a noble man. 

His life work is finished, but what he accomplished still lives 
and will continue to live, as its foundation is truth and its 
keystone nature’s law. 

(Signed) HENRY SKINNER, 
Puitie P. CALVERT, 
HENRY L. VIERECK. 


74 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


RESOLUTIONS 
ON THE DEATH OF HENRY ULKE. 


WHEREAS, By the death of Henry Ulke the Entomological 
Society of America has lost one of its most illustrious Honorary 
Fellows; and 


WHEREAS, Mr. Ulke was known not only for his marked 
ability as an entomologist and collector, but for his delightful 
personality and genial temperament; and 


WHEREAS, His personal enthusiasm has largely helped to 
develop American entomology, and to encourage the studies 
of others; therefore be it 


Resolved, That the Entomological Society of America 
express, through these resolutions, its sorrow at this loss to 
, American entomology; and be it further 


Resolved, That we express to the world our admiration of his 
industry as a collector, our respect for his entomological knowl- 
edge, and our high estimation of his character. 


(Signed) A. D. HOPKINS, 
E. A. SCHWARZ, 
L. O. HOWARD. 


1912] Resolutions 19 


RESOLUTIONS 
In MEmMorRY OF DANIEL WILLIAM COQUILLETT. 


Daniel William Coquillett, a fellow of the Entomological 
Society of America, died at Atlantic City, New Jersey, the 8th of 
July, 1911. Born on a farm at Pleasant Valley, [linois, 23rd 
January, 1856, he showed, in early life, much interest in birds 
and insects, and began rearing Lepidoptera and publishing 
accounts of their larvae. -Compelled by ill health to go to Cali- 
fornia, he there began the study of Diptera which he continued 
until the time of his death, having attained world-wide recog- 
nition as an earnest, industrious and independent student, 
and the leading place in American Dipterology, namely; 
Curator of the collections of Diptera in the United States 
National Museum. By his painstaking work on difficult and 
little known groups of his specialty he laid the foundation that 
will be of use in future years. 

His work in economic entomology, particularly the coloniza- 
tion of the Vedalia lady-beetle, and the discovery of the 
hydrocyanie acid gas process, has been of inestimable value 
to horticulture. 

His kindness of heart, his uniform courtesy and his willing- 
ness to aid others awaken us to the great loss that has befallen 
entomology in general. In admiration of his technical ability 
and in honor of his unselfishness as a man, we record this appre- 
ciation of his life and work. 

NATHAN BANKS, 

C. W. JOHNSON, 

JAS. S. HINE, 
Committee. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF AMERICA. 


Washington Meeting. 


The sixth annual meeting of the Entomological Society of 
America was called to order by President Herbert Osborn at 
10:00. a. m., Tuesday, December 26, in Room 376 of the new 
U. S. National Museum building. The following committees, 
appointed previous to the meeting, reported: 

Committee to draft resolutions on the death of Dr. Henry 
Christopher McCook—Henry Skinner, P. P. Calvert, Henry 
L. Vierick. Report accepted and ordered printed. 

Committee to draft resolutions on the death of D. W. 
Coquillet—Nathan Banks, C. W. Johnson, J. 5. Hine. Report 
accepted and ordered printed. 

The chair was directed by motion to appoint the following 
committees: Committee on Resolutions; Committee on Nom- 
inations; Auditing Committee. 

The following papers were read, of which abstracts are 
given for those not to appear in the ANNALS: 

Herbert Osborn. Faunistic studies in entomology. (Printed 
in this number of ANNALS). 

E. P. Felt. Numerals as aids in classification. The habitual 
use of numbers in catalogues indicates utility. A modified 
system of decimal notation is adapted to the needs of naturalists, 
while additions require little change. A general agreement 
upon the numbers for the major zoological division is suggested 
prior to the application of the system by cataloguers and other 
general workers. 

E. S. Tucker. Studies of insects bred and collected from the 
American mistletoe. Presented by Andrew Rutherford—By 
the name of ‘‘American mistletoe’’, the species Phoradendron 
flavescens Nuttall and its several varieties is meant. Two 
snout-beetles belonging to the same group as the cotton boll- 
weevil were bred from terminal enlargements of the stem. 
From the larve of one of these beetles five hymenopterous para- 
sites were bred, all of which attack the larve of the cotton 
boll-weevil. About sixty species in all were obtained. 

H. C. Severin. The influence of temperature on the moulting 
of the walking-stick, Diapheromera femorata. Read by title. 


76 


~I 
~I 


1912] Proceedings of the Washington Meeting 


The president announced the following committees: 

Committee on Resolutions—E. P. Felt, E. D. Ball, and 
Resa Cooley: 

Committee on Nominations—C. W. Johnson, J. G. Sanders, 
_and H. E. Summers. 

Auditing Committee—Henry Skinner, J. H. Comstock, and 
A. D. Hopkins. 

[he society then adjourned toy meet at 1:30 p. m. Upon 
reconvening, the following papers were read: 

R. Matheson and C. R. Crosby. Notes on aquatic Hymen- 
opera. llhistrated. Presented by ©) Ry Crosby.’ (Printed 
in this number of ANNALS). 

Ann H. Morgan. Photographs illustrating the life histories 
of May-flies. Illustrated. Photographs were shown which 
illustrated the life history and biology of about twenty-five 
May-flies. Both nymphs and adults were photographed alive; 
the nymphs in a solution of chloretone, the adults without 
anesthetic. Nymphs representing the main biological groups 
were shown and their habitat described. Imagoes and sub- 
imagoes of certain genera were shown and their structure and 
characteristic postures noted. 

H. Y. Tsou. The Chinese wax-scale, Ericerus pe-la.  Illus- 
trated. One of the most beneficial insects of the family 
Coccide has been domesticated by the ancients of the Chinese 
people for the wax which it produces. This paper consists 
of (a) correction of errors of European translation from Chinese 
works; (b) additional statements on the life history of the 
insect; (c) method of propagating this insect; (d) division of 
labor in carrying on this industry among the people of different 
localities, so that the eggs of the insect are produced in the 
northern district and the wax in the southern district; (e) im- 
portance of this industry; and (f) use of the wax. 

A. D. MacGillivray. The lacinia in the maxilla of the 
Hymenoptera. Illustrated. (To be printed in the ANNALS.) 

Lucy Wright Smith. Glycogen in insects; especially in the 
nervous system and the eyes. Illustrated. In a heterogeneous 
lot of insects, including representatives of seven orders, glycogen 
has been found: (1) in immature and adult stages (a) in the 
crystalline cells of compound eyes, (b) in the crystalline and 
retinal cells of simple eyes, (c) in the neurilemma; (2) in imma- 
ture stages only, (a) in the cells of ganglia in all parts of the 
body. No glycogen has been found in nerve fibers. 


78 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


J. A. Nelson. Note on an abnormal queen-bee. Illustrated. 
This queen was originally sent from Grand Bay, B. W. I. 
When received she was alive and quite active. It was planned 
to introduce her into a hive to test her fertility, but she died by 
accident before this was done. The dead queen appeared 
normal in structure with the exception of the abdomen, which 
was ovoid in shape, instead of conical as in the normal queen; it 
was also flexed strongly ventrad at the apex, which had conse- 
quently a blunt appearance, like that of the abdomen of the 
drone. The sternites of the 5th and 6th abdominal segments 
were unusually broad and somewhat asymetrical, as was also 
the sternite of the 4th segment. The sternite of the 7th segment 
was the most modified of all, being greatly shortened in the 
longitudinal axis, and almost concealed by the sternite of the 
preceding segment. The notch on its posterior border was 
abnormally broad and deep. The sting had a slight kink 
midway of its length. 

The internal organs were apparently normal with the excep- 
tion of the genital organs. The left ovary and oviduct were 
entirely wanting. The right oviduct and ovary were present, 
but the latter appeared to possess only a single egg tube. The 
spermatotheca was empty. The bursa copulatrix was also 
shortened in the longitudinal axis so that the external openings 
of the spermatotheca and the poison glands were brought close 
together. No characters suggestive of hermaphroditism were 
found. The cause of the abnormalities is unknown. 

J. Chester Bradley. The designation of the venation of the 
hymenopterous wing. Mlustrated. In the higher Hymenoptera, 
owing to certain remarkable conditions that prevail, the full 
application of the Comstock-Needham system of venation 
becomes a very complex matter. This is especially true in the 
case of the hind wings. By certain simple abbreviations this 
complexity is avoided, and the system becomes quite con- 
veniently usable for taxonomic purposes. 

Ann H. Morgan. Homologies in the wing-veins of May-flies. 
Illustrated. (To be printed in the ANNALS). 

A. D. MacGillivray. The pupal wings of Hepialus thule. 
Illustrated. (To be printed in the ANNALS). 

J. Chester Bradley. The wing venation of Chalcid flies. 
Illustrated. The hymenopterous family Chalcidide present a 
uniform excessive reduction in the number of their wing veins 


1912] Proceedings of the Washington Meeting 79 


which is approached elsewhere in the Hymenoptera only by 
certain Proctotrypide and Evanitide. This depletion is the 
result of a degenerative tendency that is manifest wherever 
there is considerable reduction in the size of the wasp. It is of 
interest to ascertain with what veins of other Hymenoptera 
the vein remnants in the Chalcid wing are homologous. 

The so-called marginal vein is in reality the elongated 
stigma, the “post-marginal’’ is r and R, and usually bears on 
its anterior margin a spur of the base of Rs. 

Leucospis is our most generalized group of Chalcidide so far 
as its wings are concerned. The wings of Chalcidide show a 
close relation to those of Cynipide through Leucospis in the one 
group and Jdalia in the other. 


On motion of Dr. E. P. Felt, the Secretary was instructed to 
send a message of sympathy and greeting to Dr. John B. Smith. 

The society adjourned at 4:30 p. m., to meet Wednesday, 
December 27, at 10:00 a. m. 

The annual business meeting was held by the society upon 
reconvening, and the following reports were presented: 

The report of the Committee on Nomenclature was presented 
inane, Pe iermaid. The report was ordered accepted 
and printed. 


REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE. 


There have been no specific problems brought to the attention of 
your committee during the past year. The recommendations and 
suggestions submitted by the committee a year ago, are still before the 
Society, and we would suggest that they should come up for dis- 
cussion and be voted upon. During the year various proposals for the 
reform of nomenclatorial practice have been discussed in public and 
private. One writer proposes a system of numbers to take the place of 
specific names. In another quarter there is a disposition to propose an 
entomological code to be independent of the international code of 
zoological nomenclature. Your committee is strongly of the opinion 
that the international code should be followed by all entomologists and 
is herein in hearty accord with the attitude of the last International 
Entomological Congress. It is desirable to determine the attitude of 
American entomologists on this mportant matter, and we would suggest 
that the question. be discussed and voted upon at this meeting. It is to 
be observed that the adoption of the international code does not prevent 
entomologists from formulating and urging upon the zoological com- 
mittee and congress, amendments designed to remove existing ambi- 
guities and difficulties. 


80 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


The question of nomina conservenda is now being discussed by the 
zoological committee and by zoologists generally. It is one which 
should not be lightly settled one way or the other, and we commend the 
matter to the society-for discussion. 

It is to be remarked that conformity with proper usages in writing 
and publishing would reduce the number of nomenclatorial problems, 
and it is a question (not wholly within the scope of your committee) 
whether the society should not formulate and adopt rules for the guid- 
ance of its members. Respectfully submitted. 

EPS FEU, 

H. T. FERNALD, 

TuHeEo. D. A. CocKERELL, 
Committee. 


Dr. H. T. Fernald also presented the following separate 
report prepared by Professor T. D. A. Cockerell, with which 
the other members of the Committee did nor concur. It was 
ordered accepted and printed. This report was as follows: 


REPORT PRESENTED BY PROFESSOR T. D. A. COCKERELL. 


When a long-forgotten or ignored type-designation is found to 
seriously disturb the status of a well-known genus, the International 
Committee may arbitrarily select a type from among the originally 
included species, in such manner as to retain the generic name with its 
customary significance; Provided, that such designation be published 
six months before the next congress, and voted upon in open meeting 
at the congress. 

This was especially suggested by the discovery that apparently, by 
strict application of the type-designation rule, Colletes must be called 
Andrena, with resulting confusion awful to contemplate. 

The Committee on Resolutions presented the following 


TEpore:: 


REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS. 


WHEREAS, The types of insect genera and species must of necessity 
be the basis of all future taxonomic work; and 

WHEREAS, There is no general uniformity in the selection, labeling, 
and disposition of types among American entomologists and institu- 
tions; neither is there any uniformity of practice among custodians of 
types in reference to their availability for study; therefore, be it 

Resolved, That a special committee of three be appointed to investi- 
gate the matter and others of similar import and make suitable recom- 
mendations at a subsequent meeting; and be it further 

Resolved, That we express to the authorities of the United States 
National Museum and those of the Cosmos Club our deep appreciation 
of the many courtesies extended this organization. 


1912] Proceedings of the Washington Meeting 81 


Resolved, That we commend the editorial management of the ANNALS 
of the Entomological Society of America and hereby express our sense 
of great obligation to Professor Osborn for his part in the undertaking. 

Respectfully submitted, 
EOP. PET: 


Ee DD. Barr; 
R. A. Coorey. 
Committee. 


The Committee on Nominations presented the following 
list of officers for 1912: 

President, S. A. Forbes. 

Ist Vice-President, A. D. Hopkins. 

2d Vice-President, C. P. Gillette. 

Secretary-Treasurer, A. D. MacGillivray. 


Additional Members of Executive Committee, J. H. Comstock, 
John B. Smith, Henry Skinner, Herbert Osborn, E. D. Ball, P. P. 
Calvert. ; 

Member of Committee on Nomenclature for three years, H. T. 
Fernald. Respectfully submitted, 

C. W. JOHNSON, 

J. G. SANDERS, 

H. E. SUMMERS. 
Commuttee. 


On motion, the secretary was instructed to cast a single 
ballot for the officers named. They were declared elected. 

The Committee to Draft Resolutions on the death of 
Henry Ulke, consisting of A. D. Hopkins, E. A. Schwarz, and 
L. O. Howard, reported. The report was accepted and ordered 
printed. 

The Committee to Draft Resolutions on the death of Samuel 
Hubbard Scudder, consisting of W. J. Holland and C. J. 5S. 
Bethune, were not in attendance. It was ordered, that these 
resolutions be filed with the secretary and be included in the 
minutes. 

The secretary presented the following report for the Execu- 
tive Committee, which met at the Cosmos Club Tuesday 
evening, December 26: 


REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 


The following have died during the year: 
Coquillet, D. W. Ulke,. Henry. 
McCook, H. C. Weems, Mrs. R. A. D. 
Scudder, S. H. 


82 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


The following new members were elected by the Executive Com- 
mittee in June, 1911: 


Barrows, W. M. Smith, Miss Lucy W. 
Crampton, G. C. Tsou, Yo 
Rutherford, A. Wallis, J. B. 


Sherman, J. D., Jr. 


The following new members were elected by the Executive Com- 
mittee last evening: 


Baker, A. C. Knights Eb. 
Carmody, Miss Mary. MclIndoo, N. E. 
Ely,G@- aks Peterson, Alvah. 
Fracker, S. B. Ruth, W. A. 
Funkhouser, W. D. Santora. 
Glasgow, Hugh. Timberlake, P. H. 
Glasgow, R. D. Urbahns DD: 
Illingworth, J. F. Varrelman, F. A. 
Jobbins-Pomeroy, A. W. Williamson, W. 


King, Vernon. 


The following resignations were accepted and _ their membership 
terminated: 


Adams, C. F McCray, A. H. 
Bowditch, F. C. Montgomery, C. E. 
Brooks, Theo. Murtfeldt, Miss M. E. 
Brown, T. E. Sala, August. 

Denton, W. D. Saunders, Dr. Wim. 
Devereaux, W. L. Slater, Miss F. W. 
Prost, i. i: Smith, EG 
Harta. ©: Strong, W.O. 
Hitchings, E. F. _ Walton, W. R. 

Lovell, J. H. 


The secretary presented a list of twenty names of persons who had 
been dropped by the secretary for non-payment of dues for two years. 

The following recommendations were offered : 

That members dropped for non-payment of dues shall be required to 
pay the full subscription rate, three dollars, during the full period of 
their retirement, in case they wish the ANNALS. 

That members who have been dropped for non-pay ment of dues 
shall only be eligible for re-election to the society on payment of dues at 
time they were dropped. 

That the Secretary-Treasurer and Professor J. H. Comstock be 
appointed a committee to deposit the fees of life members in a bank 
that they consider safe at a good rate of interest. 

That the interest on fees of life members be considered an income. 

That the Editor of the ANNALS be empowered to get the necessary 
clerical help that he needs in getting out the ANNALS. 

That the publications presented to the Society by Dr. S. H. Scudder 
be sold and the net proceeds be added to the permanent fund. 


= 


1912] ' Proceedings of the Washington Meeting 83 


The following amendments and additions to the By-Laws were 
recommended : 

To amend By-Law 1, which now reads, ‘‘The annual dues for mem- 
bers and fellows shall be one dollar,”’ to read: 

1. The annual dues for members and fellows shall be two dollars; 
this includes a subscription to the ANNALS of the Entomological Society 
of America. 

The following additional By-Laws: 

7. Members two years in arrears shall be dropped from the rolls 
by the secretary after twenty days notice. 

8. A member elected shall not be in good standing until he pays 
his first year’s dues. In case he shall not have made such payment at 
the expiration of one year from the date of his election, he shall be 
dropped from the roll by the secretary after twenty day’s notice. 

9. The Annats of the Entomological Society of America will not 
be mailed to any fellow or member whose dues and subscription are 
not paid on or before March 1.* 


The Treasurer presented the following report: 


Ballin ce an tavvreuts lle see tise eee aac oo ois as ah RE ee RRO Gl ee mee Snr $ 252.49 
Danie sakSiaall SAS aN O) ECC a ce RGEC eis cacti an 6 Scho Geach Ome een Gee 100.00 
CAshmeceived toms Llerberty Osborn .2 ieee. ae enine Seine ee 179.56 
CAS MCOMECEEGRaS Giese. her conti te ten cles tata Wee hey Eanes ene Bt a pe 1,004.84 
Interest onktees on litememibenss. fs. 21s 0ccraeth oa ds ee ae eee en ee etfs) 

$1,542.64. 
| Sy lISs DERG lca te plies eae NM Migs, CORE Nae ae Ge ce a re on ae Wee 740.21 


$ 802.43 
Life membership fees and interest on same to July 1, 1911, 
deposited in Rothschild Bros. Savings Bank, Ithaca, N. Y., 


UPA Get ee eae he RCH oes eect aS ie Pace iavai ed weet ee $105.75 
Cash deposited to the credit of the Society in the First National 
Banko Ghana paella serie staeicraiepnet sis se Guise sie wicta aie! « 696.60 
$ 802.35 


On motion, the report of the Executive Committee was 
adopted. 

The Secretary called attention to the fatt that certain 
amendments to the Constitution, recommended to the Society 
at the Boston meeting, had not been acted upon at the Minne- 
apolis meeting. These were ordered read: 

Article I[V.. Section 1. The officers of this Society shall 
be a President, two Vice-Presidents, and a Secretary-Treasurer. 
The duties of these officers shall be those usually pertaining to 
their respective offices. 

*The wording of this By-Law as submitted at Washington is ambiguous. 
The following wording was submitted to the Executive Committee and by them 
meg ihe ANNALS of the Entomological Society of America will not be mailed 


to any fellow or member whose dues are in arrears. All dues are payable Decem- 
ber Ist, and should be received not later than March Ist. 


84 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


To be amended to read: 

Section 1. The officers of this Society shall be a President, 
two Vice-Presidents, a Secretary, and a Treasurer, but these two 
last offices may be held by the same person. Adopted. 

Article IV. Section 2. The business of the Society not 
otherwise provided for shall be in the hands of an Executive 
Committee consisting of the officers named in Section 1, and of 
six additional members, who shall be elected from the Fellows 
of the Society. Four members of the committee shall consti- 
tute a quorum. 

To be amended to read: 

Section 2. The business of the Society not otherwise 
provided for shall be in the hands of an Executive Committee, 
consisting of the officers named in Section 1, and of six addi- 
tional members, five of whom shall be elected from the Fellows 
by the Society, and the sixth shall be ex officio the Managing 
Editor: Four members of the ‘Committee shall constitute 
a quorum. Adopted. 

Article IV. Section 3. The President shall represent the 
Society upon the Council of the American Association for the 
Advancement of Science until such time as the Society shall 
be qualified for representation by two councillors, in which case 
the second councillor shall be elected from the fellows by the 
Executive Committee. 

To be amended to read: 

Section 3. Councillors to the American Association. The 
President and the preceding Past-President shall represent the 

Society upon the Council of the American Association for the 
Advancement of Science. 

Referred back to the Executive Committee for further 
consideration. 

The Managing Editor of the ANNALS presented his report, 
which was accepted. The editor pointed out the flourishing 
condition of the ANNALS, that the present volume would 
contain over five hundred pages, and that the number of societies 
and libraries subscribing was increasing each year. 

Dr. Henry Skinner, the delegate of the Society to the First 
International Entomological Congress, held in Brussells, August 
3-6, 1910, presented the following statement: 

The First International Entomological Congress was held 
in Brussells August 3 to 6, 1910, and was very successful, 
about 137 members and 32 ladies—wives of members—being 


1912] Proceedings of the Washington Meeting 85 


present. (There were in all 270 memberships, which number 
includes museums, universities, and other scientific societies.) 
The memoirs of the First Congress have appeared, with 41 
papers and 520 pages. There were but three persons present 
from the United States, and one from Canada. It is to be 
hoped that Americans will take greater interest in the next 
congress, which will be held in Oxford, England, this year from 
the fifth to the tenth of August. It promises to be even more 
successful and interesting than the first, and will afford an 
unusual opportunity for American entomologists to meet their 
European brothers under pleasant circumstances. It will also 
enable them to visit the various museums of England, and the 
continent, if they so desire. Anybody who takes an interest in 
any branch of entomology, scientific or applied, may become a 
member of the Congress. The membership fee will be five 
dollars. The expense of going to Oxford may be made small or 
great, according to the tastes or the comparative finances of 
the individuals attending. The study of entomology has 
become of very great importance to the world, and the first 
congress attracted much attention and favorable comment. 
The advance of entomology in America has been very great, 
and it is the duty of American entomologists to help advance 
the study throughout the world, and this they can do by aiding 
in the work of the next entomological congress. 

Dr. P. P. Calvert moved the following resolution, which was 
seconded by Professor J. H. Comstock: 

That the Entomological Society of America strongly recom- 
mend to the Second International Entomological Congress the 
preparation of lists of nomina conservanda in the various groups 
of insects, such names to be adopted irrespective of the strict 
rule of priority. 

This resolution was discussed by Messrs. A. N. Caudell, 
W. D., Pierce, E. P. Felt, and P. P. Calvert. The motion was 
lost, 16 affirmative and 31 negative. : 

The auditing Committee presented the following report, 
which was adopted: 


REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE. 


The Auditing Committee examined the accounts of the Secretary- 
Treasurer, and found them correct, in accordance with the appended 
report. Respectfully submitted, 

HENRY SKINNER, 

A. D. Hopkins, 

J. H. Comstock, 
Committee. 


86 ~ Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


The following resolution was introduced by Dr. E. P. Felt: 


That the Entomological Society of America place itself on 
record in favor of delegate action at the International Congress 
of Entomology. Adopted. 


It was then moved by Dr. J. Chester Bradley that the report 
of the Committee on Nomenclature presented at the Minne- 
apolis meeting be taken up, section by section, at this time, for 
action. Adopted. (This report was printed in the ANNALS, 
Vol. IV, pp. 89-91. The sections refer to the numbered parts 
beginning near the bottom of page 90.) Section 1 was read 
and adopted. Section 2 was read, discussed by Messrs. Banks 
and Rehn, and on motion the Society passed to the considera- 
tion of Section 3. Section 3 was read, and after considerable 
discussion was ordered laid on the table for one year. 

The following papers were then read: 


F. M. Webster. Our present educational system in relation 
to the training of economic entomologists. The demand for 
trained men capable of engaging in entomological work has 
increased greatly, but the graduates of the colleges generally 
are not sufficiently equipped for such work and must have a spec- 
ial training of one to two years before they are available. The 
author wishes to emphasize the necessity for training in related 
sciences, in modern languages, and especially in field observation 
in entomology. The student intending to be an entomologist 
should begin in his first year with field observations and should 
be required to gather his own material for study. It would be 
especially desirable that students training for entomological 
work should have an experience at least during their vacations 
in work in some experiment station, and this sort of work should 
very properly be given credit in the college or university as part 
of the requirements leading to a degree. 


C. W. Johnson. The use of color in designating types and 
varieties. | Colored labels for types are being carried to an 
extreme. At the last meeting of the Cambridge Entomological 
Club one of our members who makes a specialty of printing 
labels for entomologists, asked me ‘‘what is an allotype, a 
homotype, a metotype, an autotype, and a topotype, and why 
don’t they use the same color for the same kind of a type? 
One wants his paratype on light green, another on pink, and a 
third on brown. Why I can’t get enough colors to go around.” 


1912] Proceedings of the Washington Meeting 87 


An energetic collector with time and money at his disposal can 
" make some sort of a type out of seventy-five percent of his 
species. These various types may have some value, but they 
can not always be depended upon. A great number of colors 
used indiscriminately is very confusing, for there are equally 
important features that might be designated by color, aside 
from manufactured types. Colors could be used to advantage 
to indicate abnormalities, especially today when the experi- 
mental biologist is after data as to the number and kinds of 
abnormalities that occur in specimens in nature. Such speci- 
mens are completely overlooked unless they are marked in 
some way. Not more than two colors should be used for types, 
red, for the primary, and green, for supplementary types. 
Then another color, yellow, for instance, could be used for 
abnormalities. 

Herbert Osborn. A problem in the flight of insects. (Printed 
in this number of ANNALS.) 

E. P. Felt. The biology of Miaster and Oligarces. The 
widely distributed Master larvee reproduce by paedogenesis in 
the moist, decaying bark of various trees during fall and spring, 
midges appearing from June till August. A larval generation 
occupies 3 to 314 weeks. Oligarces is less common than Mzaster. 
Both are subject to attack by a number of natural enemies. 

Leonard Haseman. Entomological work in Missouri. Since 
the early masterly work of Dr. C. V. Riley, the entomological 
needs of Missouri have not been properly served. Every line 
of entomological work is open for study. This department is 
investigating the more urgent insect problems of Missouri, 
though it is much handicapped by lack of assistance. The 
work connected with the instruction, station, nursery inspec- 
tion, and duties of State Entomologist is more than the present 
staff can properly handle. 

W.L. W. Field. Hybrid butterflies of the Genus Basilarchia. 
Since the Boston meeting two years ago, considerable progress 
has been made in the experiments with the supposedly hybrid 
Basilarchias, B. prosperpina Edw. and B. arthechippus Scud. 
Their hybrid nature has now been proven by breeding experi- 
ments. The data obtained also support the conclusions drawn 
from earlier experiments, to the effect that in proserpina the 
dlack of astyanax is incompletely but uniformly dominant over 
the white-banded condition of arthemis. 


88 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


O. A. Johannsen. Cocoon making of Bucculatrix cana- 
denstsella. Read by title. 

J. G. Needham. Some adaptive features of myrmeleonid 
venation. Read by title. 

E. H. Strickland. The Pesomachint of North America. 
Read by title. 

P. P. Calvert. Seasonal collecting in Costa Rica. Read 
by title. 

Z. P. Metcalf. Homologies of the wings veins of Homoptera 
Auchenorhynchi. Read by title. 

On motion, the President was authorized to name a com- 
mittee of three on types, as suggested in the report of the 
Committee on Resolutions, this committee to report at the 
next annual meeting. 

The following committee was named: T. D. A. Cockerell, 
Henry Skinner, and L. O. Howard. 

On motion, the Society adjourned to meet in one year with 
the American Association for the Advancement of Science 
at Cleveland, Ohio. 

Since the Washington meeting: 

The President has named John B. Smith, L. O. Howard, 
E. P. Felt, W. E. Britton, and W. M. Wheeler, to represent the 
Society as delegates to the Centennial of the Academy of 
Natural Science of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, held Tuesday, 
Wednesday, and Thursday, the 19th, 20th, and 2st of 
March, 1912. 

The Executive Committee has named Herbert Osborn as 
the additional Councillor of the American Association for the 
Advancement of Science. . 

The Executive Committee has named the following delegates 
to the Second International Congress of Entomologists, to be 
held at Oxford, England, August 5th to 10th, 1912: Herbert 
Osborn, P. P. Calvert, Henry Skinner, J. H. Comstock, Vernon 
L. Kellogg, W. J. Holland. 

ALEX. D. MACGILLIVRAY, 
Secretary. 


The Society is indebted to Psyche for the use of the plate of Dr. Scudder, 
and to Exlomological News for-the plate of Dr. McCook.—[ EDs. ] 


Volume V. i it Tt ae Raat ey Naber Doe 


ANNALS 
The Entomological Society of America 


JUNE, 1912 


EDITORIAL BOARD 


J. H. COMSTOCK, ~ LL. O. HOWARD, 
ITHaca, N. Y. WASHINGTON, D.C, 
C. J. S. BETHUNE, W. M. WHEELER, 
GUELPH, ONTARIO, CANADA. Boston, MASs. ~ 

¢. W. JOHNSON, P. P, CALVERT, - 

Boston, Mass. PHILADELPHIA, Pa. 
V. L. KELLOGG, J. W. FOLSOM, 

; STANFORD UNIV., CAL. URBANA, ILIS. 


HERBERT OSBORN, Managing Editor 
’ CoLumBus, OHIO. 


PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE SOCIETY 
COLUMBUS, OHIO 


Entered as second class matter April 11, 1908, at the Post Office at Columbus, Ohio, 
: under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. 


‘The Entomological Society of America. ay 


FOUNDED 1906. 


OFFICERS 1912. 


‘DepssdentonS. AS FORBESE cat's Se 6 be cieee es © Me ealgina pes ahi eaebin aia wn Urbana, Illinois 
First Vice-President—A. D. HOPKINS... 02, ccc ese tec we teens Washington, D. C. 
Second Vice-President—C. P. GILLETTE. .-.....4-. PEAS SR, Fort Collins, Colorado 
Secretary-Treasurer—A. D. MacGILLIvRAY........ Ca Winns Wettuks Champaign, Illinois 
Executive Commitiee—THE OFFICERS, and . J. H. Comstock, P. P. CALVERT 


J. B. Suita, E. D. Batt, Henry SKINNER, HERBERT OSBORN 
Committee on Nomenclature—H. T. FernaLp, .E. P. Fert, T.D, A. CockERELL 


Price List of Publications: 


Annals, Vols. I, II, III and IV, complete, each..... Wa QU S ee as bg an Oe dae eCa OPO 
Annals, Separate, Parts except as below, each........ Se Ge da lela INE Em Pee an ys 1.00 
Annals, Vols. I and II, Part 3, each ........... | WEA ieee dew tlle Memes ep Nile YO LR 
Annals, Vol. IV, Part IV, each...... gered: Gat esa Sede ee o eal iy 1.50. 


REPRINTS FROM VOLUME II. 


‘Comstock, J. H.—A Note on the Habits of the Walli-bee Chalicodoma Muraria “10 
PETRUNKEVITCH, A.—Contributions to Our Knowledge of the Anatomy and 
Relationships of Spiders... 00.0... 0. sees chee eee Feet neda Weld pay aial Slate fie iS 
Giravutt, A. ArsENE—A Monographie Catalogue of the Mymarid Genus 
Camptoptera Foerster, with Description df One New North America 
p 


Gata didi BLE cee ae SOMES w CMIED ate OB SLRS Ua ile a SGeveths cbore tS abel Matte ly 15 
Davis, JoHN J.—Studies on Aphididae ID... ewes k eee eee eee ees Reaase .20 
Hitton, Witt1tam A.—The Tracheal Supply in the Central Nervous System of 

, the Larva of Corydalis Cornuttas 2200. icc k ee eden ete eee ene eee eecane 25 
‘Netson, Jas. A—Evolution and Adaption in the Palpus of Male Spiders...... 15 
WEBSTER, F. M.—Investigations of Toxoptera Graminum and Its Parasites ... .25 
- -Haynurst, Pavt—Observations on a Gall Aphid (Aphis Atriplicis L.)...... 15 
Patcu, Epirn M.—-Homologies of the Wing Veins of the Aphididae Psyllidae, 
Aleurodidae, and Coccidae .. 2b 8. iinet tee cee dive dnt cet conic sewoaaes 50 
Hine, JAMES S.—Robberflies of the Genus Asilus .......+..-:, EST ERDDENIUE  anesiese -50 
CHAMBERLIN, Rapa V.—Some Records of’ North: American Geophilidae 
and Lithobiidae, with Description of New Species... 1.0.22. -sceeetee ces 25 
Davis, Joun J.—Two New Genera and Species of Aphididae..... PE ORAL: .10 
Poutton, Pror, E: B.—Mimicry in the Butterflies of North America......... -60 
TOWNSEND, CAs. H. T.—Descriptions of New Genera and Species of _ 

Pa Obie iiekca Sak HTS Soke UP Wowie ho bielae Na di Che Sie pb in wiviade 6) b 6 ehvalh @ UIs 10 
CocKERELL, T. D. A.—Fossil Insects from Florissant... 0.2... cceseeeeeeees 10 
McGritivray, A. D.—A Synopsis of the North American Species of Scoli- 

OTEMTITIAG hel l)e sek a Giin.< co ble ale Nae <Uapajeleie CDRA aie SiH ate thine g e'atp = plelazein falar te bm 20° 
HamBLeTON, J. C.—Life History of Coizus Lateralis Say ..... 5... e ese eeees 10 
For Reprints from Volume I, see preceding Number. 
Address 


ANNALS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, 
Biological Building, State Univ., Columbus, Ohio. 


ANNALS 


OF 


The Entomological Society of America 


Volume V UN 9 1e2 Number 2 


HOMOLOGIES IN THE WING-VEINS OF MAY-FLIES. 


ANNA HAVEN MorGANn.* 


The following paper is an attempt to homologize the wing- 
veins of May-flies by a study of the trachez which precede them 
in the nymphal wing-pad. 

The venation of May-flies has been many times discussed 
but only one work, that of the well known “‘ Wings of Insects”’ 
by Comstock and Needham, has approached it from the stand- 
point of tracheation. This work suggested the present study. 

At the outset I wish to express my indebtedness to Professor 
J. H. Comstock and Professor J. G. Needham for their many 
valuable criticisms. The work was done under the supervision 
of Professor A. D. MacGillivray, and while he disagrees with 
some of the interpretations herewith presented his constant 
interest and advice have made this study possible. 


Material and Methods. 


The genera with which this study deals are Epeorus, Iron, 
Ameletus, Ephemera, Blasturus, Hexagenia, Polymitarcys, 
Ephemerella, Siphlurus, Callibztis, Chirotonetes, Heptagenia, 
Leptophlebia, Choroterpes, and Cznis. Nymphs belonging 
to these fifteen genera were collected through the months from 
April to July inclusive, in the streams about Ithaca. They. 
present as wide a range of variation as it was possible to obtain. 
The nymphs selected were those nearly matured whose wing- 
pads bore traces of venation easily seen with a hand lens. 
These were supplemented by younger nymphs showing trachea- 
tion only. Recently molted nymphs were used, since the wings 
of these lie flat upon the slide and both tracheation and venation 
show with great clearness. The method of preparation was 
that of the simple glycerine jelly mount. Nymphs were kept 
at hand in a dish of water. The wing-pad of one of the nymphs 


*Entomological Laboratory, Cornell University. 


89 


90 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


was quickly severed with a razor together with a portion of the 
thorax, in order to preserve the connection between the wing 
and body trachea. The wing was then placed upon a moist- 
ened slide and a cover glass bearing a little melted glycerine 
jelly was laid over it. The preparation was immediately 
cooled upon a slab of iron. It was examined as soon as the 
glycerine jelly hardened, and a camera lucida sketch or photo- 
graph was made. All of the figures here presented were secured 
by the latter method. From five to ten preparations of each 
form were photographed. Blue prints were made from the 
negatives. The outlines of the trachee and veins were then 
traced directly upon the print. Later the blue color of the paper 
was bleached out with a saturated solution of potassium oxalate. 
The ink drawing left upon the white field was then used directly 
for reproduction. 


Historical. 


The most important discussions of May-fly wing venation 
are contained in the following works. 

EATON ’83 (Revis. Monog. Ephem. ’83) divided the veins of 
the May-fly wing into three groups to which he applied a series 
of names and numbers as given in the following table. The 
first group consisted of the longitudinal veins 1 (costa), 2 (sub- 
costa), and 3 (radius), which are all connected by the great 
cross vein. The second group consisted of veins 4 (sector), 5 
(cubitus), 6 (praebrachial) and 7 (pobrachial). The third 
group consisted of the anal and axillary veins. He called atten- 
tion to the tendency of the hinder groups to secede from their 
own set and to annex themselves to the hinder branches of the 
group next in advance. 

REDTENBACHER ’86 used Eaton’s system but altered it so 
that it would agree with the theory of convex and concave 
veins, proposed by Adolph, which Redtenbacher had unfor- 
tunately adopted. The May-fly wing was considered to be a 
very generalized type. Redtenbacher emphasized the relation- 
ship between May-flies and dragon-flies, stating that though 
transitional forms are lacking the wings of the two are so like as 
to be easily ascribed to a common origin. 

Comstock ’88 adopted Eaton’s system using the same 
grouping and homologies. He used names instead of numerals 
in labelling the veins. 


1912] Homologies 1n the Wing-veins of May-flies 91 


COMSTOCK AND KELLOGG ’95 built a system upon that of 
Redtenbacher, but they differed from him in certain particu- 
lars as to the homology of some of the veins. These differences 
are shown in a following table. 

KELLOGG ’95 reviewed the work of Redtenbacher and Com- 
stock and proposed to further reduce the number of names. 
The result was a nomenclature which nearly approached that 
later adopted in the ‘‘Wings of Insects.’’ Concerning the 
remnants of tracheation to be seen in an adult wing of Hexagenia 
he says: ‘‘In a mounted wing of Hexagenia sp. I have plainly 
observed the branching trachea of the sector arising from the 
radial trunk at an appreciable distance from the base of the 
radius.’’ This seems incredible since an examination of many 
nymphs of this genus have failed to show this. 

COMSTOCK AND NEEDHAM ’98-’99. In this paper the tra- 
cheation of the nymphal wing-pads was discussed for the first 
time. The wing-veins of the adult were homologized from the 
tracheze which preceded them. It was unfortunate that the 
authors studied only wing-pads in which the bases of the radial 
and medial trachee were approximated, and hence they also 
fell into the error of considering a part of media to be the 
radial sector. 


For convenience in comparing the various systems of nomenclature I have arranged the following table: 


mee ome Redtenbacher ’86 | Comstock '95 Kellogg ’95 Earnie oan 
Ephem. this paper 
Costa 1 Costa 1 Costa 1 Costa 1 Costa Costa 
Subcosta 2 Subcosta IT | Subcosta II | (Subcosta) IL Subcosta Subcosta 
Radius 3 Radius IIT, Radius III (Radius) III Radius Radius 
(R+RS) 
Radius 4 Radial sector III» Radial sector Media, 
Radial sector IIIs Rg 
IV Praemedia IV Access. radial 1 Rs? 
R4 Accessory 1 
Cubitus 5 Cu VI Rs M2 
Praebrachial 6 Praebrachial VII Media V V Media M3 and M4 
Postbrachial 7 Postbrachial VIII | Postmedia VI VII Cubitus Cubitus 
Anal 8 Anal IX Cub VIlab 1st Anal Ist Anal 
Axil 9; Anal X Anal IX 2nd Anal 2nd Anal 
Furrow VIII 
Axil 99 Axil XI Anal Vein IX érd Anal 3rd Anal 


92 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


The most generalized tracheation which has been found in 
May-flies is represented in young stages of the wing-pads of 
Chirotonetes (Pl. VII, Figs. 33, 34, 35). From these and other 
generalized wing-pads (especially Pl. V, Figs, 5, 7) the accom- 
panying diagram has been drawn (Fig. 1). The treacheal 
system of May-flies arises at one point in the longitudinal 
trachea of the thorax and enters the wing base by a single stem. 
Near that area which is to be the base of the adult wing the 
entering stem divides into two trunks. These two trunks 
remain undivided but a short distance. 


Fig. 1. Tracheation of hypothetical May-fly wing-pad. 


The anterior trunk divides into two branches of unequal 
size. The smaller branch is a delicate trachea which extends for- 
ward, and outward parallel with the margin of the wing-pad. 
This is the costal trachea, (Fig.1C). Thelarger branch divides 
close to its base into two tracheze which extend nearly to the 
margin of the wing-pad. The anterior of these two trachez is 
the sub-costal (Fig. 1, Sc) and the posterior one the radial 
trachea, (Figs Ie). 

The foremost branch of the posterior trunk is the medial 
trachea, (Fig. 1, M). Beyond the point of its separation it 
divides into four branches. This agrees well with the condition 
of this vein in insects generally. The posterior branch bends 
toward the anal margin of the wing-pad. From its basal part . 
three separate branches are given off. These are the Ist, the 
2nd and the 3rd anal trachee. (Fig. 1, Ist A, 2nd A, 38rd A). 
A little beyond the lst anal branch the trachea splits into 
the two prominent cubital trachee. (Fig. 1, Cui, and Cuz). 


1912} Homologies in the Wing-veins of May-flies 93 


Peculiarities of May-fly tracheation. 

If the tracheation of May-flies (Fig. 1) be compared with 
the most generalized types of tracheation in other orders several 
striking peculiarities will be observed. 

The radial trachea instead of showing its typical five parts 
is usually destitute ofa sector (cf. Pl. V, Fig. 5 with Figs. 1, 3, 
7, etc). 

The medial trachea has its characteristic four parts 
(Pl. V, Fig. 1) but the M;, trachea bears a branch on the posterior 
_ side (labelled R, ? in the figures) in whichit appears to terminate. 

If the tracheation in the consecutive figures of the wing- 
pads in Pls. V, VI, VII, be now examined important differences 
will be seen. The series shows a continuous reduction of large 
tracheae and a replacement of them by small tracheal branches. 
A gradual evolution in the tracheation is thus suggested. An 
evolution by reduction, which has left some principle trachez 
so reduced as to be hardly recognizable but still holding their 
proper places. 


The Costal and Sub-costal Trachee. 


The usual course of the costal trachea has been already 
described. Whenever present in well developed wing-pads it 
lies without exception in the developing vein which forms the 
front margin of the wing-pad and which is universally con- 
sidered to be vein C. 

This trachea has been found present as a short, delicate 
branch in the wing-pads of all but four genera, (Hexagenia, 
Polymuitarcys, Ephemera, Ephemerella, Pl. V, Fig..138, Pl. VI, 
Figs. 19,.21, 27). In one, (Ephemerella) this absence may have 
been due to the rather poor material, but in the others, examin- 
ations of many specimens failed to show its presence. The 
wing-pads of Chirotonetes, Heptagenia, Epeorus, and Iron 
(Pl. V, Figs. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9,) show a continuous reduction of the 
costal trachea. In Chirotonetes (Fig. 1) its branches thor- 
oughly aerate the base of the costal region. In the succeeding 
wing-pads its diminished branching makes the costal trachea 
less and less important in the aeration of this region. Its work 
is carried on by branches which spring from the trachea behind it. 

The sub-costal trachea is a single usually strong trachea 
which is parallel to the margin of the wing-pad. It lies in the 
longitudinal vein posterior to vein C, (Pl. V, Fig. 1). In none 


94 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


of the wing-pads examined has there been any indication of a 
splitting of the sub-costal trachea into its two branches Sc; and 
SCo. 

In the first eleven wing pads in Plates V, VI, (Figs. 1, 3, 5, 7, 
9,11, 13,15, 17,7 49)'21) and in Siphlarus ‘(PR Vil; Bis, 29 )ei nie 
sub-costal trachea extends to the tips of the wing-pads. It not 
only aerates its own area, but in some wing-pads it supplies 
the region before (Pl. VI, Fig. 15), and in others the region 
before and behind it (Pl. VI, Fig. 17). The sub-costal trachea - 
of Choroterpes, Leptophlebia, and Blasturus (PI. VI, Figs. 23, 
25, 27) has nearly disappeared from its vein and is replaced by 
branches from the trachea behind it. This condition is similar 
to that which has already been noted in the costal trachea. It 
is a further step in the cutting down of main trachee. 


Radial Trachea. 


The remaining branch of the anterior trunk is a simple 
trachea parallel to the sub-costal trachea. It never deviates 
from its pathway in the radial vein. This is the radial trachea. 
It has been found to be unbranched except in one species of 
Heptagenia (PI. V, Fig. 5) and in only half of the specimens 
of this. 

In all cases except in Heptagenia (Pl. V, Figs. 3, 5) it is dis- 
tinct from the medial trachea throughout its course. In 
Heptagenia both divisions of the main trunk have coalesced at 
the base so that the radial and medial trachez appear to arise 
from the same stem (Pl. V, Fig. 3, 5). 

The development of the radial trachea is variable and its 
length has important effects upon the aeration of the region 
behind it. In the more generalized wings (Pl. V, Figs. 1, 3, 5, 
7, 9, 11) it extends to the apex of the wing-pad. Ample aeration 
of the wing-tip is thus provided. In the more specialized 
wing-pads the radial trachea extends only through the basal 
trd (Pl. V, Fig) 13; "Plo Vi, Pigs: 5,717; 19), 21,27), ronnie 
almost disappeared (Pl. VI, Fig. 25). 

A progressive development of fine tracheal branches follows 
the weakening of the radial trachea. When the trachea is 
reduced its area is aerated by fine branches from the trachee 
before and behind it (Pl. V, Fig. 18, Pl. V1, Figs: 15; 17, 25, 27, 
Pl. VII, Figs. 29, 31). Thus the place of 4 main trachea is 
again taken by secondary branches. 


1912] Homologies in the Wing-veins of May-flies 95 


Medial Trachea. 


The fullest development of tracheal branches is found in 
Chirotonetes (Fig. 2). The four typical branches of media are 
all present and well developed and there is a large accessory 
trachea attached posteriorly to the M, trachea and smaller ones 
attached posteriorly to M,. These accessories are usually 
wanting and need no further consideration. There is however, 
one peculiarity of the tip of M, which is of great importance 
since it involves the interpretation of the veins in the area 
between veins M, and Me. Here lies the most difficult problem 
in the interpretation of May-fly venation. 


Fig. 2. Tracheation in nymphal wings of Chirotonetes. 
A, B, C—Three early stages. 
D—Late stage showing venation also. 


Trachea M, continues through only half its course (Fig. 2, D). 
An apparent continuation of it turns abruptly rearward and 
lies in the strong oblique vein Rs?. This condition exists in 
mature wing-pads of Chirotonetes and in all the most general- 
ized wing-pads, (Pl. V, Figs. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11). In very young 
wing-pads of Chirotonetes however the M, trachea extends 
through its whole course to the tip of vein M,, (Fig. 2, A, B, C). 

The Mz trachea lies in the corresponding vein. The M3+, 
trachea continues for some distance before dividing. It then 
separates into the two branches M; and My, which diverge 
slightly and proceed to the margin in a parallel course. 

In Chirotonetes small branches are almost completely 
absent from the medial trachez. In the series of wing-pads 


96 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


which follow it the progress of the medial trachea from a gen- 
eralized to a specialized condition is marked by a general devel- 
opment of small tracheoles which aereate this region. This 
has resulted from the reduction of the main trachez. Speciali- 
zation is also marked by an increasing importance of the fore- 
part of the medial trachea. In this the accessory trachea takes 
no part, but disappears entirely. The reduction of the tip of 
the M, trachea has taken place because that region is so well 
aerated by. the radial trachea, (PIV) Wigs: soo, (non le 
When the radial trachea is greatly reduced (PI. V, Fig. 13, Pl. VI, 
Figs. 15, 17, 19, 21, 238, 25, 27) the vein M, contains a trachea 
throughout, although in more generalized forms the terminal 
portion is wanting, or its area is supplied by tracheoles, (Pl. VII, 
Pigs.<29 730), 

When the costal and sub-costal trachea are also reduced as 
they are in Choroterpes, Leptophlebia, Blasturus, and Calli- 
beetis (Pl. VI; Figs. 23, 25, 27, Pl. VII, Fig. 31) the whole front 
of the wing is dependent upon branches from the M, trachea. 
With this increase in function the M, trachea usually becomes 
proportionately larger (Pl. VI, Figs. 23, 25, 27) or-it gives 
place to a mesh work of tracheoles (Pl. VII, Fig. 31). | 

The Accessory, (1) disappears early in this series. In 
Chirotonetes it extends to the margin; in Heptagenia (Pl. V, 
Fig. 3) it sends a branch over into the tip of vein Ms. In 
Epeorus (Pl. V, Fig. 7) it has become greatly shortened, and 
only. its stump is left in Iron (Pl. V, Fig. 9). The vein which 
succeeds it 1s one of the most prominent accessories in the 
May-fly wing. In most of the wing-pads this vein is aerated by 
branches from the trachee before and behind it (Pl. V, Fig. 
£3; Pl VA, Bigs ola, iia 

The M, trachea maintains its full length and gains import- 
ance as the trachee near it become reduced. In Chirotonetes 
there is no need for the short posterior branch which it bears, 
but in Heptagenia (Pl. V, Fig. 5) a branch in approximately the 
same position aerates vein M3; and an accessory. This function 
is similarly performed in Choroterpes and Blasturus, (Pl. VI, 
Figs. 25, 27) and by means of tracheoles in other wing-pads 
CPI Wi tiossils, 17) 

If the course of the M3;-+, trachea be followed through this 
series it will be seen that there is a continuous reduction of this 
trachea which ends in its complete obliteration. At first the 


1912] Homologies in the Wing-veins of May-flies . 97 


M;; trachea has accessory branches, (Pl. V, Figs. 1,3). These 
are lost and the M; and M, trachea course toward the margin 
as simple parallel trachee (Pl. V, Fig. 7). Later the M, trachea 
becomes reduced (Pl. V, Fig..9) and ultimately disappears. In 
Hexagenia (Pl. V, Fig. 13) both the M; and M, trachee have 
disappeared and a secondary trachea has been developed which 
lies in the accessory vein between vein M; and My. A variation 
of this occurs in Ephemera where the secondary trachea springs 
from the M; trachea (Pl. VI, Fig. 17). In the wing-pads 
which follow, the M;+, trachea has either nearly disappeared 
(Leptophlebia and Siphlurus, Pl. VI, Fig. 23, Pl. VII, Fig. 29), 
orit has become entirely obliterated (Leptophlebia and Callibetis, 
Figs. 23, 31). In the former cases it is visible in very clear 
preparations as a small but very distinct trachea lying in the 
base of vein M3-++s. The veins deserted by this trachea are 
thoroughly aerated by a network of small branches from the 
trachez ibetore and behind. .(Pl: VI, Figs, 23,25; Pl: VII; 
Figs. 29, 31).. Sometimes variable secondary tracheze. from 
either side (see Blasturus Pl. VI, Fig. 27, and Blasturus PI. 
VII, Fig. 40, another. specimen) aerate the region between vein 
M; and M4. 
The climax of the changes in the aeration of the medial 
region is illustrated by the wing-pads of Siphlurus and Calli- 
betis, (Pl. VII, Figs. 29, 31). In the former but two strong 
trachez remain, the M, trachea with its apparent continuation 
and the M, trachea. In Callibetis only the My, trachea is 
still strong. All the other trachee in the wing-pad are weakened. 


The Radial Sector. 


In the preceding description no mention of a radial sector 
has been made, the radial trachea being described as an un- 
branched trachea and the vein R as an unbranched vein. It is 
strange that so important an element should be lacking in a 
wing where the venation is not greatly reduced. 

Between M, and M:z there is an undetermined vein which 
may be an accessory vein or may be the radial sector in an 
unusual position. This second possibility becomes a very 
strong probability when we consider what has happened in the 
Odonata. As has been conclusively shown (Comstock and 
Needham ’98-’99) and (Needham ’03) an actual switching of 
the sector trachea there takes place. 


98 _Annals Entomological Soctety of America [Vol. V, 


In the dragon-flies (Anisoptera) all stages of this switching 
are shown. In very young nymphs of dragon-flies the trachea 
are all separate and in their usual position (Fig. 3A). 


AS 
Fig. 3. Two stages of nymphal wings of dragon-fly Gomphus descriptus, 
after Needham, showing change in position of sector trachea. 


In the next stage the radial sector trachea has migrated 
across the M, trachea and reaches the margin between the 
M, and M, trachee (Fig. 3B). This modification is carried 
still further in the mature stage where the radial sector is 
between the M. and M; trachea. In the adult wing the place 
where the radial sector crosses over to M;, is always marked 
by an oblique cross vein. 

In the damsel-flies (Zygoptera) the Rs trachea is always 
attached to M;. There is no connection thus far found between 
the radial trachea and its sector which is completely stranded 
upon the M, tracheae. In the adult wing an oblique cross vein 
marks the point of crossing over of the sector in only a very 
few genera. 

In May-flies this trachea is one of the most constant features 
of the tracheation. The vein which follows it is likewise con- 
stant in the adult wing. In one species of this series an actual 
crossing of a strong branch of radius across the M, trachea has 
been found (Fig. V, Pl. 5). A large number of the wing-pads 
of this species were examined. Half of the wing-pads showed 
the radial branching just described and half of them gave no 
sign of it (Pl. VII, Fig. 41). An actual connection between the 
R and the Rs trachea cannot be shown by constant structures. 
However, May-flies and dragon-flies are closely allied groups 
and their general tracheation is similar in many points. Further- 
more this condition of the radial sector trachea is exactly the 
same as that just described in the damsel-flies where there can 
be no doubt that such a crossing has taken place. It is, therefore, 


1912] Homologies in the Wing-veins of May-flies 99 


highly probable that the radial sector is present in May-flies. 
and that both the sector trachea and the vein Rs have been 
stranded on M, and have left no positive trace of their origin. 


7 TVT TE 


Fig. 4. WINGS OF EPHEMERA. 


A. Previous interpretation of radius and media. 
B. Present interpretation of radius and media. 
Radius and its supposed sector are represented by dots and dashes, media is 
represented by a series of dots. 


Such an interpretation involves important changes in the 
nomenclature of the veins in the radial and medial regions. 
These changes may be clearly seen by comparing the wings A 
and B in the accompanying figure (Fig. 4). 

The Cubital Trachea. 

In Chirotonetes (Pl. V,. Fig. 1) the cubito-anal and medial 
tracheae diverge and then run nearly parallel for ashort distance. 
In this region the anal tracheae branch off (Pl. V, Fig. 1, lst A). 
The cubital trunk then bends forward again toward the medial 
trachea, making a prominent bend just below the first fork of 


100 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


media. It soon splits into two branches which extend nearly 
to the anal margin. These branches are the Cu, trachea and 
the Cu, trachea. The Cu; trachea lies constantly within the 
vein directly behind vein M, and the Cur: trachea within the 
next primary vein. behind Cuy. 

A prominent bend in the cubital trunk is a characteristic 
feature of May-fly tracheation. Variations of it have been 
found in all but one (Pl. V, Fig. 5) of the wing-pads examined. 
(PI; V, Figs, GO sere Pl, Vis hiss. 1.5 al (el Vee ool eens 
the last case (Callibeetis) the-cubito-anal stem has joined the 
general approximation of the tracheal, trunks outward and the 
cubital bend is no longer evident. 

The replacement of main tracheze by small branches is not 
usual in the cubital region as it is in the radial and medial. It 
does occur however in Blasturus and Siphlurus (Pl. VI, Fig. 27; 
Pl. VII, Figs. 29,-40) where small branches of the.Cu, trachea 
supply the M3;+ vein. With few exceptions (PI. V, Figs\1, 3, 7) 
the cubital fag e are entirety unbranched. . 


The Anal Trachee. 


The anal stem is a well defined trachea which splits off from 
the cubito-anal trunk just before the cubital bend. 

In the mature wing-pad of.an Ephemera (PI. VI, Fig. 17) 
the three anal trachez are present. In this wing-pad the lst A 
trachea is a strong branch which separates from the distal part 
of the anal trunk and extends to the margin. It lies in the next 
primary vein posterior to vein Cup. From the posterior side 
of the 1st A trachea several secondary branches are given off. 
These are followed by secondary veins. The 2nd A trachea 
separates from the trunk directly behind the accessory trachee. 
The 8rd anal trachea is a short branch which arises posterior to 
these accessories. Both the 2nd A and 38rd A trachee are followed 
by primary veins (Pl. VI, Fig. 17). From the evidence pre- 
sented in the nymphal wing- pads and the wings of the sub- 
imago we have considered veins Ist, 2nd, and 38rd A to be 
typical of May-flies. 

In Chirotonetes (Pl. V, Fig. 1) I have been able to demon- 
strate but one anal trachea. In this and all the other genera 
examined the anal tracheze appear much later than those lying 
farther anterior. This fact accounts for their absence in many 
of these figures. The first anal trachea has been found in all of 


1912] Homologies in the Wing-veins of May-jlies 101 


the wing-pads examined and the second in three (Pl. V, Fig. 5; 
Pl. VI, Fig. 17, Pl. VII, 31). All of the anal tracheze have 
been nearly always found in recently emerged sub-imagoes. 

Replacement of main tracheze by small branches does not 
occur in the anal region. As might be expected, the burden 
of aeration does not fall here but in the middle region 
of the wing-pad. 


The Tracheal Stem. 


As already stated, the single’ tracheal stem of May-flies is 
similar to that of no other order, those of other insects as far as 
known having a dorsal and ventral root (Fig. 5, A. a, b). 


Fig. 5. Diagrams of Tracheal Stems showing shifting of the cubito-anal trachea. 
A. Tracheal bases in the hypothetical wing of insects (after Comstock and 
Needham). 
B. In the wing-pad of a hypothetical May-fly. 
C. In the generalized wing-pad of Epeorus. 
D. In the specialized wing-pad of Callibetis. 


In these wing-pads the base of the cubito-anal trachea 
makes a characteristic prominent downward loop (Fig. 5, B, C). 
This loop swings the trachea out of the route which it would 
seem naturally to take. It is more prominent in generalized 
than in specialized wing-pads (Fig. 5, of C and D). 


102 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


In some generalized wing-pads a weak branch springs from 
the cubito-anal loop and extends inward toward the body, 
nearly parallel with the main stem. (b, in Fig. 5,C). These 
structures have prompted the suggestion that the weak 
trachea (b, in Fig. 5, C) may be the remnant of the trachea 
which connects the trachea of the wing with the ventral body 
trachea in other orders (b, in Fig. 5, A). 


Fossil May-flies. 


On account of the difficulty in studying fossil wings only a 
very brief consideration has been given to them. A few figures 
of fossil wings believed to be those of May-flies have been 
copied. (PI. IX, Figs. 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67). The homologies 
here determined have been applied to these wings. All but the 
last figure are taken from ‘‘Types of Permian Insects’ by 
E. H. Sellards!. In these May-flies the fore and hind wings are 
nearly equal in size, as they are in damsel-flies. The parallel 
veins of the front part of the wing and the main branches of 
media are identical with those of modern May-flies. The last 
figure (Betis anomala)? represents a recent fossil in which the 
hind wings show the reduction which is the present character- 
istic of May-flies. 

Hind Wings. 


The hind-wings of May-flies are greatly reduced in size. 
In Cenis they are entirely lacking. In consequence of this 
reduction there are important differences in the front and hind 
wings. By reason of it also the venation is so reduced as to be 
of far less value in practical use. 

The wing-pads of Chirotonetes show the most generalized 
tracheation of any which have been studied. In these the bases 
of the tracheal trunks are similar to those of the front wing 
(Pl. VIII, Fig. 43). The tracheae however show these differ- 
ences. The M, trachea always extends to the margin of the 
wing-pad. There is no trace of either the Rs? or the Ist acces- 
sory trachea. These veins, however, are present and occupy 
positions identical with the corresponding veins of the front-wing 


1E. H. Sellards. Types of Permian Insects. Amer. Jour. of Science, Vol. 
XXIII, May, 1907. pp. 345-355. 

2G. C. Berendt. Die im Berstein befindlichen Organischen Rests der Vorwelt. 
1856. Zweiter Band. Abt. II. Neuropteren (Pictet Baraban & Hagen). Tab. VI, 
Fig. 1. 


1912] Homologies in the Wing-veins of May-flies 103 


In the wing-pads figured in Pl. VIII, there is a gradual 
reduction of the main trachea in the front of the wing. This 
is shown first in Heptagenia (Pl. VIII, Fig. 45) where the base of 
the subcostal trachea has apparently fused with the radial trachea, 
liters by its total obliteration, (Pi VIII, Fig. 51). . In all of 
these except Callibeetis the Sc has been the only vein to dis- 
appear (Pl. VIII, Figs. 46, 48, 50, 54). Between M, and M, 
there are several accessory veins which are generally bent 
backward and attached to the vein next posterior. The direc- 
tion of their bending is just the opposite of these same accessories 
in the fore-wing. 


— Ses iwias 


ELLE 


Fig. 6. Hind wing of Palingenia longicauda Oliv. (After Eaton.) 


The direction and the attachment of these accessories was 
traced through a series of hind-wings. In a few of the gener- 
alized wings they were bent forward and attached to vein M, 
(Palingenia, Fig. 6) like the similar accessories of the fore-wing. 
Between this anterior attachment to M, and the posterior 
joining to Mz, figured in Heptagenia (Pl. VIII, Fig. 46) there 
were many intermediate positions. One of these is represented 
by Chirotonetes (Pl. VIII, Fig. 44). We may conclude then 
that the wing of Palingenia represents a generalized type of the 
hind wing in which a number of accessory veins are joined to 
M,; and M2 is a simple vein. This condition is very near to 
that in the fore-wing. By a general shifting backward the 
accessory veins have been thrown upon vein M,2 and have thus 


9 


made it secondarily a branched vein. There are 3 sizes of 


104 Annals Entomological Society of America IVolV, 


intercalaries as in front wing. The hindmost is longest as in 
front-wing, two others are of intermediate length. The Acci, 
and Rs? are in positions identical with the corresponding veins 
of the front wing. Sub-costa is much reduced; in most cases 
entirely wanting. In Palingenia (Fig. 6, Sc) it is a strong but 
very short vein. - 


Summary. 


This is a study of the ontogeny of wings representing fifteen 
genera of May-flies in which the following facts are shown: 


1. The main veins of May-flies may be homologized with 
the veins of insects of other orders. 


2. The main trachee precede and constantly mark the 
course of the main veins. 


3. The costal and subcostal trachee are simple and parallel 
as are the veins which follow them. 


4. The radial trachea (except in one form studied) and the 
vein which follows it are unbranched. 


5. The radial sector is very probably present in May-flies 
but in an unusual position between the veins M; and M.. It is 
detached from radius, as in the dragon-flies, and stranded 
upon vein M). 


6. The medial trachea and the vein M show four branches 
which are characteristic of media in its primitive condition. It 
is similar to the media in the closely allied dragon-flies. 


7. The tracheal system enters the wing by a single stem. 
The course of the cubito-anal trunk shows a possible trace of 
the double stem of the tracheal system of other orders. 


8. In the series of wing-pads studied a remarkable evolu- 
tion of tracheation is shown. This evolution consists of a 
gradual reduction of main trachee and replacement by small 
branches. 


9. This interpretation of the venation involves the import- 
ant changes of nomenclature shown in Fig. 4. 


1912} Homologies in the Wing-veins of May-flies 105 


REFERENCES. 
Comstock, J. H. 1888. An Introduction to Entomology. Ithaca, N. Y., pp. 
1-234, figs. 
Comstock, J. H., and Kellogg, V. L. 1895. The Venation of the Wings of Insects. 
pp. 75-91, in Elements of Insect Anatomy. Ithaca, N. Y., pp. 1-91, figs. 
Comstock, J. H., and Needham, J. G. 1898-99. The Wings of Insects. Amer. Nat. 
Chap. IV. The Venation of the Wings of Ephemerida, pp. 117-126. 5 figs. 
Eaton, A. E. 1883. Revisional Monograph of Recent Ephemeride. Transact. of 
the Linnean Soc. London. Transact. (2), 3. 

Kellogg, V. L. 1895. The Ephemeride and Venation Nomenclature. Psyche, 
Vol. 7, pp. 311-315. 3 figs. 

Needham, J. G. 1903. A Geneologic Study of Teeeteae Wing Wenation: Pro- 
ceed. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. XXVI, pp. 703-764. Pls. XXXI-LIV. 


Redtenbacher, J. 1886. Vergleichende Studien uber das Flugelgeader der Insecten. 
Annalen des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. Bd. 1, Heft 3, s. 153-231, 
t. [IX-XX. Wien. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


PLATE V. 
(In the wing-pads continuous lines represent tracheae and tracheoles; dotted lines represent developing 
veins.) 
Fig. 1. Wing-pad of Chirotonetes albomanicatus. Needham. 
toy 2. Wiprot bs 
“8. Wing-pad of Heptagenia sp.? 
aS Wane ot 
“5. Wing-pad of Heptagenia sp. (nymph No. 3 Needham). 
“6. Wing of 
& 7... Wing-pad of Epeorus humeralis Morgan. 
“<8. Wing of 
“9. Wing-pad of Tron fragilis Morgan. 
lO Wiiesob 
“11. Wing-pad of Ameletus ludens Needham. 
“12. Wing of 
“138. Wing-pad of Hexagenia Sp. ? 
“ 14. Wing of 
PiateE VI: 
Fig. 15. Wing-pad of Polymitareys albus Say. 
“ 16. Wing of 
eee Ais Wee pad of Ephemera sp. 
“18. Wing of 
“19. Wing-pad of Caenis diminuta Walker. 
“ 20. Wing of 
ae he eRe pad of Ephemerella rotunda Morgan. 
22. Wane ob 


“ 23. Wing-pad of Leptophlebia sp? 
noize.) Wang OF 

“ 25. Wing-pad of Choroterpes sp? 

“ 26. - Wing of 

“ 27. Wing-pad of Blasturus cupidus Say. 
~ 28. Wing of 


106 


Fig. 


29. 
30. 


Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


PLATE VII. 


Wing-pad of Siphlurus sp? 
Wing of 
Wing-pad of Callibaetis sp? 
Wing of 


Successive stages of wing-pads of Chirotonetes albomanicatus Needham. 


Successive stages of wing-pads of Blasturus cupidus Say. 


Base of wing-pad of Hexagenia sp? 

Wing-pad of Blasturus cupidus showing variation in aeration. 
Wing-pad of Heptagenia sp? (No. 3 Needham). showing variation in Rs? 
Wing-pad of Ephemera showing slight variation in tracheation. 


PiateE VIII. 
Hind wing-pad of Chirotontes albomanicatus Needham, 
wing of “ 
“-wing-pad of Heptagenia sp? 
“wing 
“  wing-pad of “sp? (Nymph No. 3, Needham). 
“wing of ‘ 
“ wing-pad of Epeorus humeralis Morgan. 
“wing of 
“_-wing-pad of Callibaetis sp? 
“wing of 
“ wing-pad of Leptophlebia sp? 
“wing of 
PLATE IX. 


Wing of Potamanthus luteus (after Eaton). 
Calliarcys humilis 
“  Tricorythus (Malay sp.) 
“  Spanophlebia Trailiz. 
“~~ Lachlania abnormis 
“ Oligoneuria rhenana 
“ Elassoneuria Trimeniana 
Fossil May-fly. Type of genus Protereisma (after Sellards). 
« ns Wing of Prodromus rectus 


: ¥ Wing of Protereisma minus S 
e iS Wing of Protechma accuminatum “ 
s . Wing of Rekter arcuatus i 


Baetis anomala (after Pictet-Baraban and Hagen). 


ANNALS E. S. A. VoL. V, PLATE V. 


Anna H. Morgan. 


ANNALS E. S. A. 


Anna H. Morgan. 


VoL. V, PLATE VI. 


i Ra cy awe 
RYE 


LT 
Et 

{7 
ee O Nene nih 


PIVLES TY. 
ee eae ines sa 
Gass. 


C 
Saar 
ie 


ANNALS E. S. A. VoL. V, PLATE VII. 


Anna H. Morgan. 


S. A. VoL. V, PLATE VIII. 


ANNALS E. 


Anna H. Morgan. 


ANNALS E. S. A. 


Anna H. Morgan. 


Vor. V, PruaATE EX. 


TUE ITP 
TEES ‘pula re 
rR 
See Tay 
sd 


( Ba 
25215 oF [aa 

[Tp GR 
SR RIEL? Se 
S . 


aH 
ay; 
+S OOS 
2 
ws 


THE PEZOMACHINI OF NORTH AMERICA.! 


By E. H. STRICKLAND. 


The following paper is based mainly on the unnamed collec- 
tion of the genus Pezomachus belonging to the U. S. National 
Museum, which was very kindly lent to me during the spring of 
1911. The bulk of the collection of 317 specimens was com- 
posed of two species, namely: Pezomachus flavocinctus Ashm. 
112 specimens o& and 92, and Pezomachus nigrellus Ashm. 
60 specimens o and 9. ‘The former proved to be the most 
interesting since the hitherto undescribed male yielded a unique 
condition of polymorphism, fully described later in the descrip- 
tion of the species, and in several cases a hyperparasite, Hemzteles 
sp. was bred from the same egg cocoons as individuals of this 
species. Many other already described species of Pezomachus 
were represented as were also 12 apparently new species. J am 
also indebted to Mr. H. L. Viereck of the National Museum for 
a small collection containing one new species, and to Dr. W. E. 
Britton, State Entomologist of Connecticut for a similar collec- 
tion containing two new species of Pezomachus and one new 
Thaumatotypus. 

In working these over I found several cases in which two 
distinct species had received the same name, while some cases 
of wrong generic determination were noticed, which in the 
following pages I have attempted to correct. 

My thanks are due to Mr. C. T. Brues for help received in 
generic determinations. 

The tribe Pezomachint of Ashmead? included all Cryptines 
in which the metathorax is not areolated, or at most with only 
a transverse carina, and consisted of the following genera. 


Thaumatotypus Forster. 
Cremnodes Forster. 
A pterophygus Forster. 
Aptesis Forster. 
Theroscopus Forster. 
Pezomachus Grav. 
Pezolochus Forster. 
Hemimachus Ratz. 
1Contributions from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey Institution, 


Harvard University, No. 45. 
2Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. XXIII, p. 36 (1900). 


ES 


114 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vek Vv, 


In 1907 Schmiedeknecht* limited the tribe to only such > 
Cryptines as are entirely wingless in the 2 (none of which have 
an areolated metathorax), and have no scutellum in this sex. 
This reduces the tribe to the following known genera. 

Thaumatotypus Forster. 
Pezomachus Grav. 
Pezolochus Forster. 


all of which are represented in North America. 

Three species of the genus Pezomachus fall into a group so 
distinctive that I have proposed a sub-genus Mucromeson, 
herein described, to include them. 

The discarded genera of the tribe are now distributed as 
follows: . 

Cremnodes, A pterophygus and Theroscopus are now included 
in the genus Hemiteles Grav. and the genus Hemimachus is now 

-sunk in Pezomachus; while the species of A ptesis are included 
some in Microcryptus Ratz. and some in Hemiteles. 

There are no valid records of any of these genera, as they 
were then defined, being represented in America, with the pos- 
sible exception of Aptesis the two described American species 
of which must now probably be included in Microcryptus. The 
three species placed in the genus Cremnodes by Ashmead and 
Harrington must be transferred to Thaumatotypus, while of the 
four species placed by Ashmead in Theroscopus three, namely 
T. americanus, T. kukakensis and T. rufipes belong to the genus 
Pezomachus while the fourth, 7. popofensis was described from 
a single winged male and cannot therefore be, with certainty, 
placed in this genus. . 

The three genera of Pezomachini Schmied. can be separated 
as follows: 


1. Second abdominal segment very large covering 34 of the entire length of 
the hind body, connate with the third segment. Petiole much longer 
than ;the=metathoraxes je Saco cms eee emer Thaumatotypus Forst 
Second abdominal segment not covering*4 of the hind body, not connate 
with the third segment. Petiole rarely much longer than the metathorax. 2 
2wehace much abbreviatedircaiscimce cinch ne ene em eres Pezolochus Grav. 
Face: of normallengths i. 55 terns tee ie at ee eee Pezomachus Gravy. 


The subgenera of Pezomachus sens, lat. can be separated 


as follows: $ 
Prothorax much swollen in both sexes so that it is at least as long as the 
mesonotum along the median line. Petiole long and unusually slender. 
Subgenus Micromeson 
Prothorax not abnormally enlarged, shorter along median line than the 
mesonotum; petiole considerably expanded apically..Subgenus Pezomachus 


3Die Hymenopteren mitteleuropas. Gustav Fischer, Jena. (1906). 


1912] The Pezomachini of North America 115 


Although I have only separated out this one subgenus of 
Pezomachus it is evident when one is working over a quantity 
of material that there are several well defined groups of species 
in this genus which would suggest that though the species, 
especially in the female sex are very similar, this genus may in real- 
ity consist of degenerate forms from more than one genus or even 
tribe. Unfortunately the species recognized in the male sex, 
which would probably have more distinctive characters, are 
much fewer than those now described in the female sex and in 
only nine American species have the males and females been 
correlated. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES OF Thaumatotypus. 


IRemrAmiGcramcenl Set Ou te iam oils chp hak os ae nen er Rony ne elite fe ah 2 
Antenne 16-jointed; petiole striate, piceous species..... spinulatus sp. nov. 
2. Head and abdomen rufous, thorax, testaceous........... canadensis Harr. 
IN@tHSOREOlOUnEGietn s Ate te et atac at seaaaacn tie Mee creed tetra Sh Meee raw 3 
o.- Petiole striate, metathoracic teeth acute................. alaskensis Ashm. 


Petiole smooth, or with median line, metathoracic teeth not prominent 
tuberculatus Ashm. 


KEY TO THE NEW SPECIES OF Pezomachus HERE DESCRIBED. 


FEMALES. 

1. ‘‘Metathoracic’’ carina entirely absent; piceous species; length 4mm... 
P. utahensis 
“Metathoracic’’ carina indicated, either completely or only laterally.... 2 
Za Onipositon not more than nalias lone as\ the petiole. ......-...s......925- 3 
Ovipositor at least about the same length as the petiole.................. 4 

3. Antennze 19-jointed, abdominal pubescence dense; bicolored species 
fermucimoussand, blacks lengthy sro) latin. 52.0 .5.5.5-..962 -- P. brevistylus 

Antenne 17-jointed, abdominal pubescence sparse, piceous species, length 
TaGy saahaa Nerdy ess dis yee chan eicecl ats enc eens Mi eee ne eee P. minutus 
4, Ovipositor not much longer or shorter than the petiole................... 5 


Ovipositor 11% times as long as the petiole; length of species 5mm...... 
P. longistylus 
5. Abdominal pubescence rather long, moderately dense, antennz 17-jointed 


Miceous. species: length Zima ieee sect as ed ce see nena ne ets = P. robustus 
Se NOG Onna onbescence: SlOnte ie -etps tins tree + 1S boy ae nie ccs ee fete as Sskke 6 
Gay andonmnnualipulvescemcerdenser nace sae ae neni atc oe nes oe vee pi toe baw ae 7 
AindonamnallepubescenceiSparse.m versity ioaret se e 5s peste ees sche Seles eecyeneren 10 

7. Metathorax viewed from the side subconical, thorax fuscous, with black 
Dlctele crn lemet ab Agena sa apy ana ceased erie atten atan os oak P. maculatus 
INVetarbin@namett o tian ale princess eer preer Roseanne yu tee 292 fo onc saydyceleuers, cv ateu soars 8 


8. Petiolar spiracles so prominent that the general outline of the petiole is 
altered, sharply bi-colored species, head and abdominal apex black, 


A REM A UCe HeEV eC MONE Meera re mi teNy Berta ccrede Silexteya cad a Goat aot 5 P. coloradensis 
Penolarspiraclesnot at all) prommimenth. ...d.5... 2 dee a cis wee oe ele ws 9 
9. Meso- and meta-thorax sub-equaldrom above, densely pubescent. Black 
SPECIES ween caiimete same antler n eee ME ce eto rere nh daver dog eel e « P. longipes 
Mesothorax much shorter than ‘‘metathorax’’ the latter always with a 
mie Chicnamemo Opens teen. we a Nee he nse ahd swale P. standfordensis 
10. Petiolar spiracles so prominent that the general outline of the petiole is 
gillinsineGloc, BEBE ba o ob aso oy liceg coker Ole, Ord Ae eae tON OS Scena ceE etn em 11 


116 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V,. 


11. Spiracles on large thick conical projections; antenne 18-jointed, length of 


SPECIES ROtO CII dv 2, 2, 0h nee re ee ne eee P. spiraculus. 
Spiracles not exceptionally prominent; yellow-ferruginous species, with 
piceous bands on the abdomen; length 4.5 mm................ P. dispar. 


12. Small species, 2.6 mm., antenne 21-jointed, petiole very short and broad. 
P. pennsylvanicus. 


Manger species, 4mm" .on mores parcel e Aare ee eee eee ee ee 13 
13. Ferruginous with third and following abdominal segments piceous, in 
sharp contrast to the rest of the body; length 4 mm......... P. similis. 


Ferruginous with fourth and following abdominal segments piceous; third 
piceous at base, but broadly ferruginous at apex. Length 5 mm. P. nodosus. 


MALES. 

is .Wings-fullyaidevelopedige w:2'cee oe tease Sey Sel Gee eee ae ee 2 
Fore wings partially developed, hind wings absent....P. flavocinctus Ashm. 
Wings ab Semis ic vie as Ser Sec lege cat ice aie aa ep acta eas eel Re 4 
2), ‘Carinarroughlyssemuicirculany seer a cra ee ne Meee ene 3 
Carina sinuous, abdomen densely pubescent........ P. flavocinctus Ashm. 

3. Piceoferruginous species with the petiole and segments two and three 
TBE OUI Fo) cA etn Se one) oon HE Son rca pe en Tein P. similis 

Piceoferruginous species with well defined apical yellow bands on the 
petiolevandysecondsabdonunaliseamenitzee eae een eee P. dispar 
4. (Pubescencet demse ry okies ssscic eestate mie cole Rone eee Ie eco a en 5 
IPUBESCENCE SPaTSE= were any ere ares aera OCS eae Bee ee Oe 7 
om (Carina=complete;;SimOuUSter irs s2-ccwitereoen ryote te cea aneT One Oe a ee 6- 
Carina incomplete, antenne about 22-jointed.............. P. nigrofuscus 

6. Antenne about 29-jointed, fuscous species though abdominal segments 
often with narrow yellow apical bands.................. P. flavocinctus. 

Antenne about 27-jointed, head thorax and petiole ferruginous, remainder 
Of vabdomen black. - Gp caysetic: bonis Poe eee tote ee ee eee P. manni. 
7. Piceous black species with golden yellow legs.................... P. auripes 


Ferruginous species with a partially piceous abdomen.................. 
P. ottawaensis Harrington 


Sus GENus Micromeson. 


FEMALES. 
1. Clear ferruginous species with piceous abdominal bandings. Face some- 
what sunken between the eyes. Length 6-6.5 mm.......... P. annulatus 
2. Fuscous species with piceous abdominal bandings. Face level with the 
éyes, “length 6-65) <mmite eae oot eee ce ce P. lymensis 
oa. Pale honey yellow ‘species, lengthe4 ints a eae P. texanus Cress 


Thaumatotypus spinulatus, sp. nov. 


Female. Length4 mm. _ Piceous black with very stout fuscous legs 
and antenne. Entirely clothed with rather sparse, long outstanding 
hairs. Petiole very long. Ovipositor stout. 

Head from above transverse, this is due to its marked shallowness 
as it 1s but little wider than the thorax, rectangular, the margined vertex 
being slightly excavated; deep black and rather coarsely shagreened. 
Face rather long, greatly swollen below the antennz so that this portion 
projects beyond the eyes. Malar line indistinct, half as long as the 
width of the face at the lower corners of the eyes. Eyes small, about as 
long as the malar line, internal margins converging above. Clypeus 
transverse with a rather large deep fovea on either side. Mandibles 
testaceous, apparently bifid, teeth black. Antennz short and very 
stout, 16-jointed, as long as the head and thorax together, rather densely 
clothed with a short pubescence. 


1912] The Pezomachint of North America Thy 


Thorax short and broad. Mesonotum piceous, similarly shagreened 
to the head, somewhat gibbous and with an obsolete median furrow. 
No indication of a scutellum. ‘“‘Metathorax”’ black, strongly declivous 
posteriorly. Transverse carina incomplete medially but with the 
apophyses produced into extremely prominent projections, which gives 
the posterior face of the “‘metathorax’’ a concave appearance. There 
are two longitudinal carinze on either side. Surface rather coarsely 
shagreened and clothed with long white outstanding hairs. 


eS 


s 
\ 
0 


Ay / ie Xe all 
ee 


I} Q => 
// ) SS 


=a 


q see 


Fig. 1. Thaumatotypus spinulatus. 


Petiole very long and not much expanded, as long as the thorax, 
‘strongly aciculate and with but shghtly projecting spiracles. Remainder 
of abdomen elliptical, with the apex sharply pointed. Surface black, 
smooth and shining, with a sparse long pubescence. Second segment 
greatly enlarged, covering 34 of the length of the abdomen, the third 
segment covers most of the remainder. The apex of the fourth is all 
that is exposed of the remaining segments. There is an indefinite 
testaceous band near the apex of each segment. Viewed from the side 
the dorsal sclerites are seen to be much produced below the body of the 


118 Annals Entomological Society of America [Volk ¥: 


abdomen, and the free margins of the second segment meet on the ventral 
side of the abdomen. Ovipositor about as long as the third segment, 
sheaths stout, testaceous and densely pilose. Legs very stout but 
rather long. The swollen femora and tibiz are piceous black and 
are densely pubescent. The tarsi, which are quite normal in structure 
are of a more rufo-testaceous color. Ungues simple. 


Described from a single specimen taken at New Haven, 
Conn., by A. B. Champlain on the 20th of May, 1911. 

I am rather doubtful as to the genus in which this species 
should be placed as in Forsters description of Thaumatotypus he 
has “Scutellum distinct’. In this species, however, the 
scutellum is not indicated. 

As the generic description was drawn up on a single species 
and the present specimen agrees with it in all other particulars, 
notably in the much enlarged second abdominal segment, I 
have placed it provisionally here. 

Schmeideknecht places the genus in the Pezomachini and 
it is probable that he has seen the type so it may be that Forsters 
original description was not correct in this detail. 


Pezomachus utahensis sp. nov. 


Female. Length 4mm. Head thorax and abdomen shining black. 
Antenne and legs piceous. Metathorax strongly gibbous, without a 
carina. Petiolar spiracles rather prominent. 

Head, from above about twice as wide as thick along the median 
line, minutely punctulate, shining. Ocellar triangle small. Lateral 
ocelli nearer to the median ocellus than to the eye margins. Face 
entirely black, obtusely carinate medially from the insertion of the 
antenne to the base of the clypeus. Clypeus transverse, malar line 
obsolete, about half as long as the face is wide. Inner eye margins 
parallel and straight. Mandibles and palpi piceous. Antennz piceous 
above, lighter below, slender. 

horax uniformly and closely punctulate, shining. Prothorax 
rather large, closely connate with mesothorax, suture obsolete; testa- 
ceous on median line. Mesothorax rather larger than metathorax, 
scutellum indicated by a rounded though rather large and prominent 
tubercle. Tegular tubercles prominent and testaceous. ‘‘ Metathorax”’ 
strongly gibbous, posterior face abruptly declivous. Coxe _ black, 
remainder of legs piceous. 

Petiole rather short and broad, evenly widened from the base to the 
apex except for where the rather prominent spiracles cause a small 
tubercle. Closely punctured, and with an obsolete median furrow. 
Remainder of abdomen oval, about 21% times as wide as the thorax. 
Segments closely and evenly punctured, and with a sparse pubescence. 
Ovipositor about as long as the petiole, testaceous with fuscous sheaths. 


Observations. Described from a single specimen taken at 
Park City, Utah. Type in the National Museum. 


1912} The Pezomachini of North America 119 


Pezomachus brevistylus sp. nov. 


Female. Length 3.5 mm., ferruginous, with apical half of the 
abdomen piceous; short and robust with a much abbreviated ovipositor; 
entire body rather densely pubescent. 

Head from above ferruginous, finely shagreened and pubescent, 
about twice as wide as thick along the median line. Antenne short and 
stout, 19-jointed; scape and first few flagellar joints ferruginous, remain- 
der piceous, seventh and neighboring flagellar joints not quite twice as 
long as thick. Face below antennz somewhat swollen, subtuberculate, 
clypeus semi-circular, indefinitely separated basally; malar lines distinct, 
about 1-3 as long as the face is wide at the lower angles of the eyes. 
Mandibles yellowish. 

Thorax distinctly bi-nodose, ferruginous with a short rather dense 
pubescence. Scutellum hardly indicated, mesothoracic tegulae small 
but prominent; “‘metathoracic”’ carina poorly defined medially but 
prominent laterally. Legs ferruginous, hind legs infuscated at apex of 
the femora and over most of the tibie. 

Abdominal petiole short and broad, spiracles moderately prominent, 
surface ferruginous and shagreened; with a fine short pubescence; 
remainder of the abdomen short oval, second segment ferruginous, 
following segments piceous, surface punctulate, entirely clothed with a 
dense short pubescence. Ovipositor very short, about one-third the 
length of the short petiole; sheaths piceous. 


Observations. Described from a single specimen taken at 
Philadelphia. Closely related to P. ashmeadiw (Cremnodes 
californicus Ashm.), but readily distinguished by its color and 
more definite carina. Both of these species fall into a very 
distinctive group of Pezomachini the most distinctive characters 
of which are the shortened robust form of the body together 
with the much abbreviated ovipositor, and it is possible that 
these characters will be found to be of sub-generic value. 


Pezomachus minutus sp. nov. 


Female. Length 15 mm. Entirely piceous black, petiole short and 
broad at the apex. Ovipositor short. 

Head transverse, temples swollen, about 21% times as wide as thick 
along the median line. Surface polished though very finely punctured. 
Face below antennz more coarsely punctured and hairy, produced 
forward immediately below the insertion of the antennz, so that the 
latter are placed on a small horizontal ledge. Malar line distinct, about 
one-third the width of the face. Clypeus poorly defined, transverse. 
Mandibles and palpi piceous, concolorous with remainder of the face. 
Antennz sub-clavate, piceous, entirely pilose, 17-jointed, reach to apex 
of petiole. Seventh and neighboring flagellar joints about 114 times as 
long as wide. 


120 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


Thorax not distinctly bi-nodose; uniformly and finely punctured. 
Scutellum entirely absent. Tegular tubercles very prominent. ‘‘Meta- 
thorax”? as long as mesothorax, with a definite semi-circular carina, 
behind which it is abruptly truncate. Legs not stout, concolorous with 
the thorax. 

Petiole short, about 34 as broad as the apex is long; spiracles not 
prominent; finely and uniformly punctured. Remaining abdominal 
segments very shining, with-a sparse pubescence and a very fine punctu- 
lation. Ovipositor short about 1% the length of the petiole, luteus with 
dusky sheaths. 


Observations. Described from a single 9 taken at St 
Pauls Island. This species shows a relationship to P. ash- 
meadii and P. brevistylus in the shortened form and abbreviated 
ovipositor... Type in the National Museum. 


Pezomachus longistylus sp. nov. 


Female. Length 5 mm. head and thorax ferruginous; abdominal 
segments piceous basally, yellowish apically. . Ovipositor much elon- 
gate, about 11% times the length of the petiole. 

Head from above somewhat rectangular, the margined occiput but 
little excavated; surface shagreened and of a-deep ferruginous color. 
Antennz longer than the head and thorax together, 24-jointed, slender; 
seventh and neighboring flagellar joints almost twice as long as thick; 
scape somewhat yellowish, apical third of flagellum piceous. Face 
ferruginous, rather long, malar lines distinct, about one-third as long as 
the face is wide at the lower angles of the eyes. Clypeus not very dis- 
tinctly separated, mandibles yellowish with piceous teeth; labium 
prominent, yellow. 

Thorax bi-nodose, somewhat slender, its surface evenly shagreened; 
scutellum poorly defined; ‘“‘metathorax’’ somewhat gibbose, with a 
delicate complete transverse carina. Legs elongate ferruginous. 

Abdominal petiole with prominent spiracles; width at apex about 
three times that at the base; surface finely shagreened, base ferruginous, 
apex yellowish; remainder of abdomen oval with surface finely sha- 
greened and clothed with a-sparse pubescence, all segments piceous 
basally, second segment yellow apically. On the third and following 
segments the yellow is gradually replaced by ferruginous. Ovipositor 
much elongated, almost. 11% times the length of the petiole, sheaths 
piceous black. 


Observations. . Described from a single perfect specimen in 
the National Musetim. Habitat and time of capture. not 
noted. It somewhat resembles P. micarie Howard. 


~ Pezomachus: robustus ‘sp. nov. 


Female, length 2 2mm. A robust piceous species, with short, stout 
antennz and rather thick legs, ‘“‘metathoracic” carina present but 
indefinite. No spiracular tubercles on the petiole. 


1912] The Pezomachint of North America 121 


Head large, from above rectangular, about twice as wide as thick 
along the median line; surface rather coarsely shagreened. Face swollen 
below the insertion of the antenne, and of a lighter color than the 
vertex. Malar lines distinct, not quite half as long as the face is wide, 
between the lower angles of the eyes. Clypeus not very well defined 
basally, the free margin is almost semi-circular. The antennz are 
short and stout, composed of 17 joints, of which the seventh and 
neighboring flagellar joints are only slightly longer than wide. The basal 
half of the antenne is of a lighter brown colour than the head. 

Thorax distinctly bi-nodose, clothed with a sparse pubescence 
rather coarsely shagreened. The scutellum is absent. The ‘“meta- 
thoracic”’ carina is poorly defined especially medially. The legs are 
stout, not very long, and somewhat lighter in color than the thorax. 

The abdominal petiole is short and evenly widened from the base 
to the apex, which is squarely truncate. The spiracles are not prom- 
inent. The surface is somewhat aciculate and dotted with an out- 
standing pubescence. Remainder of abdomen ovoid, shining, with a 
rather long pubescence. Ovipositor about as long as the petiole, with 
dusky sheaths. 


Observations. Described from a single specimen taken at 
Tucson, Arizona, by H. G. Hubbard. 

This species is similar in general appearance to a small 
nigrellus (Ashm.) but can be at once distinguished by the more 
robust form and shorter antenne. 


Pezomachus maculatus sp. nov. 


Female. Length4 mm. _ Bicolored; ferruginous and black; head and 
abdomen, except petiole, black from above. Thorax mainly ferruginous, 
but with black blotches, especially on the pleuree. Legs piceous with 
lighter colored patches, “‘metathorax”’ abnormally gibbose, indefinitely 
carinate. Thorax and abdomen densely pubescent. 


Fig. 2. Pezomachus maculatus. 


Head from above coarsely shagreened; with small ocelli which are 
placed in a large equilateral triangle. The color is piceous black with 
flecks of dull ferruginous. Antenne long and slender, 20-jointed, apex 


122 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


piceous, base ferruginous, first three flagellar joints with basal and 
apical yellow bands. Face ferruginous, shagreened, transverse. Malar 
lines indistinct at eye ends, more prominent towards the clypeus, about 
one-third as long as the face is wide between the lower angles of the 
eyes. Mandibles rather yellowish, palpi piceous-black. 

Mesothorax robust, rather short; with a well defined median sulcus, 
and a small obsolete scutellar tubercle. The surface is rather coarsely 
shagreened, and clothed with a moderately dense pubescence. The 
prevailing color is ferruginous, but there is a definite pre-scutellar 
piceous spot on the mesonotum, and the pleurze have two piceous 
patches on both sides. The ‘“metathorax’’ is very strongly gibbose; 
sub-conical, when viewed laterally; the carina is poorly defined. The 
surface is rather coarsely shagreened and clothed with a moderately 
dense pubescence. Anterior to the carina the ‘“‘metathorax”’ is ferrugi- 
nous, but on the posterior and lateral faces it is piceous. The legs are 
long, and piceous, for the greater part, but mottled with dusky yellow, 
which color is most prominent at the bases of the joints. 

Abdominal petiole ferruginous, rather closely shagreened, and pu- 
bescent. The spiracles are prominent. Remainder of abdomen ovate 
deep black, and densely pubescent. Ovipositor long, 1 mm. sheaths 
piceous. 


Observations. Described from a single specimen taken at 
Point Loma San Diego, California, by P. Leonard. Type 
in the collection of the Bussey Institution, Harvard University. 

This is a very remarkable species which is readily distin- 
guished by its abnormally convex “‘metathorax’’ and curiously 
mottled legs. 


Pezomachus coloradensis sp. nov. 


Female. Length4mm. Ovipositor .75mm. Very distinctly bicol- 
ored species as follows: Head black, entire thorax, legs, petiole and 
second and third abdominal segments light ferruginous; remainder of 
abdomen black. 

Face ferruginous below the insertion of the antenne, and slightly so 
above, along the eye-margins. Mandibles yellow at the base, apical 
half ferruginous, teeth black. Palpi yellow. Antennze dusky above, 
rather more yellowish below, rather long and slender with seventh 
flagellar and neighboring segments about 11% times as long as wide. 
Head from above shagreened, slightly pilose, transverse, over twice as 
broad as thick along the median line. 

Thoracic nodes sub-equal. Mesothorax with a poorly defined 
median furrow, most distinct just before the slightly raised scutellar 
area. The ‘‘metathoracic’’ carina which is broadly hastate in form is 
poorly defined except laterally. The legs, especially the hind ones, are 
rather more dusky than the thorax. 

The petiole is about three times as wide at the apex as it is at the 
base, but does not widen much after the rather prominent spiracles, it is 


1912] The Pezomachint of North America 123 


somewhat constricted immediately behind these; the entire surface is 
finely and evenly punctured. The remainder of the abdomen is oval, 
finely and evenly punctured with a short but rather dense pubescence. 
Segments 2 and 3 are sub-equal in length and sharply contrasted in 
color with the remaining black segments. The ovipositor and sheaths 
are piceous. 


Observations. Described from a single 2 specimen taken 
in Colorado. Type in the National Museum. 


Pezomachus longipes sp. nov. 


Female. Length4.5mm. Piceous black, densely pubescent, species. 
Legs very long and slender. 

Head from above about twice as wide as thick along the median 
line, piceous, surface shagreened, not shining, ocelli very small. Antennz 
piceous throughout, slender but rather short, 23-jointed, the 7th and 
neighboring flagellar joints not quite twice as long as thick. Face 
below antennz somewhat swollen, piceo-ferruginous, clothed with a 
rather long pubescence, especially on the clypeus. Clypeal suture 
obsolete. Malar lines distinct, about half as long as the face is wide at 
the lower angles of the eyes. Cheeks not swollen. 

Thorax piceous black, uniformly shagreened, about three times as 
long as wide, nodes sub-equal. Mesothorax densely pubescent, tegule 
small but prominent, no indication of a scutellum. ‘‘Metathorax”’ 
more sparsely pubescent and more shining than the mesothorax. The 
carina is sinuous and poorly defined medially. Legs long and slender, 
the hind femora reaching almost to the apex of the abdomen, piceous 
black and clothed with a dense short pubescence. 

Petiole piceous black with an indefinite and variable ferruginous 
apical band, densely pubescent, evenly widened from the base to the 
apex, spiracles not prominent. Remainder of abdomen ovate, black, 
sub-shining though closely punctate and clothed with a dense short 
pubescence. Ovipositor and sheaths black, somewhat longer than 
the petiole. 


Observations. Described from two specimens taken at 
stanford University, California, by William M. Mann, Feb., 
1910, and Harold Morrison, Dec., 1910. This species resembles 
P. cockerelli Brues but is readily separated by the presence of 
the metathoracic carina. 

Type in the collection of the Bussey Institution, Harvard 
University. 


Pezomachus stanfordensis sp. nov. 


Female. Length 4mm. Shining black, antenne, legs, mesothorax 
and extreme apex of petiole usually lighter in color. Abdomen witha 
rather dense pubescence. ‘“‘Metathorax’”’ and usually mesothorax 
also, with an obsolete median furrow. 


124 Annals Entomological Society of America [ Vial. V5 


Head from above quadrate, temples somewhat narrower than the 
eyes, rather less than twice as broad as thick along the median line, 
surface dull black, finely shagreened. Ocelli small, lateral ones nearer to 
the median ocellus than to the eye margins. Antenne stout 19-jointed, 
the seventh and neighboring flagellar joints hardly longer than thick, 
color ferruginous to dusky with the apex piceous. Face below antennz 
short, with the distinct malar lines about a quarter as long as the face is 
wide at the lower angles of the eyes, mainly ferruginous but with a 
piceous spot on either side between the bases of the antennz and the 
malar line. Clypeal suture poorly defined. Mandibles ferruginous 
with piceous teeth. 

Thorax short and shining though finely shagreened and with a 
sparse pubescence. Mesothorax piceous, much shorter than the black 
‘““metathorax’’, usually with a poorly defined median furrow. Scutellum 
not indicated. ‘‘Metathorax’’ with a complete though not very 
prominent carina, and with a more definite median furrow than on the 
mesothorax. Legs not very long, rather densely pubescent, color 
variable from light dusky to piceous black, in the latter case the joints 
between the coxa and trochanter, and the trochanter and femora, are 
distinctly lighter than the remainder of the leg. 

Petiole piceous black, not very elongate, evenly expanded to the 
apex which is sometimes indefinitely ferruginous. Spiracular tubercles 
absent. Remainder of abdomen ovate, shining black, sometimes with 
apices of all segments slightly tinged with clear ferruginous, rather 
densely pubescent on the second and third, but more sparsely on the 
remaining segments. Ovipositor and sheaths piceous, about as long 
as the petiole. 

Observations. Described from two specimens taken by 
William M. Mann, at Stanford, Cal., on Nov. 23, 1909, and 
fan +5, VOLO. 

This species resembles Pezomachus obesus, Ashm. but 1s 
larger and stouter and has a very much shorter mesothorax. 

Type in the collection of the Bussey Institution, Harvard 
University. 


Pezomachus spiraculus sp. nov. 


Female. Length 2.6 mm. A small robust species, piceous black, 
except for the antennz, pro- and mesothorax, legs and petiole, which are 
dusky ferruginous. Petiolar spiracles abnormally prominent, placed on 
stout tubercles. ‘‘ Metathorax”’ carinate. 

Head from above not transverse, piceous and rather coarsely 
shagreened. Antenne 18-jointed, fuscous basally, piceous at the apex, 
short and stout, with the seventh and neighboring flagellar joints about 
one and a half times as long as thick. Face swollen below the insertion 
of the antenne, malar lines black, not quite half as long as the face is 
wide at the lower angles of the eyes, the inner margins of which diverge 
slightly below the insertion of the antenne. Clypeus normal. Man- 
dibles lighter in color than the rest of the face, with black teeth. 


1912} The Pezomachinit of North America 125 


Thorax robust, binodose, with the nodes 
subequal and similar. | Mesothorax fuscous 
somewhat gibbose, with no scutellum indicated. 
Its surface is coarsely punctulate. ‘Meta- 
thorax’”’ piceous, strongly gibbose, with the 
carina indistinct medially, but well defined 
laterally; it is sharply declivous behind the 
carina and this portion bears two longitudinal 
carina on each side. Surface dull and coarsely 
shagreened before the carina, but shining behind. 
The legs are stout and dusky. 


The petiole is dusky and very stout. It is 
flattened dorsally and is somewhat aciculate, 
laterally are two very prominent tubercles 
which bear the spiracles. The remainder of 
the abdomen is ovate, piceous black and shiny, 
with a sparse pubescence. Ovipositor ferru- 
ginous with piceous sheaths; about the same | 
length as the petiole. Fig. 3. P. spiraculus. 


Observations. Described from a single specimen taken at 
Round Knob, N. Carolina. 

This species is easily recognized by its abnormally large 
petiolar tubercles. Typein the National Museum. =: 


Pezomachus dispar sp. nov. 


Three specimens, 2 7 and 1 9 of undescribed species of 
Pezomachus were bred from a spider’s egg capsule taken at 
Twining, Maryland. The @ differed considerably in color from 
the & @ but this appeared to be an insufficient reason for dis- 
associating the sexes. It is proposed however to make the & 
the type of the species, placing the 9 provisionally with it till 
further evidence determines whether this is a valid correlation 
or not. 


Male. Length 5.5 mm., fully winged; slender, head, thorax and 
abdomen piceous except for a divided ferruginous spot on the anterior 
portion of the mesothorax and yellowish apical bands on the first three 
abdominal segments. Legs dusky yellow. 

Head from above transverse, piceous though more ferruginous round 
the eye margins; ocelli large, antennz long and slender, 27—29-jointed; 
yellowish at base, mainly dusky. Face below antennz ferruginous, 
malar lines distinct short, about + to 3 as long as the face is wide at the 
lower angles of the eyes. Mandibular teeth transparent, palpi dusky. : 

Mesothorax well developed, surface shagreened, rather coarsely on 
disc, more finely laterally; clothed with a short pubescence. Parapsidal 
furrows well defined anteriorly, the space between them is of a fer- 


126 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


ruginous color except for a narrow median piceous line; remainder of 
thorax piceous. Scutellum and wings well developed. ‘‘Metathorax”’ 
rather coarsely shagreened with a well defined semi-circular carina. 
Legs, including coxze dusky luteous. 

Abdominal petiole long and slender, but little expanded at the 
apex; spiracles prominent; piceous, with a definite yellow apical band. 
Remainder of abdomen slender, second segment with a broad apical 
yellow band, third segment with or without a definite apical band. 
Remaining segments entirely piceous and more shining. Surface sha- 
greened, with a rather long pubescence. Claspers small. 

Female. Length 4.5 mm. Yellow ferruginous except for narrow 
indefinite basal bands on the abdominal segments. 

Head from above somewhat transverse, ferruginous, but more 
yellowish round the eye margins. Antenne (broken) long and slender, 
the scape and first three flagellar segments are luteous. Face below 
antennz swollen medially. Malar lines distinct, about one-third as 
long as the face is wide at the lower angles of the eyes; mandibles 
yellowish with piceous teeth, palpi yellow. 

Thorax yellow ferruginous evenly shagreened, about 214 times as 
long as wide. Mesothorax with an obsolete median furrow and no indi- 
cation of a scutellum. ‘‘Metathorax’’ somewhat gibbose with a del- 
icate but complete carina, which is most definite laterally. Legs dusky 
luteous. 

Abdominal petiole with rather prominent spiracles, apex almost 
three times as wide as the base, surface finely shagreened, color fer- 
ruginous, more yellow at apex. Remainder of abdomen oval, segments 
piceous at the base merging through ferruginous to honey-yellow at 
the apex, clothed with a moderately sparse pubescence. Ovipositor 
elongate luteous, sheaths dusky at the apex. 

The @ is much like that of micarie How. but is lighter in color and 
has more prominent petiolar spiracles. 


Type of #, and 9 from which this description is drawn, in 
National Museum. 


Pezomachus pennsylvanicus sp. nov. 


Female. Length 2.5 mm. A small, slender, fuscous species, with 
a very short and broad petiole. Antenne rather long and slender. 
Ovipositor as long as the petiole. 

Head from above rather globose though the occiput is excavated. 
Surface coarsely rugose. Ocelli small.. Face rather broad, malar 
line distinct, about one-third as long as the face is wide. Antenne 
21-jointed; seventh and neighboring flagellar joints about 11% times as 
long as wide. Color fuscous throughout. Clypeus not very well defined. 
All mouth parts colored as the rest of the head, but mandibular teeth 
rather more piceous. 

Thorax uniformly fuscous, nodes sub-equal. Mesothoracic tegule 
prominent. No indication of a scutellum. ‘‘Metathoracic” carina 
poorly defined, but the somewhat gibbous metathorax is abruptly 
declivous behind its situation. Legs uniformly rufous brown. 


1912] The Pezomachint of North America 127 


Petiole rather yellow at the apex, short, about 114 times as long as 
broad at the apex. Base broad, but not half the width at the spiracle, 
beyond which the petiole widens but little. The spiracles are not very 
prominent. Remainder of the abdomen elongate oval, uniformly brown 
with a sparse short pubescence. Ovipositor as long as, or slightly longer 
than, the petiole. The surface of the abdomen, including the petiole, 
is shining and only shallowly shagreened. 


Observations. Described from a single bred specimen col- 
lected by Kirby and Champlain at N. Cumberland, Pa.,11-27-’09 


Pezomachus similis sp. nov. 


The female measures about 4 mm., stout, ferruginous except for 
apical half of the abdomen which is shining piceous. ‘‘ Metathoracic”’ 
carina indistinct, though apophyses are prominent. Abdominal 
pubescence sparse. 

The male measures about 5 mm. long and slender, fully winged in 
all specimens seen. The head thorax and legs ferruginous as in 9, but 
the petiole and at least the second and third abdominal segments are 
luteus, remaining segments piceous as in 2. Metathoracic carina dis- 
tinct, semi-circular. Abdominal pubescence rather dense. 

Female. Length 4—-4.5mm. Head from above ferruginous and finely 
shagreened; about twice as wide as thick along the median line. The 
margined occiput is not very deeply excavated. Ocelli small and rather 
far apart, the lateral ones are about as far from the median as from the 
eye margins. Antenne long and slender, entirely ferruginous, 25-jointed. 
Face rather transverse, malar line not very distinct, about one-third as 
long as the face is wide at the lower angles of the eye margins. Clypeus 
transverse, mandibles rather flavous at the base, with two shining 
rufous apical teeth. Palpi ferruginous. 

The thoracic nodes are sub-equal, the surfaces are shagreened and 
sparsely pubescent. Mesothorax with a distinct median groove. Scu- 
tellum indicated by a small rounded tubercle. ‘‘Metathorax’’ rather 
gibbose, the carina is poorly defined medially, but the apophyses are 
distinct and appear as two short horizontal lines. Legs long, dusky- 
ferruginous. 

Petiole and second abdominal segment ferruginous, the remaining 
segments are piceous. The entire surface is finely shagreened and 
shiny, with a sparse short pubescence. The petiole is about 31% times as 
broad at the apex as at the base. Spiracles sub-prominent. Ovipositor 
ferruginous. Sheaths piceous except at the base where they are yellowish. 

Male. Length 5mm. Head from above transverse, about 2% times 
as wide as thick along the median line. Ocelli very large. The occiput is 
not very deeply excavated. The antenne are slender and as long as the 
body, about 28-jointed. Face similar to that of the Q@ but the clypeus 
is deeper and therefore less transverse. 

Thorax entirely ferruginous. The mesothorax is well developed 
with distinct parapsidal grooves on its apical half, which slightly con- 
verge caudad. The surface is finely shagreened with a short, not very 


128 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


sparse pubescence. The scutellum is large. ‘‘Metathorax”’ rather 
small and flat with a well defined roughly semicircular carina, and 
rather prominent straight lateral carinze. Wings well developed. Legs 
long and slender, ferruginous. 

Abdomen elongate and slender. Petiole and segments 2 and 3 and 
sometimes part of segment 4 luteus; remainder piceous. Surface sha- 
greened, with rather a dense pubescence. Petiole long and slender, but 
little dilated at the apex which is only about 11% times as wide as the 
base, spiracles rather prominent. Genital claspers small. 


Types in the National Museum. 

Described from 4 2 and 5 @& bred from egg capsules of 
Algalena nevia taken at Twining, Maryland, issued Feb. 14 and 
15th. 

The females are much like those of P. flavocinctus Ashm. but 
have less pubescent abdomens and only 25 joints to the antenne. 


Pezomachus nodosus sp. nov. 


Female, length 5 mm. Color ferruginous with metathoracic disc, 
base of the third abdominal segment, the whole of the fourth and 
remaining segments piceous. ‘‘Metathoracic”’ carina complete, not 
prominent. 

Head from above about twice as wide as thick along the median 
line, surface finely shagreened, occiput rather deeply excavated. Ocelli 
small, lateral ones about equidistant from the median ocellus and the 
eye margins. Antenne long and slender, at least 21-jointed (broken) 
rather more dusky in color than the rest of the head. Seventh and 
neighboring flagellar joints about 21% times as long as wide. Face not 
transverse, cheeks rather swollen; malar line distinct, about one-third as 
long as the face is wide between lower angles of the eyes. Clypeal 
suture not very definite. Mandibles ferruginous with piceous teeth. 
Palpi long and ferruginous. 

Thorax rather coarsely shagreened, with a sparse pubescence. 
Mesothorax elongate, with a broad shallow median furrow and a vaguely 
defined scutellum. ‘‘Metathorax”’ gibbose, declivous both anteriorly 
and posteriorly, rather more piceous than the mesothorax on the disc. 
Carina complete but not very prominent. Legs long and rather fuscous. 

Petiole not very elongate, about three times as wide at the apex as 
at the base, spiracles sub-prominent. Remainder of abdomen ovate. 
Second segment rather yellow-ferruginous at apex, third piceous at 
base. The remaining segments and ovipositor sheaths are piceous. The 
entire surface of the abdomen is shining, obsoletely shagreened and 
with a sparse pubescence. 


Observations. Described from a single specimen taken at 
Lawrence, Kansas, by Hugo Kahl, on June 19th, 1896. It some- 
what resembles P. ottawaensis, Harrington in color and the form 
of the carina, but is much more binodose. 

Type in the National Museum. 


1912] The Pezomachini of North America 129 


Pezomachus flavocinctus Ash. 


2 Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 12, p. 421. 

o& The male of this species is polymorphic, the specimens seen 
however fall into two main categories, namely (1) winged (2) wingless, 
while a single specimen was found in which the mesothoracic wings 
were present, but much smaller than normal, while the metathoracic 
pair were entirely absent. 

There is very little uniformity in details in this species but in general 
appearance and color members of both categories are very similar. 

The most constant characters are: 


1. The antennz, which are long and slender, and always about 29-jointed. 

2. The general shape of the head, which is about twice as broad as thick along 
the median line, is finely shagreened and has a sparse pubescence. The 
ocelli however, are inconstant in size. 

3. The ‘‘metathoracic’’ carina. This is not very prominent but is always some- 
what as shown in the figure, though it may be less angular. 

4. The legs are all rather long and slender, with very small simple ungues. 

5. The abdomen is densely pubescent in all forms and is mainly fuscous in color. 
The petiole and following two or three segments may have dull yellow 
apical bands. 


The most inconstant characters are: 


1. Ocelli. These are usually large in winged forms and quite small in wingless 
forms, but this correlation is not entirely constant. 

2. Mesothorax. The development of this varies immensely with the presence or 
absence of wings. The “‘scutellum”’ also is very large in winged forms, but 
tuberculate in wingless forms. 

3. The petiole. The spiracles may be, and usually are, tuberculate, but in some 
specimens they are hardly if at all prominent. This is inno way correlated 
with the presence or absence of wings. 

4. The size of the individual. Winged forms are typically the larger and vary in 
length from 4.5-5 mm. Some specimens however, are much more slender 
than others. The wingless forms vary from 3.5 to 5 mm. in length. They 
are all slender, but some are more so than others. 


Typical winged form. 

Length 4.5mm. Fully winged. Color mainly fuscous, but abdom- 
inal segments may have narrow yellow apical bands. Pubescence short 
and dense especially on the abdomen. ; 

Head from above finely shagreened, about twice as wide as thick 
along the median line. Occiput not very deeply excavated. Ocelli 
usually very large, placed on a somewhat raised triangle. The lateral 
ocelli nearer to the median than to the eye margins. Antenne long 
and slender, about 29-jointed; apex piceous, in some specimens this 
color extends almost to the base. Seventh and neighboring flagellar 
segments about 214 times as long as broad. Face rather lighter in 
color than the vertex. Malar line distinct about 4 to 3 as long as the 
face is wide as the lower end of the parallel inner eye margins. Clypeus 
transverse with a distinct basal fovea separating it from the remainder 
of the face. Mandibles bidentate, concolorous with, or a little more 
yellow than, the remainder of the head.’ Teeth somewhat darker. 
The face may have a longitudinal median swelling running from the 
insertion of the antennz to the base of the clypeus, at which point it 
is widest. 


130 Annals Entomological Society of America  [Vol. V,. 


Mesothorax well developed and rounded, with more or less well 
defined parapsidal grooves. Surface finely and evenly shagreened and 
clothed in'a rather dense short pubescence. Color rather variable, 
mainly dark fuscous. The space between the parapsidal grooves may 
be of a somewhat lighter color than the lateral portions and there may 
be a distinct still lighter median line. Scutellum very large and well 
defined. Wing veins testaceous. The brown stigma has a very con- 
spicuous white basal spot which extends on to the costa. ‘‘Metathorax”’ 
with a distinct complete hind carina. Surface rather more coarsely 


Apterous 3 


3 with Vestigial Wings. 


Antenna. 


Types of Fetiole. Metat horacic 


Carma. 


Eig. 4. Pezomachus flavocinctus. 


1912]. The Pezomachini of North America 131 


shagreened than that of the mesothorax, especially behind the carina; 
pubescence more sparse, especially on the disc, but distinctly longer. 
Legs long and slender, rather lighter in color than the thorax. Fore and 
mid legs inclined to be testaceous. Petiole long and slender with rather 
prominent spiracles, behind which the sides are parallel. Remainder 
of abdomen slender, terminating with broad testaceous claspers. The 
color of the abdomen is variable, but is mainly fuscous; the petiole and 
following two or three segments may have dull yellow or whitish apical 
bands. The entire surface is closely punctulate and covered with a 
rather dense pubescence. 


Observations. Described from 22 specimens taken at Twin- 
ing, Maryland. 


Form with rudimentary wings. 

Head, ‘‘metathorax,”’ legs and abdomen as in winged form. Meso- 
thorax reduced in. size; with a much smaller scutellum. The poorly 
defined parapsidal grooves are widely separated anteriorly but meet at 
about the middle of the mesonotum continuing to the scutellum as a 
single median shallow groove. They thus resemble together the letter 
Y. Mesothoracic wings small, extending to about the middle of the 
second abdominal segment. They were much crumpled in the speci- 
men but the venation was apparently not very abnormal. The areolet 
was missing and there was an extra recurrent vein from the somewhat 
contorted stigma. The metathoracic wings were entirely missing. 

Observations. Described from a single specimen from Twin- 
ing, Maryland. This specimen was bred from an egg nest 
from which also emerged, one fully winged male, one apterous 
male and one female. 


Wingless form. 

Similar to winged forms except for the mesonotal structure. The 
ocelli also are always small. Mesonotum much narrower than the head, 
with a tuberculate scutellum. Parapsidal grooves, may be slightly 
separated anteriorly, usually only visible as a shallow posterior depres- 
sion. The surface of the mesonotum is pubescent as in the winged 
form. 

Observations. Described from about 30 specimens taken at 
Twining, Maryland, and from one taken at Cornell. 

On an average these are much smaller than the winged 
forms which would suggest that their apterous condition is in 
some way connected with an insufficiency of food. 

Both types of male were often bred from the same cocoon 
together with females which are much more constant in form 
than the males. 

Types in the National Museum. 


132 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


Paratypes (except brachypterous form) in the Bussey In- 
stitution, Harvard University. 

The breeding labels show that the majority of these hatched 
out during the latter part of February, March and the first half 
of April, extra notes were given on three labels as follows: 

1. ‘‘From egg capsule of Prosthesima sp. Twining City, Md. iss. Dec. 28th, 1897. 
A. Busck coll.’’ 
The pin bore two wingless males. 
2. ‘‘9 iss. Feb. 22, 1898, laid same date one egg unfertilized. From this the @ 
issued April 21, 1898. A. B.”’ 
The pin bore 1 9 and 1 fully winged &. 
3. ‘'® issued Feb. 11, 1898. Oviposited unfertilized; male from the eggs issued 
April 20, 1898. A. B.”’ 
The pin bore one 2 and one fully winged <. 

This appears to be the only case of dimorphism in @ Pezo- 
machini as yet noticed in this country, but there can be no 
doubt that this is perfectly valid, and it is probable that similar 
conditions will be found to exist in others of the species already 
described in one form, or in both forms under different names. 

The condition of small mesothoracic wings being present, 
while the metathoracic wings are entirely suppressed as found 
in the intermediate form, is almost unique in the Hymenoptera. 
As far as I am aware the only analagous case is seen in ants. 
Professor Wheeler (Ants, their Structure, Development and 
Behavior, pp. 99 and 102) described and figures abnormal ant 
workers and solders, which he terms Pterergates in which meso- 
thoracic wing rudiments have developed. In the Braconide, 
Chalcidoidea and Proctotrypoidea where forms with rudimen- 
tary wings are occasionally met with, and the mesothoracic 
wings are often reduced far more than in the species under con- 
sideration, it is always found that metathoracic wings are 
also present. 

A Hemiteles sp. (hyperparasite ?) was in several instances 
bred out from the same egg capsules as this species. 


Pezomachus manni sp. nov. 


Male. Length 4mm. Wingless. Head, thorax and petiole ferrug- 
inous, remainder of abdomen black. Antenne and legs piceous. 

Head from above dusky ferruginous, finely rugose and with a very 
sparse pubescence. The small lateral ocelli are a little nearer to the 
median ocellus than to the eye margins. Antennz piceous reaching to 
about the apex of the second abdominal segment, about 27-jointed, 
seventh and neighboring flagellar joints twice as long as thick. Face 
below antenne ferruginous, malar lines distinct, short, hardly more 
than 14 as long as the face is wide at the lower angles of the eyes. 
Clypeus transverse, truncate. Palpi dusky. 


1912] The Pezomachini of North America 133 


Thorax elongate and cylindrical, ferruginous, mesothorax and por- 
tion of ‘‘metathorax”’ behind the carina dusky ferruginous; surface 
shagreened, with a.very sparse pubescence. Wing rudiments white, 
scutellum tuberculate. ‘‘Metathoracic”’ carina complete but poorly 
defined, feebly sinuous. Legs elongate and fuscous basally, all tarsi 
mid- and hind-femora and tibiz piceous. 

Petiole but little expanded, elongate, ferruginous, finely shagreened 
and sparsely pubescent. Spiracles sub prominent. Apex about twice as 
wide as the base, and one-third the length of the petiole. Remainder of 
abdomen elongate, black, rather coarsely shagreened and with a 
moderately dense pubescence. Claspers small. 


Observations. Described from a single & specimen taken by 
Mr. William M. Mann from the nest of Formica subpolita 
Mayr. at Pacific Grove, California, June, 1909. 

This species much resembles P. macer Cress. but has much 
shorter antennz and the abdominal coloring is quite distinctive. 
From P. ottawensis Harr. it is distinguished by the much 
more elongate petiole, and differently colored abdomen. 


Pezomachus nigrofuscus sp. nov. 


Male. Length 4.5 mm. wingless, slender; head black, thorax and 
petiole fuscous; remainder of abdomen black with the exception of an 
apical yellow band on the second segment, moderately dense 
pubescence. 

Head from above black, finely rugose and with a moderately dense 
pubescence; the small lateral ocelli are as far from the median ocellus 
as from the eye margins. Antenne about 22-jointed, scape fuscous; 
flagellum piceous above, but with numerous small silvery longitudinal 
lines on each segment, which have the appearance of white hairs. Ven- 
trally the fifth to the ninth flagellar segments are somewhat fuscous. 
Face below the antennz somewhat swollen and lighter in color, malar 
lines distinct, short, hardly more than one-fourth as long as the face is 
wide at the lower angles of the eyes. Clypeus and cheeks piceous; 
mandibles yellowish with piceous teeth. 

Thorax long and cylindrical; entirely fuscous, ‘“‘metathorax’’ some- 
what darker than the mesothorax, and more sparsely pubescent. Wing 
rudiments large and white; scutellum tuberculate; ‘‘metathorax”’ 
rather coarsely shagreened, carina incomplete on median area but well 
defined laterally, fore and mid-legs entirely fuscous, hind femora and 
tibize more piceous. 

Petiole but little expanded, spiracles not very prominent, surface 
shagreened, with a sparse pubescence, color fuscous with an indefinite 
yellowish apical band. Remainder of abdomen slender, piceous black, 
except for a yellow apical band on the second segment, surface rather 
coarsely shagreened and with a moderately dense pubescence. Claspers 
small. 


134 Annals Entomological Society of America  [Vol. V, 


Observations. Described from a single & specimen taken at 
Philadelphia. Similar to P. urbanus, Brues, but smaller and 
distinguished by the dense abdominal pubescence. 

Type in the National Museum. 


Pezomachus auripes sp. nov. 


Male, length 3.5-4 mm., wingless. Shining black, with bright 
yellow legs. 

Head from above rectangular, not transverse; occiput but slightly 
excavated, ocelli small. Antenne about 21-jointed, piceous black, 
seventh and neighboring flagellar joints about twice as long as thick. 
Face shining black, closely and evenly shagreened, with a short whitish 
pubescence. Mandibles and palpi testaceous; malar line obsolete, about 
one-third as long as the face is wide. 

Thorax finely and evenly shagreened, with a moderately sparse 
short pubescence; scutellum well defined, flat dorsally; tegulz yellowish 
white. ‘‘Metathorax”’ with a well defined carina. Legs long and slen- 
der, bright yellow including the coxe. Tarsi rather more dusky. 
Abdominal petiole short, closely and finely shagreened, with an even 
sparse pubescence. Spiracular tubercles absent. Remainder of abdomen 
shining, finely shagreened, sparsely pubescent, elongate oval, terminating 
with two much enlarged piceous black claspers. 


Observations. Described from a single damaged specimen 
takenvat St. Pauls Island, Alaska, by 1. Kincaid (Harriman 
Expedition). 

This is a very pretty and distinctive species; it much resem- 
bles Ashmead’s description of P. obesus @ (Proc. Wash. Acad. 
‘Sci. Vol. 4, p. 192) drawn up from a female specimen taken in 
the same locality, and it seems probable that it will be found to 
be the male of this species. 

Type in the National Museum. 


Pezomachus ottawaensis Harrington. 


Female. Can. Ent. Vol. 28, p. 77. 

Male, 5 mm. long, wingless. Head and thorax dull ferruginous, 
-abdomen piceous with ferruginous petiole and similarly colored apical 
band on the second segment. 

Head rather large, from above somewhat quadrate, finely shagreened 
with a short sparse pubescence, uniformly ferruginous, about twice as 
wide as thick along the median line. Antenne long and slender, about 
25-jointed. Pedicel and first two or three flagellar joints ferruginous, 
remaining joints piceous black. Malar line indistinct, short, about 
one-third as long as the face is wide at the lower angles of the eyes, eye 
margins parallel. Clypeus well defined; mandibles rather more yellow- 
ish than remainder of head; teeth piceous. 


1912]: The Pezomachini of North America 135 


Thorax narrow, ferruginous, closely and evenly shagreened, sparse 
minute pubescence. Mesothorax rather strongly margined, with a 
broad shallow median furrow. Scutellum tuberculate. Tegule white. 
““Metathoracic”’ carina angular, (i. e., not semi-circular or sinuous) well 
-defined at the sides, but less distinct medially. Legs rather more dusky- 
ferruginous than the thorax, especially dark on the hind tibiz. 

Abdominal petiole short and broad, typically ferruginous, but 
-dusky in some specimens, as a rule without prominent spiracles, these 
however, may be placed on small projections, surface shagreened and 
‘sparsely pubescent. Remainder of abdomen narrow oval, piceous 
black except for a ferruginous apical band on the second segment; 
surface finely shagreened and with a sparse pubescence. Claspers 
piceous, rather small. 

Observations. Described from six specimens bred from spi- 
ders nests taken in Connecticut (Linn, New Haven and Ridge- 
field) and from three specimens bred from a single nest taken in 
Pennsylvania (N. Cumberland). 

Although these specimens were never actually bred out 
‘from the same nests as @ ottawensis (Harrington) they were 
bred from nests taken from the same places as nests yielding 
‘specimens of the named female, and owing to their striking 
similarity in color and petiolar form there can be no doubt that 
they represent the o& of this species. 

The specimens from which these were described have been 
-sent to the State Entomologist, New Haven, Connecticut. 

A winged specimen has been reported‘ as the male of this 
species but no complete description was drawn up. The only 
data given was in the specific tables where the following identi- 
fication characters were given, ‘‘Winged’”’. ‘‘Black with seg- 
ments two and three of abdomen yellowish’’. It would seem 
‘that this correlation was incorrect since such a male must be 
very unlike the 9. The origin of this report cannot, unfor- 
‘tunately, be traced. 


Pezomachus ashmeadii nom. nov. 
Cremnodes californicus Ashm. 


The female of this species, described by Ashmead as Crem- 
nodes californicus, Proc. Nat. Mus. Wash. Vol. XII, p. 420 (1889) 
‘is entirely wingless, and has no scutellum. Since Forster in his 
‘original description of the genus Cremnodes states ‘‘ Der 
Mitelleib mit Flugelrudimenten und abgesetztem Schildchen....’’ 
this species must be removed to the genus Pezomachus in which 
the specific name “‘californicus”’ is preoccupied. 


4C. T. Brues, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIX, pp. 120 and 121. 


136 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


Pezomachus bruesii nom. nov. 
Pezomachus obesus Brues. 

The specific name ‘‘obesus’’ proposed by Brues (Bull.. Wis. 
Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. VIII, No. 2, p. 68) for a Massachusetts 
species was preoccupied by Ashmead (Proc. Wash. Acad. Sct. 
Vol..IV, p. 193) for an Alaska species. 

A number of specimens of this species, taken at Twining, 
Maryland, were seen to vary from the typical form in that the 
whole body was of a ferruginous color with the exception of the 
apical half of the abdomen which was piceous black. 


46 ’ 


Pezomachus aciculatus nom. nov. 
Pezomachus foerstert Brues. 

The specific name ‘‘foersteri’’ proposed by Brues (Bull. Wis. 
Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. VIII, No. 2, p. 67) for a Texan species was 
preoccupied by Bridgeman (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 348) 
for a British species. 


Pezomachus ferruginosus nom. nov. 
Pezomachus insolens Brues. 

The specific name “‘insolens”’ proposed by Brues (Bull. Wis. 
Nat. Hist. Soc; Vol: ‘VIII, No. 2; p: 67) forsa) Washington 
species was preoccupied by Forster (Arch. f. Naturg. Vol. XVI, 
p. 130) for a Central European Species. 


Pezomachus cressonii nom. nov. 
Pezomachus gracilis Cress. 

The specific name ‘‘gracilis’’ proposed by Cresson (Can. 
Ent. Vol. 4, p. 63) for a Pennsylvania species was preoccupied 
by Forster (Arch. f. Naturg. Vol. XVI, p. 209) for a Central 
European Species. 


Pezomachus insularis nom.-nov. 
Theroscopus rufipes Ashm. 

The St. Paul Island, Alaska species described as Thero- 
scopus-rufipes by Ashmead (Wash. Acad. Sci. Vol. IV, p. 191 
1902) is wingless in both sexes and has not a true scutellum in 
the 9. It must therefore be transferred to Pezomachus where 
the specific name “rufipes’’ is preoccupied by Bridgeman 
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 157, 1883) for a British species. 


1912] The Pezomachini of North America 137 


Pezomachus americanus Ashm. 
Theroscopus americanus Ashm. 


This Virginian species described as Theroscopus americanus 
by Ashmead (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Vol. 23, p. 211) also belongs 
to the genus Pezomachus. 


Pezomachus kukakensis Ashm. 
Theroscopus kukakensis Ashm. 


This species, described by Ashmead with the preceding, 
from Kakak Bay must also be transferred to Pezomachus. 


Micromeson nov. Sub-genus of Pezomachus. 


Head large, wider than the thorax, but not very transverse. Antennz 
of 2 not very slender, longer and more slender in the &. Thorax sub- 
cylindrical. Prothorax greatly enlarged and swollen, larger than the 
much reduced mesothorax, the mesonotum of which only covers the 
median area of the basal half of the anterior thoracic node. Scutellum 
defined as a small indistinct tubercle in the 9, but more definite in 
the co. 

“Metathorax”’ strongly gibbous with no carina. Females apterous. 
Male apterous in only known species. 

Petiole very long and unusually slender, somewhat longer than the 
“metathorax,”’ with or without prominent spiracles. Ovipositor 
shorter than the petiole. 


There are three species belonging to this group: 


Pezomachus texanus (Cress.) Can. Ent. Vol. 4, p. 64. 
Se annulatus (sp. nov.) 
lymensis (sp. nov.) 


“ec 


They fall into a class so distinct from the other named Pezo- 
machi that they certainly deserve a separate subgeneric if not 
a new generic name. 

The most conspicuous characters are: 


1. The much reduced mesonotum, and correspondingly swollen prothorax. 
2. The elongated, slender petiole, associated with the uncarinated ‘‘metathorax’”’ 


Micromeson annulatum sp. nov. 


Female 6-6.5 mm. A large conspicuous species with head and 
thorax entirely clear ferruginous. The abdomen is of a somewhat 
darker ferruginous color and has a very conspicuous black basal band 
on the third segment, and a less distinct one on the second segment. 
Remaining segments with very narrow inconspicuous apical bands. 

Head from above shagreened, dull, not quite twice as wide and thick 
along the median line. Anterior, ot facial, border rather concave and 
sunken between the eyes. The margined occiput is but slightly excavated. 
Antennz 23-25 jointed, concolorous with the head, though rather more 


138 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


dusky apically; rather longer than head and thorax together, not slender, 
seventh and neighboring flagellar joints about twice as long as wide. 
Clypeus transverse with deep fovea on either side. Malar lines indis- 
tinct, cheeks rather swollen, closely and evenly punctured. Mandibles 
bifid with dark teeth. Palpi rufous and rather long. 

Thoracic nodes sub-equal, shining though finely 
punctured. The pro- and meso-thorax about the same 
length medially. Separated by a rather indistinct 
suture. Prothorax rather sharply constricted anteriorly 
to form a well defined neck. Mesothorax quite flat in 
front of scutellar suture. Secutellum indicated by an 
obsolete tubercle. ‘‘Metathorax”’ strongly gibbous, 
with no indication of a carina. Legs clear ferruginous, 
somewhat more dusky than the thorax. 

Abdominal petiole as long as the ‘‘metathorax”’, 
only slightly expanded at the apex, with rather promi- 
nent spiracles; concolorous with ground color of remain- 
ing segments. Closely and evenly shagreened. 
Remainder of abdomen oblong oval 2—2!% times as - 
wide as the thorax, ferruginous, closely and evenly 
shagreened, and with a very sparse minute pubescence; 
second segment with an indefinite piceous basal band, 
third segment with a very conspicous broad black basal 
band. Third and following segments with narrow 
black apical bands varying much in intensity. 

Ovipositor somewhat shorter than the petiole. 
Sheaths dusky at the base and black at the apex. 


Observations. Described from 8 specimens 
Fig. 5. taken at Twining, Maryland, in March and April, 
Micromeson This is evidently closely related to M. lymense 
annulatum. 5. nov. but is readily distinguished by the absence 
of median furrows on the meso- and “‘meta’’-thorax. 
Type in the National Museum. 
Paratype in the Bussey Institution, Harvard University. 


Micromeson lymense sp. nov. 


Female 6-6.5 mm. A large conspicuous species, with head and 
thorax entirely fuscous. Abdomen fuscous with a conspicuous black 
base band on the third segment, and a less well defined similar band on 
the second segment. Mesothorax and ‘“‘metathorax’”’ medially sulcate. 

Head from above shagreened, dull, with a very sparse pubescence; 
not quite as broad as thick along the median line. Anterior, or facial, 
border straight, level with the eyes, margined occiput but little exca- 
vated. Antenne about 24-jointed, concolorous with the head, rather 
longer than the head and thorax together. Seventh and neighboring 
flagellar segments about twice as long as broad. Clypeus transverse 


1912} The Pezomachini of Nerth America 139 


with a deep fovea on either side. Malar lines indistinct, cheeks rather 
swollen, closely and evenly punctured. Mandibles bifid with dark 
teeth. Palpi fuscous with apical joint piceous. 

Thoracic nodes sub-equal, rather coarsely punctulate; prothorax 
constricted anteriorly to form a neck, but not very markedly so. Meso- 
thorax rather shorter than the prothorax, from which it is separated by 
a well defined suture. Scutellum indicated by a small tubercle. ‘‘ Meta- 
thorax” strongly gibbous, with no indication of a carina but with a 
median shallow suture on anterior half. Legs rather more piceous 
than thorax. 

Abdominal petiole as long as the metathorax, only slightly expanded 
toward the apex, but with rather prominent spiracles, evenly shagreened 
and very sparsely pubescent. Remainder of abdomen oblong oval, 
2-214 times as wide as the thorax, dark fuscous, closely and evenly 
punctured, and with a short very sparse pubescence. Second segment 
with an indefinite piceous basal band. Third segment with a conspicuous 
broad black basal band. Remaining segments unbanded. Ovipositor 
somewhat shorter than the petiole, sheaths light at the base, black at 
the apex. 


Observations. Described from a single specimen hatched 
from a Drassid Egg Cocoon on May 7, 1911. Collected by 
A. B. Champlain, Lyme, Ct., April 30, 1911. bad 

This is evidently closely related to M. annulatum sp. nov. 
from which it can be readily distinguished by its darker color 
and sulcate thoracic nodes. 


NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS THAUMATOTYPUS, FORSTER. 


alaskensis Ashm. Q Cremnodes alaskensis Ashm. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. ALASKA. 
Vol. 28, p. 211. 
canadensis Harrington Q Cremnodes canadensis, Harrington. Can. Ent. Vol. QUEEN CHARLOTTE Ip. 
24, p. 213. 
spinulatus sp. nov. 2 CONNECTICUT. 
tuberculatus Ashm. Q Cremnodes tuberculatus Ashm. Trans. Am. Ent. CaALiIFoRrNIA, 


Soc. Vol. 23, p. 211. 


NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS PEZOLOCHUS, GRAV. 
bucculatrix Ashm. 2 Proc. Nat. Mus. Vol. 12, p. 421. WasHINGTON, D. C. 


NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS PEZOMACHUS, GRAV. 


aciculatus nom. nov. @Q PP. foersteri Brues. Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. TeExas. 
VIII, No. 2, p. 69. 
Can. Ent. Vol. 4, p. 64. ILLINOIS. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 12, p. 421. ALASKA, 
Theroscopus americanus Ashm. Trans. Am. Ent. VIRGINIA. 
Soc. Vol. 23, p. 211. 
Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. Vol. 29, p. 119. TEXAS. 
Cremnodes californicus Ashm. Proc. U. S. Nat. Cat., Coro., UTan. 
Mus. Vol. 12, p. 420. 


alternatus Cress. 
alaskensis Ashm. 
americanus Ashm. 


angularis Brues 
ashmeadii nom. nov. 


ALASKA. 
Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. Vol. 29, p. 119. TEXAS. 


auripes sp. nov. 
berkmani Brues 


OQ, 41010 QQ, +1040 


140 


bruesii nom. nov. 


brevistylus sp. nov. 
californicus Ashm. 
canadensis Cress. 
cockerelli Brues 


coloradensis sp. nov. 


compactus Cress. 
crassulus Brues 
cressonus nom, nov. 
delumbis Brues 
dispar sp. nov. 


ferruginosus nom. nov. 


fenestralis Brues 
flavocinctus Ashm. 


foveatus Brues 
gentilis Cress. 
habilis Brues 
insolitus Howard 
insularis nom. nov. 


keenii Harrington 
kukakensis Ashm. 


longipes sp. nov. 
longistylus sp. nov. 
macer Cress. 
maculatus sp. nov. 
maculicollis Brues 
manni sp. nov. 
meabilis Cress. 
micariae Harrington 
minimus Walsh 
minutus sp. nov. 
niger Prov. 
nigrellus Ashm. 
nigrofuscus sp. nov. 
nodosus sp. nov. 
obscurus Cress. 


ottawaensis Harrington 


obesus Ashm. 


pennsylvanicus sp. nov. 


pettitii Cress, 
robustus sp. nov. 
similis sp. nov. 
spiraculus sp. nov. 
sulcatus Prov. 


stanfordensis sp. nov. 


tantillus Cress. 
thripites Tay. 
unicolor Cress. 
urbanus Brues 
utahensis sp. nov. 
wheeleri Brues 


annulatum sp. nov. 
lymense sp. nov. 
texanum Cress. 


40 10 10 1010 10101040) 40 


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oS 


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coe 


Qy 
io NO 


QA 
40 40 16 19 00 N10 10 10 40 40 40 


i210 101010 810109, 4 


10404040 4910404040 


+0 +0 


ae 


Annals Entomological Society of America 


P. obesus Brues. Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. 
VIII, No. 2, p. 71. 


Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 12, p. 421. 
Can, Ent. Vol. 4, p. 62. 
Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. VIII, No. 2, p. 68. 


Can. Ent. Vol. 4, p. 63. 

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. Vol. 29, p. 119. 

P. gracilis Cress. Can. Ent. Vol. 4, p. 61. 

Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. VIII, No. 2, p. 75. 


P. insolens Brues. 
VIII, No. 2, p. 74. 

Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. VIII, No. 2, p. 67. 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 12, p. 421. 


Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. VIII, No. 2, p. 67. 

Can. Ent. Vol. 4, p. 61. 

Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. VIII, No. 2, p. 67. 

Bull. Dept. Agric. Wash. Sec. Ent. Vol. 5, p. 33. 

Theroscopus rufipes Ashm. Wash. Acad. Sci. Vol. 
4, p. 191. 

Can. Ent. Vol. 26, p. 214. : 

Theroscopus kukakensis Ashm. Wash. Acad. Sci. 
Vol. 4, p. 191. 


Can. Ent. Vol. 4, p. 64. 

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. Vol. 29, p. 119. 
Can. Ent. Vol. 4, p. 64. 

Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. Vol. 2, p. 294. 
Ins. Injur. Ill. p. 43. 

Addit. Faun. Can. Hymen. p. 362. 


Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. Vol. 4, p. 192. 


Can. Ent. Vol. 4, p. 62. 
Can. Ent. Vol. 28, p. 77. 
Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. Vol. 4, p. 192. 


Can. Ent. Vol. 4, p. 61. 


Addit. Faun. Cab. Hymen. p. 77. 

Can. Ent. Vol. 4, p. 62. 

Am. Agric. N. Y. (1860) p. 300. 

Can. Ent. Vol. 4, p. 64. 

Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. 8, No. 2, p. 67. 
Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. Vol. 29, p. 119. 


SUB GENUS MICROMESON. 


P. texanus Can. Ent. Vol. 4, p. 64. 


Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc, Vol. 


Mass., Pa., Conn., Mp. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 
CALIFORNIA. 
ONTARIO. 
FLORISSANT. 
COLORADO. 
ILLINOIs. 
TEXAS. 
PENNSYLVANIA. 
WASHINGTON. 
MARYLAND. 
Wasu., CAL. 


NEw JERSEY. 

Texas, Conn., Mpb., 
ING 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

COLUMBIA. 

St. Paut IsLAnp, 
ALASKA. 

CANADA. 

Kuxkak Bay, ALASKA. 


CALIFORNIA. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 
CALIFORNIA. 
MASSACHUSETTS. 
CALIFORNIA. 
ILLINOIS. 

Bor. AMER. PENN. 
ILLINOIS. 

ALASKA. 

CANADA. 


Pris. ISLAND, ALASKA. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 
KANSAS. 

N. J., Mass. 
PENN., CONN. 
ALASKA. 
PENNSYLVANIA. 
Ontario, MAss. * 
ARIZONA. 
MARYLAND. 
NortTH CAROLINA. 
CANADA. 
CALIFORNIA. 
ILLINOIS. 

New YorRK. 


Mass., Det., Itt., Mp. 


New York, CONN. 
UtaH. 
ILLINOIS. 


MARYLAND. 
CONNECTICUT. 
TEXAS. 


[Vol. V, 


NEW NORTH AMERICAN CHILOPODS AND DIPLOPODS. 


By RatpH.V. CHAMBERLIN, 
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 


CLASS CHILOPODA. 


Family LITHOBIID. 
Genus Arenobius Chamberlin. 


Arenobius coloradanus sp. nov. 


Dorsum from testaceous to dark brown and dull chestnut with the 
posterior plates and the first one usually not all darkened. Head 
mostly the same color as dorsum or very nearly so, or somewhat more 
reddish. Antennz concolorous with head, pale distad. Venter from 
yellow or testaceous to dark brown, the caudal plates usually a little 
darker. Prosternum and prehensorial feet of same color as head or 
nearly so. Legs of same color as adjacent portion of venter. 

Head widest at level of marginal interruptions; clearly wider than 
long (11: 10); caudal margin straight. Depressed or furrowed parallel 
with frontal suture a little cephalad of the latter, from this furrow a 
median longitudinal furrow extending toward anterior margin. Two, 
usually clearly impressed, longitudinal furrows on caudal region of head, 
one a little each side of the middle and the two united in front of the 
posterior margin by a transverse furrow. Smooth and shining. 

Dorsal plates all very finely or obscurely roughened, appearing 
smooth and shining to the naked eye; usually no furrows distinctly 
developed excepting the usual depression or furrow immediately within 
the caudal and lateral margins and on some the short transverse mark on 
each side near margin at about one-third length of plate from caudal 
margin. Posterior angles of ninth, eleventh and thirteenth dorsal 
plates strongly produced; posterior angles of other minor plates rounded 
or obliquely excised. 

Ventral plates all punctate and finely roughened; impressed with 
three longitudinal furrows of which the median is most distinct, the 
latter on some of the more posterior plates ending caudad in a deeper 
pit or depression about one-third the length of plate from caudal edge; 
mostly with a rather wide transverse depression or furrow caudad of 
middle of plate. Sometimes an additional longitudinal furrow showing 
on each side between the median and the lateral, the caudal end often 
curving mesad to unite with its mate at middle; this furrow often more 
or less united with the lateral one. The last several plates sometimes 
with furrows very obscure or practically absent. 

Antenne short or very short, reaching the sixth or seventh segment; 
articles 30 to 35, the second very long with those more distad much 
shorter, cylindric, subuniform or, more usually, with longer articles 
occurring singly at intervals among the shorter ones, in general decreas- 
ing in size distad. Hairs of medium length. 


141 


142 Annals Entomological Society of America PVole Vv, 


Eyes composed mostly of from 9 to 12 ocelli arranged in three 
series; e. g., 1+ 3, 3, 2, 14+ 4, 3, 8, 1+ 4, 4, 3,. The single ocellus 
much largest, subvertically elliptic or oval. 

Prosternum about 1.6 times wider than long. Teeth 2+2, small 
acute. Median incision wide and moderately deep, its sides concave. 
Spine on each side well ectad of outer tooth, much more slender than 
teeth but stouter at base than neighboring hairs, bristle like distad. 

Coxal pores circular, well separated; in number arranged as follows: 
3, 4, 4, 3; 3, 4,4, 4; 4, 5, 5, 5. 

Coxe of anal legs armed laterally and dorsally; other coxze seemingly 
O02 er ONON2e ie 


unarmed. Spines of first legs 5 0.0,1.2,1 % 0.0.1.3, 1° of the second 
0;0,-2;2, 1 0, 0, 3, 2, 2 ORO; Size 
and third 5 0.2.3, 17 of the fourth 0,0,2,3,1° occasionally, 0,0,2,3, 1° 
of the ae 0,0, 3,2, 2, of the sixth to the eleventh ae of the 
OOF Sal? : 0305) 25:3; 
OedwsN2 Op 0, 0 Ne 
twelfth and thirteenth, 0,0,3,3, 2° of the penult, 0.1.3.3, the 
2h 
female, or 7 * =: Si in the adult male, each having claw armed with two 
an IONS 2m 


accessory claws; of anal the dorsal spine of tibia and also 


70) des Si Ue 
outer one of femur readily lost so that spining may appear thus, 
1, 0, 3, 2(1) 0 
OM Soya 
the female the anal legs are short and very slender, decreasing gradually 
in diameter from the femur distad, the tibia being intermediate in 
diameter between femur and first tarsal article as the latter is between 
tibia and second tarsal article; tibia rather weakly longitudinally fur- 
rowed along dorsal surface. Penult legs similar to anal except for 
smaller size. In the male the anal legs are also rather slender but the 
tibia is crassate, being fully as thick as the femur and being widest at 
distal end and abruptly thicker than the first tarsal joint, its dorsal 
surface shallowly depressed, a longitudinal dorsal furrow also present 
on femur and prefemur, that of the latter less distinct. Penult legs of 
male also slender, with joints dorsally longitudinally furrowed; the 
tibia obliquely excised at dorso-caudal corner of distal end and bearing 
at this place a small, flattened lobe or crest which is transverse to the 
axis of the joint, this lobe bearing a few short hairs but nothing like the 
brush in manegitus. 

Gonopods of male relatively wide, flattened, truncate distad; bear- 
ing mostly 4-6 bristles in a transverse row along distal edge of ven- 
tral side. 

Gonopods of female with claw entire, long and stout, acutely 
pointed, considerably curved, darkened distad. Basal spines 2 + 2, 
subequal or with the inner in some individuals considerably shorter, 
stout; in ventral view acutely conical in outline. Articles, especially 
the second and third, glabrous or nearly so on ventral and mesal sur- 
faces, but clothed with a moderate number of bristles on ectal and 
dorsal surfaces. 


, two accessory claws present as in the penult pair. In 


1912] Chilopods and Diplopods 143 


Body rather slender being about 7.5 times as long as width of tenth 
plate; conspicuously attenuated cephalad from eighth plate, with the 
first plate much narrower than the third. Width of head, first, third, 
eight and tenth dorsal plates to each other as 40, 33, 37, 47 and 47, the 
eight and tenth plates being equal and manifestly considerably wider 
than the head. 

Length from 12 to15mm. A male 13 mm. has antenne 5 mm. long 
and anal legs exclusive of coxa, circa 4.8 or 5 mm. long, with the tenth 
plate about 1.7 mm. wide. 


Locality: Manitou, Colorado (author, Aug., 1910). 


Arenobius sontus sp. nov. 


Brown to deep mahogany. Head in some degree darker than 
dorsum. Antenne chestnut, paler distad. Prosternum brown to 
mahogany, paler than head. Venter testaceous to deep brown, the 
caudal plates darkest. Legs testaceous to brown, the posterior pairs 
darker with their tarsi usually paler. 

Head and first dorsal plate smooth and shining; other dorsal plates 
rugose, the more caudal ones more strongly roughened than the anterior 
ones. 

Antenne of moderate length, reaching the seventh segment. Com- 
posed of from 40 to 50 articles which beyond the first ones become 
short, often showing an alternation of a very short article with longer 
“ones in groups between. 

Eyes composed of mostly 9 to 12 ocelli arranged in three series; 
thus, 1-+3, 4, 2. 

Prosternal teeth 2+2, the two fused at base in a dental plate, the 
inner larger than the outer and both much stouter than the ectal spines 
which, nevertheless, is stout and tooth-like and not at all bristle- 
tipped. 

Coxal pores circular decreasing markedly in size proximad, the 
most distal being large; in number and arrangement, 5, 5, 5, 4; 5, 5, 5, 5,; 


6:76, 6;.5,etc: None of the posterior coxee armed laterally. Spines 
of first legs, ; 3 ' z : or 4 a: ; ; of second eet of third to 
sixth, aa a of seventh and eighth, SEE of ninth and tenth, 
Nog 5: ; : = of eleventh, ee 3 ; ; 2 of twelfth, ea : : 5 s of penult, 
ee ra s~O anal, nea 5 - with two claws, the penult hav- 


ing three. As noted in the formule, the dorsal spine of the posterior 
coxe is frequently replaced by two situated close together. The anal 
legs of the male slender, the tarsal joints especially slender; tibia bear- 
ing near distal end of its mesal surface toward dorsal side a small, 
flattened, subtriangular lobe or crest the long axis of which is parallel to 
that of the joint and its higher end caudad, its mesal or long edge 
somewhat convexly curving. Penult legs slender bearing no special lobes 

Gonopods of male rather large and broad, conspicuously exposed; 
distally rounded, bearing about ten or twelve long bristles. 


144 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


Gonopods of female with claws very long and stout, moderately 
curved. First article excavated on mesal side toward base as usual, 
this side strongly chitinized as usual. Basal spines 2+2, large and 
stout, well separated, the outer larger than the inner on each side. 

Gradually and considerably attenuated cephalad, the first plate 
narrowest as usual. 

Length from 22 to 30 mm. A male 26 mm. long has antenne 11 
mm. long and anal legs as 9.5 mm. long with its tenth plate as 3.1 mm. 
wide. 

Locality: Mexico (Guadalajara and Tuxpan). 


Genus Guambius gen. nov. 


Type—lLaithobius euthus Chamberlin. 
Other known species belonging to this genus are pinguis Bollman, 
curtior Chamberlin and mississippiensis sp. n. described below. 


Guambius mississippiensis sp. nov. 


Dorsum dilute chestnut, with the caudal plates and a median longi- 
tudinal line somewhat darker. Head and antenne dark chestnut, the 
latter paler distad. Venter testaceous, darker brown caudad. Pros- 
ternum and prehensorial feet nearly the same as head. Legs testaceous, 
the caudal pairs a little darker. 

Head slightly wider than long (36: 35 or 34.5); widest at marginal 
interruptions, between which and the eyes the diameter is nearly 
uniform, the sides caudad of this convex and strongly converging; the 
median portion of caudal margin straight. Rather strongly trans- 
versely furrowed or depressed immediately in front of caudal marginal 
thickening, the furrow extending entirely across head and continuous 
with caudal ends of a wide longitudinal furrow extending cephalad 
dorsal of level of eyes on each side. A short transverse sulcus a little 
cephalad of and parallel with median part of frontal suture, a median 
longitudinal suclus extending forward from this transverse one and 
showing or passing through a deeper pit-like impression at middle of 
length. Smooth and shining, or only very obscurely uneven. 

Dorsal plates finely roughened. Major plates, excepting the 
seventh, showing distinctly the short transverse submarginal sulcus on 
each side about beginning of caudal third of plate, the seventh plate 
showing a similar sulcus near each caudal corner and one near each 
anterior corner as well. Most of the major plates marked with two 
distinct longitudinal sulci which diverge more or less from near the 
caudal margin cephalad, these sulci in some distinct only cephalad of 
the submarginal transverse marks. Posterior angles of eleventh and 
thirteenth plates a little produced, those of others rounded or obliquely 
excised. 

Most ventral plates with a rather deep longitudinal furrow toward 
each side but mesad of a weaker submarginal furrow also present. The 
usual median longitudinal furrow with also the transverse depression 
cephalad of caudal margin also more or less evident. 


1912] Chilopods and Diplopods 145 


Antenne very short, reaching to or nearly to the sixth segment; 
articles 25, of which the second is longest, those immediately following 
not abruptly shorter but only very gradually decreasing in size distad. 

Eyes about 11 to 14 in number, arranged in four series; thus, 1+ 5, 
4, 3, 1 and 1+ 4, 3, 2, 1. The single ocellus much the largest, sub- 
vertically elliptic or oval. 

Prosternum 1.5 times wider than long or slightly more. Teeth 2+2, 
subequal, acute, with line of apices manifestly recurved. Median inci- 
sion rather wide and deep with its sides concave. Ectal spines much 
more slender than the teeth, bristle-like distad, acute. 

Coxal pores: circular, of moderate size; in number, in type specimen, 
3, 4. 4. 3. 


No spines of posterior coxee evident. Spines of first legs 


Tg ae 
ORO Zyl SNe ce OnON I 2 a2 
0,0, 1,2, 1% third, 0,0, 1, 1 OT 9-97-37) OF fifth and sixth, 


fe 00) 1,.2..2) 0,0, 2, 2, 2. 
; of seventh, 0,0,2,2, 9° eighth to tenth, 9-9 2,2, 2° 


OOM 3. 2’ 
0,-0, 2, 2, 2 OnOr 22 seae 0, 0, 3, 2, 2. 
0,0,2,2,2° 0.0,2,3, 9° of twelfth, 0.0.2.2, 2° of thirteenth 


0, 0, 3, 1(2), 0G) 
0, 1,.3,3, 1 


claws in type broken off. The anal legs of male strongly 


Oe Oty Ay, 


of second 


eleventh, 
OMG 22. 
, ; 2 On oe 
, armed with two claws; of the anal 


of the penult, 
ONON S25, 
OPySsy oe? 
crassate, the prefemur particularly elevated dorsally; femur conspicu- 
ously excavated dorsally, the excavation extending from end to end as. 
a broad and rather deep furrow; the tibia much less swollen than the 
femur, complanate or shallowly furrowed longitudinally on dorsal 
surface; hairs short and straight, more numerous on dorsal surface of all 
joint but nowhere dense or forming bunches; articles not laterally 
furrowed. Penult legs crassate in about same degree as the anal but 
the tibia relatively larger; distal end of tibia obliquely excised at dorso- 
caudal corner and bearing there a triangular plate or keel-like lobe 
which lies longitudinally with the elevated end caudad; prefemur, 
femur and tibia longitudinally furrowed above, but the furrow of femur 
scarcely more developed than that of the other articles and this article 
not otherwise especially modified; none of articles bearing bunches of 
hair, the latter being everywhere sparse; tarsal joints abruptly more 
slender. 

Gonopods of male wide, truncate distad, flattened in an ecto- 
ventral dorso-mesal direction; bearing a few short bristles in a row 
along distal edge of ventral side. 

Body strongly narrowed from eight plate forward to the first which 
is clearly narrower than the third; the eighth and tenth plates of equal 
width and much wider than the head, the latter in type being even 
slightly narrower than the third plate. Body about 714 times longer 
than width of tenth plate. 

Length of type (a male) 12.5 mm.; of antenne 5 mm.; width of 
tenth plate 1.7mm. Width of head, first, third, eighth, and tenth plates 
to each other about as 18, 17, 19, 24 and 24. 


146 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


Locality: Byram, Mississippi (author, July, 1910). 

In ANNALS ENT. Soc. AMERICA, 1911, p. 48 the type of the 
species was referred tentatively to A. aedipes Bollman, but 
study of the type of the latter shows it to be clearly distinct. 


Genus Gosibius Chamberlin. 
Gosibius monicus sp. nov. 


Dorsum brown, with a darker median longitudinal stripe which 
shows a marked tendency to spread laterally at the caudal end of each 
plate and often reaches the lateral margins across the caudal border. 
Head ferruginous; the median longitudinal stripe of dorsum continuing 
forward upon the head as far as a little caudad of the frontal suture 
where it ends abruptly at a pale transverse band. Antenne ferruginous. 
Prosternum and prehensorial feet pale ferruginous. Venter yellow or 
testaceous, the caudal segments darker, more reddish or ferruginous. 
Legs yellow or testaceous like the venter, nearly uniform, or the caudal 
pairs slightly darker dorsally. 

Head subcordate, wider than long in about ratio 47: 45. Caudal 
margin mesally gently incurved; sides conspicuously converging from the 
lateral interruptions caudad about the rounded corners. A median 
longitudinal sulcus extending forward from frontal suture to a trans- 
verse depression between the antenna, narrow and not very deep. A 
short, deep, transverse sulcus a little in front of median portion of caudal 
margin, the same being more weakly indicated farther laterad on each 
side. Smooth and shining, not punctate or roughened. 

First dorsal plate smooth and shining like the head, or very ob- 
scurely roughened. Other dorsal plates more or less roughened, the 
more caudal ones most strongly so. Major plates with the short 
transverse sulcus adjacent to each lateral margin at about one-third 
its length from caudal end, the seventh having in addition a similar 
sulcus near the middle of length. A median longitudinal furrow on 
each side between middle and lateral margin which may be indistinct, 
especially on caudal portion of plate; this furrow at about beginning of 
middle third of length sending off a more clearly impressed branch 
directly mesad which may be united with the corresponding furrow 
from the other side; often a short sulcus running from near anterior 
margin obliquely ecto-caudad toward point of origin of this transverse 
furrow. 

Ventral plates apparently smooth and shining; the usual three 
longitudinal impressions indicated in varying degrees of distinctness. 
On several of the caudal plates the median furrow may end caudad in a 
deeper, pit-like and somewhat transverse, depression a little in front of 
caudal margin of plate. 

Antenne long. In types tips are broken off so that full number of 
articles can not be ascertained; but the number present indicates that 
the full number is somewhere above 29. 

Eyes in types from 15 to 17 in number, arranged in four series; 
thus, 1+4 (5), 4, 4, 2: 1+4, 4, 4 (3), 4. 


1912] Chilopods and Diplopods 147 


Prosternal teeth 2+2, stout, conical, much closer together than in 
paucidens and also larger, but the proportion of anterior margin occu- 
pied larger than in that species. Ectal spines long and distally drawn 
out into slender, bristle-like, acute tip; the tubercles contiguous with 
outer tooth and not well removed from it as in paucidens. 

Coxal pores circular, rather small; 4, 3, 3, 3, in the types. 

Last four pairs of coxe laterally armed. Spines of first legs, 


et of second, eet of the third and fourth, aoa RS of 
eo ee ainath, ee of the tenth, ah - 5: >. of the eleventh, 
aaa 3! of the twelfth and thirteenth, 10.5.2 = of the penult, 
: 7 : ; : armed with two (3?) claws; of the anal, ‘ ‘. ; mo 


armed with two claws. Anal legs in the female short and moderately 
slender, the dorsal surface of femur and tibia distinctly longitudinally 
furrowed, the same articles of penult legs similarly but less strongly 
furrowed. 

Gonopods of female with the claw long and acute, strongly curved 
and chitinized. Proximal article excavated at base on mesal side, 
leaving a conspicuous lobe at distal end which projects mesad and meets 
the corresponding lobe of other gonopod; the caudal and mesal sides of 
this articles strongly chitinized as usual. Basal spines 2+2, stout, the 
inner smaller than the outer. Median process of sternite first clavately 
- widening caudad, and then attenuated to a slender acute point. 

Length of types 14 to 15 mm. A specimen (female) 14 mm. long 
has anal legs 5.8 mm. long and the tenth dorsal plate 2 mm. wide, the 
body being thus seven times as long as the width of this plate. The 
body moderately narrowed cephalad and the first’plate slightly narrower 
than the third whereas it is wider in paucidens. The widths of head 
and first, third, eighth and tenth dorsal plates to each other about as 
53, 47, 48, 57, and 57. 


Locality: Santa Monica, California (author, June, 1909). 


Genus Lithobius Leach. 


Lithobius devorans sp. nov. 


Dorsum from brown to chestnut and, in largest individuals in full 
color, almost mahogany. In lighter individuals the head is chestnut 
and clearly darker than the dorsal plates excepting the first in some in 
which it may approach the same color; in the more deeply colored 
individuals the head is deep chestnut or mahogany of scarcely deeper 
shade than that of dorsal plates. Antenne chestnut, usually paler at 
very tips only. Prosternum chestnut, the prehensorial feet more 
rufous. Venter fulvous to brown, the caudal plates always darker and 
either reddish or very deep brown. Legs colored like contiguous 
portion of venter, the caudal pairs being thus always darker. 

Head slightly wider than long (72: 70). Caudal margin straight or 
nearly so; posterior corners conspicuously and widely rounded, the 


148 Annals Entomological Society of America [Volkov 


sides immediately in front of them but little excurved, diverging for- 
ward to the lateral interruptions which are distinct. The short curved. 
transverse submarginal sulcus opposite interruption of each side evident. 
The usual semi-circular impression on caudal portion clearly marked. 
There is also present a transverse sulcus immediately caudal of and 
subparallel with frontal suture, the sulcus being most distinct at the 
sides. Surface sparsely punctate and moderately uneven. 

Posterior dorsal plates conspicuously roughened; the anterior ones. 
less strongly so and the first uneven only in about same degree as head. 
The short transverse sulci most distinctly impressed on the more caudal 
plates, mostly weak on the anterior ones. Caudal plates with short 
hairs more numerous than on the anterior. Posterior angles of the 
seventh, ninth, eleventh and thirteenth dorsal plates strongly produced ;. 
processes of ninth, eleventh and thirteenth long and acute, those of the 
seventh obtusely rounded, the inner or mesal edges being convex and 
long with its ectal or distal portion nearly transverse. 

Anal segment in the male densely clothed above with rather long 
hairs, most of which are curved or uncinate at tips, this being a very 
characteristic feature of the species. In the female the dorsal hairs of 
this segment are sparse and straight. 

The three longitudinal sulci of ventral plates distinct, being on most. 
broadly and deeply impressed to a little in front of caudal margin. Last 
plate more densely clothed with short hairs. Sternite of genital segment 
also densely clothed with hairs especially in the male. 

Antenne reaching the beginning of the eighth segment; attenuated,. 
very slender distally. Composed of mostly from 32 to 35 articles. 
which, distad of the first few, are rather short, considerably shorter 
ones occurring at intervals among longer ones as in related species. 

Eyes composed of from 28 to 42, but mostly from 30 to 36, ocelli 
which are arranged. o from 5 to § series; e. g., 1+3, 4, 6, 6,6; 57 1-63) 4, 
6, 6, 6, 6, 3; 1+6, 5, 6, 5, 4, 4, 4; 1+6 5, 6, 5, 5. Single ocellus moder- 
ately large, oval. all aaa ocelli deeply pigmented excepting those: 
of first row which are commonly paler as in related species. Of seriate 
ocelli the caudal ones of first row are clearly the largest. 

Prosternum about 1.7 times wider than long. Distance between 
chitinous spots 1.8 times the width at level of bottom of mesal incision, 
and 2°5 to 2.7 times as great as length of dental line, the variation 
depending on number of teeth. Teeth 5+5 or 6+6, or occasionally 
5+6; distally narrowly rounded. The prosternal spine situated 
immediately ectad of outer tooth as usual, slender and bristle like, and 
curved as in voracior. 

In larger specimens the coxal pores are very large and strongly 
transverse, while in the smaller axults the form may approach that of 
the pseudomaturus stage, being transversely elliptic and with those at 
ends of rows often subcircular. In number and arrangement from 
6, 6, 6, 5 to 8, 8, 8, 7, other arrangement noted being 6, 7, 7, 6, to 7, 7, 7, 5, 
and. (8. on Ge 


1912] Chilopods and Diplopods 149 


Last three pairs of coxe laterally armed. Spines of first legs, 


0; 0).35:2;. 1 0, 0, 3, 2, 1 OURS Pee 702 01 3) 2 2 
maoeegama O29, 9 gy ganna go, a, 2 0, 0, 3,2, 2 


ere aa ney ee een Ae fhe: cinth to: the 


0,053,392" 
0, 0, 3, 2, 2. 
6 0, 0, 3, 3, 2” of the twelfth, 


IE ey dis) 1h 

Same; of the penult, 0, 1, 3, 3, 2’ or 0, 1, 3, 3, 2 
spine of the fourth joint in the latter case being mostly very small, 
claws two or three, in latter case the anterior accessory being very 
IFO St 0 
iO MRIEY Sota 

The anal legs in the male are short. Fourth article considerably 
thickened, more so than in voracior; dorsal or dorso-mesal surface con- 
spicuously bowed ventrad or depressed over middle and posterior 
portion, or the depression often almost strictly mesal, longitudinally 
furrowed along depressed surface; also longitudinally furrowed along 
dorsal surface toward ectal edge of latter. Third and fourth articles 
rather deeply sulcate longitudinally on ventral surface. Tibia longi- 
tudinally furrowed dorsally. Tarsal joints not clearly sulcate mesally. 
Penult legs very similar to anal but the fourth article but slightly 
enlarged and not at all excavated meso- or caudo-dorsally, though the 
dorsal longitudinal furrow is conspicuous. 

The single article composing the gonopod of male well exposed; 
directed caudo-ectad; sides nearly parallel; distally subtruncate; 
bearing mostly about four bristles. In the gonopods of the female the 
claw is comparatively short; strongly bent; tripartite, the three lobes 
distinct, the median being considerably larger much as in vorax but not 
so greatly exceeding the lateral as in mordax, etc. Basal spines stout 
and moderately long; mostly uniformly attenuated from base to apex. 
Mesal side of first article straight, diverging cephalad from mesal 
side of fellow but little. 

Body appearing to vary considerably in relative width, the length 
being mostly as much as eight times longer than width of tenth plate, 
but in some falling a little below this (7.75) and in others as much as 8.4 
times longer. Moderately attenuated cephalad from eighth plate, 
with the first plate a very little wider than the third and usually a little 
narrower than the head, occasionally as wide as latter; the average 
ratio of widths of head, first and tenth plates is 30: 29:35. In one male 
the widths of head and first, se eighth, tenth and twelfth dorsal 
plates stand to each other as 72, 72, 70, 78, 78, and 72. 

Length from 18 to26mm. A male 25 mm. long has antennz about 
12.5 mm. long, anal legs 8.5-9 mm. long and the tenth dorsal plate 
2.9 mm. wide. 


Locality: Jackson, Alabama (author, 1910). 

This species is very close to the next, L. voracior. Usually 
both sexes of fully grown specimens of these species are to be 
distinguished quite readily by the form of the coxal pores 


eleventh 


the anterior or ectal dorsal 


small; of anal the claw single. 


150 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


these in voracior being circular or broadly elliptic whereas in 
devorans they are larger and mostly strongly transverse. In 
some cases, however, it is difficult to separate the females, 
although the males are always very readily distinguished by the 
character of the hair clothing the anal segment dorsally, this 
in devorans being long and dense with nearly all the hairs 
uncinate distally whereas they are all straight in the other 
species. Devorans averages larger. It is relatively more 
slender and the width of the head as compared with that of 
the tenth plate is as 60:70 on an average whereas the average 
corresponding ratio in voracior 1s 60:65.5 


Lithobius voracior sp. nov. 


Dorsum brown, the first plate and the several most caudal ones 
commonly darker and more reddish of chestnut; plates often showing 
three longitudinal pale lines. Head conspicuously darker than the 
dorsum, cherry red or chestnut, or in others often very dark, nearly 
mahogany. Antenne chestnut, much lighter distad. Prosternum 
dark brown or dilute brownish chestnut, with the prehensors paler. 
Ventor yellowish brown, the posterior plates much darker, burnt 
brown. Legs yellowish brown, the posterior pairs darker, being often 
somewhat chestnut with distal articles a little paler. 

Head wider than long. Widest immediately back of eyes. Sides 
rather strongly convex and converging caudad of the well marked 
marginal breaks to the rounded posterior corners. Caudal margin 
nearly straight or but slightly incurved mesally. The usual subcircular 
impression on caudal portion. Surface subsparsely punctate, the 
puncte varying in size but mostly fine; obscurely uneven. 

First dorsal plate with surface similar to that of head. All finely 
punctate. Plates roughened more especially the caudal ones as usual, 
the elevations or irregular tubercles small. Posterior angles of seventh, 
ninth, eleventh and thirteenth dorsal plates strongly produced, processes 
of the seventh much as in devorans. 

Anal segment in male dorsally densely clothed with rather long and 
strictly straight hairs, these not being at all distally curved or uncinate. 
In the female the dorsal hairs of this segment are but sparse. 

Ventral plates densely punctate and with numerous fine impressed 
lines which mostly run out from the puncte. The usual longitudinal 
furrows clearly developed. Hairs of posterior plates more numerous 
and longer. 

Antennz of moderate length, reaching mostly to the end of the 
seventh or beginning of eighth segment. Attenuated considerably but 
the distal portion not very fine. Articles beyond the first several rather 
short. Hairs moderately long. Articles in number from 32 to 36. 

Eyes composed mostly of from 30 to 35 ocelli, rarely as few as 23, 
arranged in from 5 to 7 longitudinal series; e. g., 1+, 5, 5, 5, 4; 1+3, 4, 
5,'6,:°5, 4,:2* 1-55, 5, 6,6, 4,3; 1-23, 5, 6; 6,6, 4.35 -F 4G Oh ome 


1912] -  Chilopods and Diplopods ibe. 


Single ocellus large subvertically oval. Ocelli of most dorsal row 
larger and paler as in related species. 

Prosternum 1.6 times wider than long. Distance between chitinous 
spots 1.9 times wider than long of prosternum at levex of bottom of 
mesal incision; 2.3 or 2.4 times as great as length of dental line usually, 
this varying with number of teeth present. Prosternal teeth 6+6 to 
8+8, other numbers noted being 6+7, 7+7, and 7+8; either uniform 
or varying irregularly in size; subacute, being but narrowly rounded at 
tips. Spine proximally clearly stouter than the hairs, but distally 
bristle-like, curved; situated immediately ectad of outer tooth. 

Coxal pores transversely elliptic or in part subcircular; of medium 
size; in largest specimens more strongly transverse as in the preceding 
species. In number from 6, 6, 6, 4 to 8. 8, 8, 6, other arrangements 
Eeouently moved beme 6,7, 7, o3-6,./,/ 6.06. 6). 6,°53.-74.-7, 7, 6, and 
TAssyrs walle 

Last three pairs of coxe laterally armed. Spines of first legs, 


1 OhOn3 25 1 2 OSOPO ADCO: ; 
of second, 0, 0, 2, 3, 2? of third, 0, 0, 2, 3, 2’ of fourth to eighth, 


Oe 

’ 2, 2 ’ ’ ’ ’ 
: OUreds 252. of ninth to eleventh, CE 
D, 


= 
os 


os 
oon 
ww bo 


CES OR0NS oo: 0,0,3,3, 9) Of twelfth, 


y2 1(0), 3, 2,2 


S 
oN 
wo 


= 
oO 
WY 


qnomaesre, 2 spine sometimes borne by trochanter 
ener. WOK 8.22 


2 
eg while absent from the other; of thirteenth, -—~"—"—; of penult, 


VS Bae 8 
ee 1, 0,3, 2,1 the anterior spines of fourth joint in latt 
OnisesNo” °° OF 17383, 2 p j er case 


being mostly very small, tarsi ending in three claws but the anterior 


: : : 1 
accessory one mostly minute as in related species; of anal ae the 


Or 


te! 
Ches 
OL 
5 

or or 
— ww 


j=) 
—_ 


claw single. 

Anal legs in female short and rather slender; the third, fourth and 
fifth articles longitudinally sulcate dorsally, the fourth being most 
deeply so; the third and fourth articles sulcate ventrally. Penult legs 
similarly but less strongly sulcate. In the male the penult legs are as 
in the female; but the anal legs are more strongly modified. Fourth 
article with dorsal surface depressed or bowed ventrad over middle and 
proximal portion; relatively thicker than in female; articles longitudin- 
ally sulcate along mesal surface, especially so in the more distal ones 

Gonopods of male rather small; distally strongly rounded or broadly 
subconic; bearing 6 or 7 long bristles. 

Gonopods of female with claw long and rather strongly bent or 
curved near middle; tripartite, the median division long and acute, the 
lateral small and also usually acute, the inner or more dorsal one con- 
siderably more distal in position than the outer one which is near the 
middle of length of claw. Basal spines long and stout, subequal, 
attenuated uniformly from base distad. Basal article with inner side 
nearly straight. 

Body more robust than in devorans, the length being mostly less 
than seven times as great as width of tenth dorsal plate (6.8). Consider- 
ably attenuated cephalad from eighth plate, with the third plate narrower 


152 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. WV, 


than the first and the latter clearly narrower than the head. Average 
ratio between widths of head and first and tenth dorsal plates 68: 65: 74.3. 
A male has widths of head and first, third, eighth, tenth and twelfth 
dorsal plates to each other as 68, 65, 63, 75, 75, and 68. 

Length from 17 to 24 mm. A female 19 mm. long has antennz 
10.5-11 mm. long, anal legs 8.5-++ mm. long, and tenth dorsal plate 2.8 
mm. wide. Males have similar relative measurements. 

Type Locality: Fernwood, Mississippi. 

Known Localities: Mississippi (Fernwood, Canton and 
Byram. Author, collector, 1910). 

Although it has seemed impossible on the basis of any 
previously stated characters to maintain as distinct several 
species allied to L. mordax and L. vorax, through the use of 
characters not previously detected the writer finds it now an 
easy matter to discriminate between them. Such of this 
group of species, the larger forms dominating in the Southeast, 
as have the posterior angles of seventh, ninth, eleventh and 
thirteenth dorsal plates produced thus far known from the 
U.S., are, in addition to devorans and voracior, above described, 
the following: mordax K., transmarium K, vorax Meinert, tyran- 
nus Bollman, suprenans Chamberlin, and /atzeli Meinert. The 
writer’s previously expressed opinion that clarus McNeill was 
based upon immature specimens has been confirmed by an 
examination of the types of this species, these proving to be 
vorax in the pseudomaturus stage; mordax and transmarinus, 
merged by Bollman in spinipes Say, are clearly distinct; and 
study of types shows tyrannus and latzeli to differ from vorax 
which previously had been thought identical, the published 
diagnoses revealing no truly distinctive characters. 


Genus Sozibius gen. nov. 


Type—Lithobius tuobukus Chamberlin. 
The following species is placed here only tentatively. 


Sozibius pungonius sp. nov. 

Dorsum very light brown. Head cephalad of frontal suture and 
the caudal segments darker, somewhat orange colored. Antennz 
yellow. Venter and legs very pale, the posterior pairs bright yellow. 
Prosternum and ultimate ventral plates dark yellow. 

Antenne short composed of twenty-one articles of which the first 
six are long, the others shorter. 

Ocelli about eleven, small arranged in three curved and rather 
irregular series; thus, 1++5, 3, 2. 

Prosternal teeth 2+3. 

Angles of none of the dorsal plates produced. 


1912] Chilopods and Diplopods 153 


Coxal pores very small, 2, 3, 3, 2. 

Ultimate pair of coxz armed laterally, the ultimate and_penult 
pairs armed dorsally. 

Spines of first legs 2, 3, 2; of the penult 1, 3, 3, 2, the claw single; of 
the ultimate 1, 3, 2, 1, the claw single. 

Anal legs of male long and slender the fourth, fifth and sixth joints 
longitudinally furrowed on ectal surface, laterally compressed. 

Length. 


Locality: Marshall, Colorado (Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell). 
One male specimen. 


Genus Poabius gen nov. 


Type.—Poabius verdescens Chamberlin. 

Other known species belonging to this genus are bilabiatus Wood, 
pitophilus Chamberlin, sokovus Chamberlin, clavigerens Chamberlin, 
utahensis Chamberlin, yukus sp. n., and the two new species described 
below. 


Poabius nankus sp. nov. 


Light. orange brown, caudal borders of major scuta darker; head 
somewhat darker caudad of frontal suture. Antenne and legs yellow. 
Venter yellow, the prosternum and caudal segments a little darker. 

Body markedly attenuated from tenth dorsal plate cephalad. Most 
dorsal plates with a strong median furrow which may be doubled and, 
on each side, one or two approximate lateral ones diverging from it 
caudad; within each lateral margin a furrow or sulcus running from near 
anterior edge at first near to and subparallel with the lateral margin and 
then bending away from it caudo-mesad to end at the transverse furrow 
which traverses most plates a little cephalad of caudal margin. 

Head subcordiform; caudal margin nearly straight; distinctly 
margined caudally and along cauda-lateral angles; a short transverse 
sulcus a little cephalad of caudal margin and between this and the frontal 
suture a median and several lateral pairs of longitudinal impressed 
lines or sulci. 

Antenne moderately short, composed of twenty more or less uniform 
articles. 

Ocelli pale, small, fifteen or sixteen in number arranged in four 
straight and regular series; thus, 1++5, 4, 4, 1 (2). 

Prosternal teeth dark, low, 2+2. 

Angles of none of the dorsal plates produced. 

Coxal pores circular, the edges weakly chitinized; 2, 3, 3, 2. 

Last two pairs of coxe laterally armed; the last three pairs dorsally 
armed. 

Spines of the first legs 1, 3, 2; of the penult, 1, 3, 3, 2, armed with 
three claws; of the anal 1, 3, 2, 1, the claw single. 

Gonopods of female with the claw tripartite; basal spines 2+2. 

In the male the anal legs have the prefemur elevated into a rim-like 
structure on dorsal or dorso-mesal side at distal end, and the femur 
bears at the proximal end on same side an ear-shaped process which is 


154 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


excavated above, the depression being continuous with a longitudinal 
median- furrow on dorsal surface. See Pl. XII, fig. 4. 
Length 13-14 mm.; width at tenth plate 1.9—-2.2 mm. 


Locality: Las Valles, New Mexico (Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell) 
The types consist of a male and a female. 


Poabius iginus sp. nov. 

Light brown, scuta mostly with the caudal borders darker, reddish 
brown; posterior segments darker. Head chestnut, darkest behind 
frontal suture, a dusky or blackish median longitudinal stripe for a short 
distance in front of caudal margin. Legs yellowish, caudal pair from 
base to fourth joint inclusive reddish brown or chestnut, distally like 
the others. Venter brown, the ultimate plates reddish brown. Pro- 
sternum light reddish brown. Antennz mostly dark brown, becoming 
pale distad. 

Scuta roughened, mostly showing a median and two lateral longi- 
tudinal sulci or in some the median replaced by two diverging sulci. 

Antenne moderate, articles 20. 

Ocelli distinct, ten in number, arranged in three series; thus, 
1-4 By 2: 

Prosternal teeth 242. 

Angles of none of the dorsal plates produced. 

Coxal pores small, well separated, round, 2, 3, 3 (4), 2. 

Last two pairs of coxe laterally armed. 

Tarsi of anterior pairs of legs rather indistinctly biarticulate. Spines 
of first legs 2, 3, 2; of penult 1, 3, 3, 2, armed with three claws; of the 
anal 1, 3, 2, 0, the claw single. 

Gonopods of female with the claw tripartite; basal spines 2+2, 
proximally clavate, distally conical. 

Anal legs of male with the fourth joint enlarged and bearing meso- 
dorsally and proximad of middle a conspicuous, flattened, keel-like 
lobe and at its distal end a small wart-like elevation. 

See Pl. XIII, fig. 2. 

Length 11.5 mm.; width 1.7 mm. Length of antenne 4 mm.; of 
anal legs 4.2 mm. 


Locality: Madison, Wash. (Dr. E. Bergroth). 

Closely allied to P. bilabiatus and P. verdescens; but mani- 
festly smaller and differing in the lobes of anal legs and in the 
smaller number of spines born dorsally at distal end of third 
joint, etes see Pl. XE hes, wand? 2, 


Family CRYPTOPID. 


Genus Kethops, gen. nov. 
Pairs of legs 23. 
Seventh segment not bearing spiracles. 
First dorsal plate with transverse semi-circular sulcus. 
Other dorsal plates excepting the ultimate with two sharply 1m- 
pressed longitudinal and subparallel sulci. 


Ot 


1912} Chilopods and Diplopods i: 


Last dorsal plate margined laterally, caudal margin convexly 
protruding. 

Sternal plates elongate, narrowed caudad the caudo lateral corners 
obliquely excised. (See Pl. XIII, fig. 5). Each with a distinct longi- 
tudinal median sulcus and submarginal sulci. 

Pseudopleura produced caudad into an acutely pointed process; 
porose ventrally; armed ventrally and laterally with spines. 

Legs sparsely armed with spinescent bristles which appear spine- 
like especially on proximal joints. A stout spine at distal end of tibia 
dorsal in position and a second one ventral. Tarsi, excepting the 
ultimate, one-jointed, a stout ventral spine distad of middle. 

Prefemur of anal legs armed with rows of spines on mesal and ectal 
surface and on most of the ventral. Femur similarly armed mesally 
and ventrally. The tibia with similar spines ventrally. Tarsus com- 
posed.of but two joints and ending in a distinct and very stout claw. 


Type: Kethops utahensis Chamberlin. 

The type species was originally described from Utah under 
the genus Newportia, the absence of anal legs from the type 
specimen leading to the reference to this genus. While close to 
Newportia, it has various Cryptops-like characters and is 
readily separated by the character of the anal legs, etc. A 
short time ago among some old material from New Mexico 
sent me by Prof. Cockerell, a perfect specimen of the form was 
found, making possible the diagnosis given above. A descrip- 
tion of this specimen follows: 


Kethops utahensis Chamberlin. 


Ferruginous, uniform; antennze and legs, excepting the ultimate 
pair, paler, yellowish; anal legs colored like the body, but pale distad. 

Head coarsely punctate, two diverging longitudinal sulci on the 
caudal portion which begin at a transverse sulcus in front of and parallel 
the caudal margin. 

Antennz composed of seventeen articles. 

First dorsal plate with semi-circular impression deep, somewhat 
angularly bent caudad at middle, mesal portion in a broad depression 
or pit on the caudal slope of which there is a distinct W-shaped mark 
like that found in many species of Newportia, the two usual longitudinal 
sulci over caudal portion of plate. 

Sulci of second plate strongly diverging caudad, those of the suc- 
ceeding plates nearly parallel. 

Last dorsal plate without distinct sulci; caudal margin convexly 
‘ bowed out; lateral margins armed with two rows of spinules. (See PI. 
RT, fis. 3). 

Anterior margin of prosternum straight or nearly so, but slightly 
indented mesally. Prosternum punctate, two sulci, which, approximate 
below, diverge distad toward the free margin. 


156 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


Ventral plates irregularly punctate, more densely so on caudal 
portion. Median sulcus beginning a little caudad of anterior margin 
and extending over anterior two-thirds or somewhat more of length of 
plate; a submarginal sulcus on each side which is deepest mesally; 
usually two or more weaker and more indefinite transverse sulci as 
shown in the figure. (See Pl. XIII, fig. 5). 

Last ventral plate narrowed caudad; rounded caudally; bearing 
spinules over entire surface. 

Last pleuree furrowed laterally; with numerous small pores on 
ventral surface, both the free portion and that covered by ventral plate. 
Caudal process bearing acute spine distad. Pleurze with many spines 
laterally and ventrally. (See Pl. XIII, fig. 4). 

Prefemur of anal legs longitudinally furrowed both ventrally and 
dorsally; armed with numerous spines arranged in obliquely longitu- 
edinal rows which cover entire surface excepting dorsal portion and the 
furrow on the ventral. Femur also longitudinal furrowed dorsally and 
ventrally, the mesal side of ventral furrow formed by a keel-like eleva- 
tion which does not quite reach distal end. Spines on edge of keel and 
elsewhere on ventral surface as shown in figure. Tibia with a mesally 
bent longitudinal keel, the bent mesal portion lower than end parts, this 
keel limiting a broad groove mesally, into which groove the tarsi of the 
specimen are bent or flexed like the blade of a knife. First joint of 
tarsus with at least one ventral spine; claw long and stout. 

Length about 20 mm. 


Locality: Glorieta, New Mexico (Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell). 
The original type was collected by the author at the Warm 
Springs north of Salt Lake City in 1908. 


Family SCOLOPENDRID. 
Genus Scolopendra Linn. 


Scolopendra mohavea sp. nov. 


Very pale olive brown; the caudal half of body darker brown, dusky, 
or in one specimen largely solid black, with a pale longitudinal median 
line, Head paler cephalad of frontal suture. 

Head with a transverse sulcus a little ways in front of the caudal 
margin, and between this stilcus and the caudal margin two straight, 
short, longitudinal sulci which are parallel. Cephalad of trnsverse 
caudal sulcus a pair of furrows which converge forward and end caudad 
of frontal suture, each furrow doubly curved, at caudal portion with 
concavity ectad, anteriorly convex ectad, the very anterior end bent 
abruptly mesad; ectad of each one of these furrows a second less sharply 
impressed furrow which also converges toward the mesal line cephalad; 
between the two sulci on each side a ‘short sulk runs obliquely cephalo- 
ectad. Smooth. 

Antenne long; composed of twenty-six Ae ae of which the first 
six or seven are comparitively smooth, the scattered hairs upon them 
increasing on number from the first article distad. 


1912] Chilopods and Diplopods N74 


First dorsal plate with sharply impressed cervical furrow. On each 
side a furrow which caudad is parallel with caudal margin, from there 
curving obliquely cephalo-ecta. A median longitudinal sulcus cephalad 
of cervical groove. Smooth. 

Second dorsal plate with median longitudinal sulcus on anterior half. 
The two usual paired sulci crossing the entire plate and diverging caudad. 
On each caudo-lateral portion of plate a furrow curving obliquely 
cephalo-ectad as on first plate, similarly taking its origin near caudal 
margin. 

Third and fourth dorsal scuta with median furrow. The paired 
longitudinal sulci less strongly diverging caudad than on preceding 
plate. Furrow on each caudo-lateral portion as in the preceding scuta. 

On the fifth and subsequent dorsal plates the paired sulci become 
nearly parallel, but diverging some at the ends. Median furrow evident, 
but not so the caudo-lateral ones. On each side a longitudinal furrow 
subparallel with the lateral margin, this furrow often broken. On a 
few of the more caudal segments a transverse sulcus on each side parallel 
with and close to the anterior margin. The twentieth plate laterally 
margined for its entire length; the nineteenth all but a short distance 
cauded; the eighteenth not margined for a somewhat greater distance 
caudad and a short distance cephalad; the margination of the seventeenth 
and sixteenth plates similar to eighteenth but extending less caudad 
and cephalad reaching the transverse sulcus; other plates not margined. 

Lost dorsal plate with caudal margin mesally strongly and evenly 
convexly extended. A sharply impressed longitudinal median sulcus 
which does not quite reach the caudal margin. A short furrow parallel 
to the median one opposite its middle portion on each side. 

Prosternum smooth; a median sulcus evident only for a short dis- 
tance distad; transverse sulcus obscure; two weak longitudinal furrows, 
which, close to the mesal line caudad, diverge and are more distinct 
cephalad. Each dental plate with four teeth, of which the three inner 
ones are basally fused, the two most mesal being free only at their distal 
points; a deep narrow incision between the plates; the transverse 
furrow at base of each plate distinct, the two meeting mesally at an 
obtuse angle. 

Basal tooth of prehensorial feet long, subacute, presenting but one 
point. 

Penult article of palpus of second maxilla with a slender spine at 
distal end. 

Ventral plates from the second to the twentieth inclusive with two 
sharply impressed longitudinal sulci which cross the entire plate. 

Last ventral plate narrowed caudad, the sides weakly excurved- 
caudo-lateral corners rounded; caudal margin a little incurved mesally. 
Smooth. Depressed along the median line. A weak furrow sub- 
parallel with and not far from each lateral margin. 

Prefemora and femora of legs of the first to penult pair inclusive 
without any dorsal spines at distal end; all with a tarsal spine, those of 
the first pair with two. 


158 - Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


Pseudopleura ending in a stout process which terminates in two 
points or spines and bears proximad on its ectal surface a row of three 
stout teeth or spines. 

Prefemur of anal legs ventrally with seventeen spines arranged in 
three longitudinal rows, of which the innermost is proximally irregular; 
these from ectal row mesad arranged thus, 4, 6, 7. Mesal surface with 
ten spines. Distal process with five spines. Femur unspined. Claw 
of tarsus with two basal spines. 

Length 40-45 mm. 


Locality: Fort Mohave, Arizona (March 7 and 18, 1911). 
Three specimens received from Prof. Junius Henderson of 
the University of Colorado Museum. 


Family SONIPHILID. 
Genus Soniphilus Chamberlin. 
Soniphilus geronimo sp. nov. 


Yellowish brown anteriorly, becoming clearer yellow caudad. 
Head darker caudad of frontal suture. Antenne light brown, paler 
distad. Legs yellow, those of anterior segments darker. Prosternum 
and prehensorial feet light reddish. 

Antenne of moderate length; articles moderate, not much differing 
in length, the ultimate about equal in length to the two preceding 
taken together. 

Cephalic plate longer than wide in about ratio 7:6; narrowed 
cephalad; lateral and anterior margins convex, the latter a little emar- 
ginate mesally; middle portion of caudal margin sub-straight, rounded 
laterally. A short impressed median line back frontal region; on each 
side a little mesad from and parallel with margin a longitudinal furrow; 
on lateral portion of plate on each side a pair of sulci diverging cephalad 
and a second less distinct pair more mesal in position. Frontal 
plate not discrete. (See Pl. XII, fig. 4.) 

Labrum with median piece comparatively large, bearing about 
six stout teeth. 

Prebasal plate not exposed. Basal plate short, its greatest width 
more than 4.5 times the median length, a greater length exposed on each 
side. (See Pl. XII, fig. 4). 

Claws of prehensorial feet when closed not reaching anterior margin 
of head by a considerable distance. None of the joints bearing teeth or 
nodules. (See Pl. XII, fig. 2). 

Dorsal scuta with lateral sulci distinct; a second pair of sulci close 
to median line and on most also an intermediate sulcus on each side. 

Anterior prescuta very short, increasing in length to about begin- 
ning of caudal third, then again more rapidly decreasing and becoming 
again short. 

_ Anterior spiracle moderately large, circular or subcircular, being 
slightly vertically elongate; succeeding spiracles all circular, very 
gradually decreasing in size to the caudal ones which are very small. 

First pair of legs much shorter and more slender than the second. 


1912] Chilopods and Diplopods 159 


Ultimate legs long, the penult and antepenult joints furrowed 
longitudinally on ventral surface. -Claw long and stout. 

Sterna with a distinct median longitudinal sulcus or furrow which is 
crossed at middle by a transverse furrow. Pores not detected. 

Last ventral plate very wide, strongly narrowed caudad. Caudal 
margin straight or a little incurved. (See Pl. XII, fig. 3). 

Anal pleure bearing a number of small pores which are all wholly 
covered by the last ventral plate. 

Anal pores not detected. 

Pairs of legs 73. 

Length 34 mm.; width 1 mm. 


Locality: San Geronimo, New Mexico, (Mrs. W. P. Cockerell 
and Miss Mary Cooper, coll.). 


CLASS DIPLOPODA. 


Family NANNOLENID. 


Genus Buwatia gen. nov. 

Ocelli none. 

Antenne clavate, the fifth and sixth articles thickest; third and 
fifth longest, nearly equal in length, the second and fourth next. 

Body decidedly narrowed caudad of head to sixth segment. 

Body iulus-like in form. Segments without carina, nearly smooth, 
not clothed with hair. All segments striate beneath; a deep sulcus 
across segment at level of pore. 

Claws of legs long and slender. 


Type: Buwatia monterea sp. nov. 

As but one specimen of the type species has been secured, 
dissection for fuller structural details has not as yet been 
attempted. The genus may be distinguished from Nannolene 
through the absence of ocelli. 


Buwatia monterea sp. nov. 


Dorsum brown; head and anterior part of first segment whitish 
brown; first and ultimate segments light brown; a series of small, 
largely obscure dark spots along each side, one at each pore. Legs 
and antennz pale. 

Body slender, nearly uniform in width for most of length but de- 
cidedly constricted from head and first segment to region of sixth 
segment. 

Head nearly smooth, weakly and very finely punctate; glabrous 
except for a few bristles on clypeal and labral region. A weak median 
longitudinal sulcus across vertex. A furrow or excavation from base 
of each antenna caudad to lower margin of first dorsal plate, the an- 
tenna bent back and lying in this furrow. 

Antenne rather short, strongly clavate; the seventh article short, 
its four sensory cones almost concealed in the terminal pit; clothing 
of hair becoming more and more dense distad, sparse proximad. 


160 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vole 


First dorsal plate large, closely embracing caudal portion of head. 
Anterior and posterior lateral angles rounded, the lateral margin be- 
tween them extending obliquely caud-oventrad, rather, long, somewhat 
incurved. Anterior margin incurved at middle curving out convexly 
on each side and then again at sides incurved bow-shaped. A fine 
transverse sulcus subparallel to the anterior margin and some distance 
from it and a second one submedian in position. 

Subsequent segments with a longitudinal furrow at level of pore, 
this more distinct on cephalic portion of segment. A transverse sulcus 
in front of median suture. Prozonites striate throughout, the main 
segment strongly striate beneath and on sides below level of pores. 
Dorsum a little depressed; a weak longitudinal depression each side of 
middle, leaving mesal portion a little elevated. 

Anal scutum considerably exceeded by the anal valves; caudal 
division short, widely and evenly rounded, set off or limited from major 
portion in front by a transverse sulcus. Caudal margin with two 
pairs of long sete. 

Anal valves elongate, their free margins elevated. Each valve 
bears near its mesal margin a long seta at caudal and second one near 
middle of length in a furrow or sulcus which curves from mesal margin 
first laterad and then latero-cephalad. 

Anal scale very short; caudally weakly convex, anteriorly strongly 
so; antero-lateral angles rounded, but not so the caudo-lateral ones. 

Legs moderately long and slender; claws long, not robust. 

Segments of body forty-five. 

Length 11-12 mm.; width as .5-.5 mm. 


Locality: Pacific Grove, Cal. (April, 1911, author.) 
One specimen secured under a stone in an open field near 
the Hopkins Laboratory. 


Family CAMBALID&. 
Genus Titsona gen. nov. 


Eyes well developed, each consisting of a number of ocelli arranged 
in a single series parallel with anterior margin of the first dorsal plate. 

Antenne short, very slender proximad but strongly enlarged distad, 
clavate; the fifth and sixth articles conspicuously and abruptly thicker 
than others. The third, fifth and sixth articles longest, not much 
differing in length from each other; second and fourth articles subequal. 

Gnathochilarium nearly as in Paiteya. Promentum triangular, 
completely separating the laminz linguales which are attenuated prox- 
imad to an acute angle. Mentum large, widening proximad. 

Body strongly constricted from head and first segment to region 
of fifth and sixth segments, from where it again increases in width 
caudad. 

First dorsal plate very large, extending over caudal portion of head 
from which the lateral portions extend free. 


1912] Chilopods and Diplopods 161 


All segments striate beneath. Each segment from the fifth to the 
antepenult inclusive with four carinz, a dorsal carina each side of median 
line and one farther laterad on each side, the latter bearing the pore. 

Legs sparsely armed with spinescent bristles. First pair in male 
reduced, composed of six articles normally armed. 


Type: Titsona sima sp. nov. 
Evidently close to Paiteya, the type of which is likewise a 
Californian species. 


Titsona sima sp. nov. 


General color caudad of fifth segment dark brown, the caudal 
portion of each segment light brown. First dorsal plate light brown, a 
dark stripe parallel with but a little removed from the caudal and the 
cephalic border, the two stripes confluent at the sides of plate. Second 
to fourth segments light brown, each with a narrow transverse stripe 
of dark brown and especially laterally with a network of lines of same 
color, the proportion of dark larger the more caudal the segment. 
Head light brown, darker adjacent to first dorsal plate; on clypeus a 
square with upper side missing outlined in dark brown and immediately 
above this a subelliptical outline in same color with dorsal and ventral 
ends acutely angular. A pair of somewhat confluent brown spots 
in line from the brown about each eye ventro-mesad toward lower 
part of elliptical outline of front. Legs very pale. 

Ocelli in a single row, 5-7 in number, black, uniform; the series 
parallel with margin of first dorsal plate which partly covers it on 
caudal side. 

Antenne short, strongly clavate; the fifth and sixth joints much. 
stouter than the others, the fifth strongly enlarged from its base distad, 
the sixth more uniform and broadest proximad. Hairs more dense 
distad as usual. (See Pl. X, fig. 5). 

Stipites of gnathochilarium inclusive of processes nearly four times. 
as long as greatest width. Mentum abruptly narrowed at distal end, 
wider at base than the median length approximately in ratio of seven 
to six. A semi-circular impression on proximal portion deeply impressed, 
the concavity directed distad. Promentum narrowly triangular. 
Lamine linguales narrowed to an acute angle proximally, about three 
times as long as greatest width. 

First dorsal plate very large, embracing caudal portion of head. 
mesally, its lateral wings separated from sides of head by a space into 
which the antennze may be bent back. Anterior margin widely weakly 
concave, laterally running obliquely caudo-ventrad. Caudal margin 
nearly evenly convexly rounded mesally, lateral portion of plate bent 
ventrad and somewhat caudad and then mesad beneath. Caudal 
portion of plate more constricted than the anterior. On each side above 
lateral angle are several striae extending from caudal margin cephalad. 

Next three segments striate beneath. Fifth and subsequent seg- 
ments with prozonites striate throughout, the main division of segment 
striate beneath and dorsad only about half way to pore-bearing swelling 


162 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


or carina. Each segment from the fourth to the antepenult with four 
carine, one far dorsad on each side consisting of a hemispherical swelling 
chiefly on portion cephalad of suture and bearing the pore, the other 
close to the mesal line and also more thickened cephalad than caudad, 
low, rounded. All segments constricted dorsad and cephalad from the 
transverse suture. (See Pl. X, fig. 6). 

Anal scutum long, widely rounded caudally; a rather weak median 
longitudinal sulcus on anterior portion; a bristle borne each side of mesal 
line near middle of length, and a second pair borne on caudal margin. 

Anal valves long, about equalling the anal scutum; smooth; margins 
elevated; bearing two pairs of bristles close to mesal margin, one pair 
caudal and the other submedian in position. 

Anal scale short and broad, transversely narrowly elliptical. A 
pair of bristles borne on caudal margin, one each side of mesal line. 

Legs rather sparsely provided with short spinscent bristles. 

First legs of male reduced, six jointed. 

Gonopods of male reduced and nearly wholly concealed. 

Segments ad forty-two. 

Length about 16 mm.; greatest width 1 mm. 


Locality: Oroville, Cal. (April, 1911; author coll.). 
Two specimens were secured. 


Family NEMASOMID. 
Genus Nemasoma. 


Nemasoma uta, sp. nov. 


Dorsum dark brown, the color nearly solid in band on caudal por- 
tion of each segment and in some in a narrower stripe adjacent to anter- 
ior margin, the color over remaining portion of segment mostly in a 
network or areolation over a light background, the light spots often 
confluent dorsally into transverse band. Sides light brown, the light 
area extending farthest dorsad at middle of segment, the light area of 
sides limited on all sides by border of dark brown. Each segment 
with whitish spot on median dorsal line. Vertex of head areolated with 
lines of dark brown over a light background, the frons between bases of 
antenne and the eyes dark brown, the area enclosing a pair of lighter spots 
each side of the median line and ventrad of these a second pair of spots 
between bases of antennez at lower portion of the area. Clypeal 
region paler from presence of numerous lighter spots, ventrad and 
laterally yellow, as is also the lateral portion of head. Stipes of mand- 
ibles laterally covered with network of dark brown lines over light 
background. Eyes deep black. Antenne brown, each segment 
whitish proximally and the second article almost wholly so. Legs 
brown, more or less broken with whitish, paler proximally. Ventral 
surface light brown. Anal’scutum very dark, the anterior portion with 
numerous light dots. Anal valves pale along mesal border, elsewhere 
brown. 

Body very slender, attenuated cephalad, narrowest immediately 
caudad of head. 


1912] Chilopods and Diplopods 163 


Head smooth, free from hairs except for the usual bristles along 
labrum. A transverse sulcus between eyes, each side portion bending 
caudad to meet other at an obtuse angle on mesal line, to which angle 
the median longitudinal sulcus across vertex extends. 

Antenne longer than width of body; strongly clavate; sensory cones 
long. Subdensely hirsute distally, more sparsely proximad. 

Eyes large, oblong, its upper and lower margins nearly parallel, the 
mesal convex and the ectal oblique. Ocelli arranged in five series; thus, 
3, 4, 4, 4, 2, giving a total of 17. 

First dorsal plate narrower than the head inclusive of mandibles, 
shorter than the two succeeding plates taken together. Middle portion 
of anterior margin evenly convex, laterally extending obliquely caudo- 
ventrad and somewhat concave. Caudal margin mesally straight, on 
sides convexly bending cephalad and meeting anterior margin at an 
angle. Dorsal of each lateral angles the plate is obliquely depressed or 
shallowly furrowed. 

Subsequent segments smooth above; striate ventrad of level of 
pores, the lower or ventral strize deep. 

Anal scutum in outline as viewed from above with lateral margins 
parallel or a little diverging caudad, nearly straight or slightly convex; 
caudal margin widely rounded, bearing beneath a seta on each side. 
About equalling the anal valves or a little exceeded by the latter. 

Anal valves strongly bulging from base to free mesal edge, the sur- 
face of each valve extending very obliquely ventrad. A long bristle 
borne near mesal edge of each valve near middle of length. 

Anal scale with anterior and cadual margins each strongly convex, 
the two meeting on each side in an acute angle. A pair of bristles 
springing from mesal portion. 

Number of segments 44. 

Length 12.5 mm.; greatest width ad .75 mm. 


Locality: Little Willow Canyon, Salt Lake ous Utah. 
(1905; author, coll.). 
But one specimen thus far found. 


Family PARAIULID. 
Genus Paraiulus. 


Paraiulus tivius sp. nov. 


Head light brown, a broad transverse band between eyes and ven- 
trad of their level deep brown, the band enclosing above two pairs of 
light dots, and between antenne a pair-of large obliquely placed, oval 
light spots, a bristle inserted in each of most dorsal pair of light spots; 
vertex above the dark band with network of dark lines, a stmilar network 
covering the stipes of mandibles laterally, each of the latter with dark 
transverse stripe across dorsal part. Ventral surface and lower part 
of sides of body light brown. On each side a series of black dots extend- 
ing from sixth segment to about the antepenult. Anterior and caudal 
margins pale, adjacent to the pale marginal stripe in each case a dark 
transverse band which is much widest mesally; remaining part of plate 


164 Annals Entomological Society of America  [Vol. V, 


broken into network or areolation by light spots which may be confluent 
into one or more cross stripes. Other segments with the caudal trans- 
verse stripe, this becoming broader on more caudal segments and 
extending on each side to the lateral dark spot, below which it is con-. 
tinued as a more obscure band formed by network of dark lines, the 
dark band transversely divided by a series of light spots. Prozonites. 
light brown. Anal scutum uniform dark brown, with anterior border 
pale. Legs light brown or yellowish. Antennze with proximal portion 
of each segment yellowish, the distal darker brown, especially in ulti-- 
mate articles. 

A broad transverse depression extending between eyes, 1n its mesal 
portion or adjacent to same lying the setigerous light spots above 
mentioned. A median longitudinal sulcus crossing vertex and ending 
in the transverse furrow. Head nearly free from ordinary type hairs. 
excepting the two setz mentioned and the bristles on clypeus and 
labrum. On lateral portions of clypeus and on the stipes of mandibles. 
is a number of peculiar, probably sensory, hairs, each of which is sub- 
clavate in form with a narrow apical process and a slender basal stalk 
inserted in a corresponding pit, near the upper portion of which it pre- 
sents a globose enlargement. (See Pl. XI, fig. 7). The tegument. 
about the basal stalk dark. 

Eyes triangular, an angle directed toward base of antenne, 
upper side straight, outer side convex above and concave below, mesal 
side concave above and convex below. Ocelli about 45 in 7 or 8 series; 
counting from above ventral, 8, 10, 8, 7, 5, 4, 2, 1. 

Antenne rather short, conspicuously clavate. 

First dorsal plate with lateral borders rounded anteriorly, not pro- 
duced, angular posteriorly; margined anteriorly and laterally, the 
elevated anterior margin widest mesally, not margined caudally. One 
or two rather weak striz on each side below extending from caudal 
margin cephalad part way across plate. 

Pores moderate, widely separated from the transverse suture which 
is straight or at most weakly sinuate at their level. 

Anal scutum with caudal portion subtriangular as usual, the apical 
process bluntly rounded and not at all decurved; plate crossed by a 
series of transverse furrows or sulci of which the more caudal ones are 
deepest; caudal triangular portion of plate with a series of setz along 
each lateral margin, three similar long sete springing from caudal 
process. Lower portion of segment bearing a long seta near middle 
height of caudal margin and a second in line with legs of more anterior 
segments. 

Anal valves nearly smooth, the mesal margins strongly elevated as 
usual; two setze on each valve just ectad of elevated mesal margin, one 
submedian and the second between this and the caudal end. 

Anal scale with anterior margin convex, the posterior portion sub- 
triangular its sides convex. <A long seta borne on margin each side of 
mesal line. <A dark line paralleling margin but indented mesally gives 
superficial appearance of caudal emargination to scale. 


1912] Chilopods and Dtplopods 165 


The gnathochilarium of the male has the promentum very large, 
broadly elliptical in outline. For form and relations of stipes and other 
parts see Pl. XI, fig. 6. 

First legs of male strongly enlarged, uncinate, as usual; caudal 
surface glabrous excepting distal article, the anterior surface with long 
‘stout hairs. (See Pl. XI, fig. 5). 

Second legs as usual greatly reduced excepting for the strongly 
enlarged cox; the latter produced mesally into a long, tongue-like 
process which extends cephalo-ventrad between the first legs. (See 
Pl. XI, fig. 4). 

Gonopods large and conspicuously exposed, bent above base strongly 
ventro-cephalad. Inner branch of anterior pair much longer than the 
outer, contiguous with each other mesally, clavately enlarged distad; 
outer branches broad, plate-like, densely clothed with long setz along 
anterior-ventral and distal borders. Anterior pair apically terminating 
in two spines, the more anterior of which is a little curved distad and 
at end is expanded; the other process strongly curved ventro-ectad, 
crossing the first, and terminating acutely. (See Pl. XI, figs. 1 and 2). 

Length ad 20 mm.; width 1.6 mm. (female). Male more slender, 
length 16-18 mm.; - width 1.2 mm. 


Locality: Mill Valley, Cal. (April 8, 1911; author, coll.). 
About a dozen specimens were secured. 


Paraiulus timpius sp. nov. 


Dorsum with a broad band of light brown, paler than the sides. A 
median dorsal line of black which expands into a wider dot on anterior 
portion of each segment. Each segment bordered caudally with a 
narrow blackish stripe; a broader and more diffuse transverse dark 
band farther cephalad on segment, this band embracing a transverse 
row of four light spots of which the two inner ones are smallest, oblong 
and obliquely placed, sometimes confluent ephcalad with anterior pale 
portion of segment, the two outer light spots confluent caudad with the 
pale area between the two dark bands. On the anterior segments the 
light and dark areas of dorsum merged and the whole covered with a 
close network or areolation of dark lines over light ground and the median 
dorsal line as such less distinct. First dorsal plate entirely covered with 
similar network, the lower portion of sides dark brown or smoky; a 
narrow dark transverse stripe caudad of anterior margin. Sides of 
segments dusky or blackish, darkest along caudal margin, in a stripe 
continuous with the dark dorsal one, prozonites paler; a large light spot 
below level of pore on each segment, this spot mostly more or less con- 
stricted into two or three parts. Venter pale, a large light spot ectad 
of legs on each segment. Vertex of head with a dense network of black 
enclosing rows of very small, longitudinally oval light dots; frons 
between eyes solid black, enclosing a pair of light dots close to mesal 
line; brown between antenne the area enclosing a number of paler dots. 
Clypeal and labral region yellowish. Antenne deep purplish brown. 
Legs very pale, distal joints streaked with purplish or purplish brown. 


166 Annals Entomological Society of America  [Vol. V, 


Head finely roughened or rugose; free from hairs excepting the usual 
ones in clypeal and labral region and a single long median bristle at 
anterior end of the distinct median sulcus of vertex. A deep furrow 
extends from mesal angle of each eye to that of the other, the furrow 
angularly bent caudad mesally, the longitudinal median sulcus of vertex 
meeting this angle; farther forward a second transverse furrow, in front 
of which the head appears to bulge in a low transverse ridge. 

Eyes large, triangular, its sides a little convex, one angle mesal and 
another immediately above base of antennze. Ocelli about 39, arranged 
in seven transverse and gently curving series; thus, 8, 8, 7, 6, 5, 3, 2. 

Antenne moderate; proximal joints slender; distad thickened, 
clavate, as usual. 

First dorsal plate large; mesal length about equalling that of two. 
succeeding segments together. Anterior margin evenly convex; 
cephalo-lateral corners strongly rounded, the caudo-lateral more angular. 
Margined laterally and at sides cephalically, but not so the median 
portion; caudal border not margined. Not striate on sides below. A 
fine median longitudinal impressed line extending from caudal margin 
cephalad about three-fourths of the length of plate, at its anterior end 
breaking into two lines which diverge cephalad and become indistinct. 

All subsequent segments striate beneath and over lower portion of 
sides, the stria deep. 

Anal scutum rounded caudad, mesally weakly indentate, a slight 
tooth each side of indentation; smooth. 

Anal valves smooth, the mesal margin but wealky and narrowly 
elevate. 4 

Anal scale with caudal margin convex, the cephalic more strongly so, 
the two meeting at an angle on each side. A pair of caudally projecting 
bristles inserted a little in front of caudal edge. 

Mandibular stipes considerably produced below, mesally excavated. 

Gnathochilarium with the enlarged promentum narrowly elliptical 
or rather wider distad than proximad as shown in figure; relatively 
narrower than in most species. (See Pl. XI, fig. 8). 

First legs of male strongly enlarged and uncinate in the usual way; 
mesal surface complanate and strongly tuberculate, the tubercles in 
distinct cross series. Caudal surface glabrous, long hairs on the an- 
terior. 

Second legs with the greatly enlarged coxe fitting closely against 
bases of first legs and bent cephalad between the latter; other joints 
greatly reduced the ultimate densely clothed with short stiff hairs, 
those at apex longer. 

Gonopods of male large and conspicuously exposed. Anterior pair 
with two main branches, the outer of which is flattened ect-mesally, of 
nearly uniform width, distally rounded, clothed with long bristles on 
mesal side; the inner branch also flattened or plate-hke, bent cephalad 
and, as seen from ventro-caudal aspect, appearing expanded at free end 
into a foot-like shape with the toe mesal and the heel ectal 1n position. 
Each of the posterior gonopods enclosed or embraced at base on ectal 
side with a low plate the extended ends of which bend about it in front 


1912] Chilopods and Diplopods 167 


and behind; an inner process which is a narrow thin plate for most of its 
length, terminating apically in a slender spine which curves cephalad 
in a sort of hook; outer division consisting of a long slender style or 
spine which is bent apically and ends acutely, this lying against a twisted 
plate-like division which at its end is sharply bent about the styliform 
division some distance below the end of the latter. (See Pl. XI, fig. 9). 

Number of segments 46. 

Length about 18 mm.; width 1.8 mm. (male). 


Locality: Las Valles, New Mexico, (Prof. T. D. A. Cock- 
erell, coll.). 

A male and female are in the collection, the description 
above being that of the male. 


Paraiulus garius sp. nov. 


Head with brown band bordering labial and clypeal margins, the 
lower mesal portion of the clypeus being pale, its upper portion of same 
color as the border but not solid, the dark color a mottling or network 
over a paler background; a black transverse band between the two black 
eyes, this band concavely excised on front each side of middle and enclos- 
ing a pair of small light spots near median line; vertex of head covered 
with close network of black or deep brown color over a lighter back- 
ground, a similar or somewhat paler network covering the stipes of 
mandibles laterally. Antenne dark purplish brown or blackish. Body 
dark or dusky brown the lower portions of sides and the venter paler; 
a continuous dark median longitudinal line along dorsum and a row of 
black dots along each side beginning at about sixth segment; a darker 
ring of more solid color about anterior portion of each segment; a sub- 
circular patch of closely placed light dots on lower portion of each seg- 
ment, and between this patch and the black dot an elongate patch 
similarly formed, while dorsad of the black spot is a third area and be- 
tween the latter and the mid-dorsal line and elongate narrow band or 
line of such light dots; caudad of the latter line and parallel with it is a 
light line or narrow band partly encircling the segment but fading out 
ventrad on each side, this light line being continuous, not broken into 
dots. First segment dark along both anterior and posterior borders. 
Anal scutum dark brown, the yantro-caudal margins pale. Anal vales 
with cephalic portions dark brown, the meso-caudal portions light. 
Legs proximally clear yellow or light brown, the distal articles covered 
with network of dark purplish brown. 

A deep transverse furrow between mesal angles of eyes, to which the 
median longitudinal sulcus across vertex extends. A row of setz along 
labral margin as usual and also a second row of about nine short sete 
across lower portion of clypeus, the latter row being inversely V-shaped 
with the angle very obtuse. 

Antenne of moderate length, slender, not strongly clavate. 

Lateral borders of first dorsal plate not produced; ventro-caudal 
angle in outline sub-rectangular, the vertex rounded, the margin from 
here running obliquely cephalo-dorsad; anterior margin widely rounded, 


168 Annals Entomological Society of America  [Vol. V, 


the caudal nearly straight, both margined, more strongly so ventrad 
over lateral portions. Two deep longitudinal striz across plate dorsad 
of lateral margin on each side. 

Segments deeply striate beneath and on lower sides, the striz on 
some anterior segments extending dorsad nearly to the black spot. 

Repugnatorial pores moderate, well separated from the transverse 
‘suture which at this level is very weakly curved, remaining almost 
straight. 

Anal scutum with apical process straight, acute, not at all decurved, 
somewhat exceeding the anal valves; bearing four sete along each 
caudo-lateral margin. (See Pl. XII, figs. 6 and 7). 

Anal valves with mesal margins elevated, the elevated ridge crossed 
by a series of transverse sulci; each vale widely depressed caudad of and 
not quite parallel with the margins of anal scale. Each valve bearing 
two sete ectad of elevated mesal border, one at about one-third the 
-distance from each end. (See Pl. XII, fig. 6). 

Anal scale with caudal margin subsemi-circular, the lateral angles 
a little extended; anterior margin widely convex. A little cephalad of 
caudal margin two pairs of setee borne on tubercles. (See Pl. XII, fig. 5). 

Appendages of the second segment in female consisting of a plate 
presenting on each side a caudo-ventrally directed lobe which in lateral 
aspect appears clavate and is densely covered with bristles. Springing 
from the anterior portion of segment between the folds of plate is a pair 
of very small leg-like appendages distinctly jointed and terminating in 

a straight transparent claw; these appendages strongly suggestive of 
Ronee with the anterior ‘pair of ordinarily ambulatory appendages 
of other segments. (See Pl. XII, fig. 8, a drawing from lateral and 
somewhat anterior direction of a specimen in which the first segment 
has been partly separated from the second the better to expose the parts; 
a leg of first Scemient is shown at left.) 

Segments 52. 

Length ad 31 mm.; width 2.2 mm. (female). 


Locality: Tolland) Col. ee 8,000 ft.). Two female 
specimens collected by Prof. Cockerell in Aug., 1911. 


Family PoLYDESMID. 
Genus Polydesmus 
Polydesmus bonikus sp. nov. 


Dorsum appearing dark brown from a close network of dark reddish 
brown lines over a ground of light brown; prozonites light brown; a black 
median dorsal line which is most distinct posteriorly. Head mostly 
light brown, mandibles and lateral portions palest, median portion 
covered with areolation of dark brown lines, a dark reddish brown band 
across region dorsad of level of antenna, and extending ventral in 
tongue-like form between the latter. Antenne light. Venter yellow- 
ish, with some parts tinged with pink. Legs yellow, commonly tinged 
with pinkish distad. 

Body with sides almost parallel for most of length, attenuated 
anteriorly and the last few segments also attenuated in the usual way. 


1912] Chilopods and Diplopods 169 


Vertex crossed by a deeply impressed sulcus which ends abruptly | 
in a very short transverse line above dorsal margin of the dark transverse 
band. Head clothed with intermixed long and short setose hairs which 
are densest over frontal and clypeal region. 

First dorsal plate a little wider than head inclusive of mandibles. 
Anterior margin weakly convex, meeting the lateral margin on each 
side at an obtusely rounded angle, the anterior and lateral margins 
together roughly hemispherical; anterior and lateral borders trans- 
parent, distinctly margined. Each lateral margin obtusely incised at a 
point about one-third the distance from the caudo-lateral angle to the 
antero-lateral, but no teeth present. Caudal margin concave mesally 
and convex at each side, bow-shaped. Depressed longitudinally each 
side of median portion which appears elevated, more especially so 
caudad. 

Second dorsal plate with lateral portions moderately bent cephalad 
touching or a little overlapped by the first plate. An acute tooth at 
antero-lateral angle; a little caudad of this a lower, very obtuse denticu- 
lation and half way between this and the caudal angle a third very weak 
or obscure denticulation. A broad longitudinal depression or furrow 
on each side somewhat less than half the distance from middle to lateral 
margin of plate. Tubercular areas very weakly developed, plate 
being nearly smooth. 

Third plate very similar to the second but the lateral margins a 
little shorter. Caudo-lateral corner sub-rectangular, a little obtuse. 
Lateral teeth as on the second. 

Fourth plate with lateral margin much longer than that of second 
and third plates. First and second denticulations smaller; antero- 
lateral angle well rounded. 

Subsequent dorsal plates similar to the fourth. All with the lateral 
longitudinal depression as described for the second. Transverse sulcus 
weak. Distinctly margined caudally and laterally and along free 
portion anteriorly. The lateral denticulations very small; a fourth 
weak denticle appearing on some plates caudad of the third. Caudo- 
lateral angles becoming in posterior segments moderately produced 
caudad. 

Anal scutum with process obtusely founded and bearing long sete. 
Dorsally with conical setigerous tubercles. 

Anal valves broad, rounded laterally and caudally. Margined 
mesally and also caudally and laterally, the lateral margin wide. 

Anal scale roughly triangular, the anterior margin convex, the 
caudo-lateral sides very weakly convex, meeting at middle line in an 
acute angle. 

Ventral plates with longitudinal and transverse sulci well developed. 

Legs of moderate length; bristles densest distad; ultimate joint 
densely and subseriately setose ventrally. 

First and second legs in male oe reduced, the second pair a 
little larger than the first. 

For structure of gonopods of male see Pl. X, fig. 3. 

Length 19-20 mm.; width 2.2 mm. 


Locality: Madison, Washington. (Dr. E. Bergroth). 


170 Annals Entomological Society of America  [Vol. V, 


Family XyYSTODESMIDZ. 
Genus Xystocheir Cook. 


Xystocheir taibona sp. nov. 


Tegument thin, translucent, horn-brown in color, the carinal 
margins pale brick-red; prozonites paler; pigment about dorsal vessel 
commonly showing through as a dark median line. Head very light 
or whitish shining brown, a triangular dark spot below each antenna 
formed of closely arranged small dots. Antenne light yellow or whitish. 
Legs pale yellow or yellowish brown, darker proximally. Venter and 
sides pale brown to yellowish. 

A sharply impressed median sulcus crossing vertex and ending 
abruptly at about level of upper margins of antennal sockets or but 
little lower, crossing near its distal end a shallow furrow which arches 
across from the dorsal edge of.one antennal socket to the other. Vertex 
smooth and shining. <A few scattered bristles over frontal and clypeal 
region. 

Antennze rather long, uniform; clothed with rather short hairs 
intermixed with long bristles, especially on proximal segments. 

First dorsal plate a little wider than the head, shorter than the 
second. Cephalic and lateral margins together semi-circular. 
Caudal margin mesally straight or very slightly incurved, laterally 
extending obliquely cephalad. Entire border margined. ‘Two pairs 
of impressed lines, the two on each side diverging from near the mesal 
line caudo-laterad, the anterior one nearly straight, the posterior curved, 
its convexity caudo-mesad. 

Second plate and those immediately following with lateral portions 
bent cephalad, farther back the plates becoming first straight and then 
with the lateral portions bent more and more caudad. In the anterior 
plates the cephalo-lateral portion bulges cephalad, but in proceeding 
caudad the anterior margin first becomes straight and then the antero- 
lateral corners more and more strongly rounded caudad, the posterior 
corners becoming at the same time more and more strongly produced. 
All scuta distinctly margined. Each segment crossed by two transverse 
sulci of which the more caudal is deepest and longer. 

Nineteenth segment very short, the lateral processes ordinarily 
exceeded by those of the eighteenth segment. 

Anal scutum with process a little depressed, truncate distally where 
it bears several groups long bristles, crossed with two rugose lines a 
double one at posterior third and the other midway between this and 
the apex of process, each line bearing two pairs of double seta, two 
being inserted together in each case. In addition there is a marginal 
couple on each side of scutum farther cephalad. 

Anal valves roughened; inner margins strongly elevated; each valve 
with two sulci extending from anterior margin caudad and somewhat 
laterad, the more mesal one with a double bristle inserted near its 
middle and each valve also bearing at its caudo-mesal angle a compact 
bunch of similar long sete. 


1912] Chilopods and Diplopods 171 


Anal scale with anterior margin incurved mesally and convex 
laterally, bow-shaped; each caudo-lateral margin convex, meeting its 
fellow of opposite side in a rounded obtuse angle. Scale crossed with 
a sulcus ending in the cephalo lateral corners and bending caudad across 
the plate; a weaker sulcus sub-parallel with this further cephalad ; 
caudad of the first or principal sulcus and extending to caudad margin 
there is on each side of middle a longitudinal sulcus. Just ectad of the 
longitudinal sulcus on each side and nearly on the caudal margin is 
a double bristle. 

In the gonopods of the male the two rami on each side are fused 
excepting distally, the ventral one not separate and opposed to the 
other like a thumb as is the case in F. dissecta Wood. The principal 
or ventral ramus long and cylindrical, terminating in three spines 
which are inserted at the same level. Spines simply curved, not twisted; 
the ventral one flat, narrow, apically rounded; the outer one dostally 
bent ecto-caudad, pointed; the dorsal one most slender. (See Pl. X, 
figs. 1 and 2). 

Length ad 28 mm.; width 5 mm. 


Locality: Region of Monterey Bay, Cal. (Pacific Grove,etc.) 

A very common species in this locality (Author coll., 1902, 
1909, 1911). 

Related to X. dissecta (Wood) but the gonopods very distinct. 
Xystocheir obtusa Cook and Fontaria furcifer Karsch are 
doubtless synonyms of Wood’s species. I have specimens of 
dissecta from near the type locality and find them to agree 
with Wood’s description as well as with those of the two authors 
mentioned, when Woods’ description is correctly apprehended. 
The nineteenth segment is somewhat variable in length, its 
distal processes occasionally extending considerably beyond 
those of the eighteenth, while in other cases the segment may 
be wholly covered by the eighteenth in which case the latter 
might be readily mistaken for the former. 


172 Annals Entomological Society of America  [Vol. V, 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


PLATE X. 
Xystocheir taibona sp. nov. 


Gonopods of male, caudo-ventral aspect. 


Fig. 
The same, lateral aspect. 


Fig. 


nore 


Polydesmus bontkus sp. nov. 
Fig. 3. Left gonopod of male, caudo-ventral aspect. 


Titsona sima gen. et. sp. nov. 


Fig. 4. Left leg of first pair, caudal aspect. 
Fig. 5. Antenna. 
6 


Fig. Head and anterior segments, lateral aspect. 
Buwatia monterea gen. et sp. nov. 
Fig. 7. Antenna. 
PuaTE XI. 
Paraiulus tivius sp. nov. 
Fig. 1. Gonopods of male, caudo-ventral aspect. 
Fig. 2. Gonopods of male, lateral aspect. 
Fig. 3. Third pair of legs of male. 
Fig. 4. Second pair of legs of male, caudal aspect. 
Fig. 5. First pair of legs of male, caudal aspect. 
Fig. 6. Gnathochilarium of male. 
Fig. 7. Sensory hair from lateral region of clypeus. 
Paraiulus timpius sp. nov. 
Fig. 8. Gnathochilarium of male. 
Fig. 9. Gonopods of male, lateral aspect. 


PLATE XII. 
Soniphilus geronimo sp. nov. 


Fig. 1. Head, dorsal aspect. 
Fig. 2. Head and prehensorial feet, ventral aspect. 
Fig. 8. Caudal region of body, ventral aspect. 


Poabius nankus sp. nov. 
Fig. 4. Right anal leg, dorsal aspect. 


Parawulus garius sp. nov. 


Fig. 5. Anal scale. 

Fig. 6. Caudal end of body, lateral aspect, showing anal valves, scutum, etc. 
Fig. 7. Same, dorsal view. 

Fig. 8. Appendages of second segment of female as seen from lateral and 


slightly cephalic view. First segment partly separated from the 
second. 


PLATE XIII. 
’ Poabius verdescens Chamberlin. 
Fig. 1. Right anal leg, dorsal aspect. 


Poabius iginus sp. nov. 
Fig. 2. Right anal leg, dorsal aspect. 


Kethops utahensis Chamb., gen. nov. 


Fig. 3. Last two segments, dorsal aspect. 
Fig. 4. Last segment, ventral aspect. 
Fig. 5. Fourteenth ventral plate. 

Fig. 6. Right anal leg, mesal aspect. 


ANNALS E. S. A. Vou. V, PLATE X. 


Fee Vs Chamberlin. 


ANNALS E. S. A. VOL, V5 PLATE! XI. 


R. V. Chamberlin. 


R. V. Chamberlin. 


, PLATE XI. 


VoL. V, PLATE XIII. 


ANNAIS E. S. A. 


R. V. Chamberlin. 


CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF MEALY 
BUGS, GENUS PSEUDOCOCCUS, IN THE VICINITY 
OF CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA. 


By Cuas. K. Brain, F. E. S. 


The material studied was mainly collected by the writer 
during 1910 and the first part of 1911. Two of the species, how- 
ever, were collected by Mr. Chas. P. Lounsbury, as mentioned 
in the descriptions. Sixteen different host plants are involved, 
but Pseudococcus capensis was found on eleven of these, while 
particular attention was not paid to hosts for P. longispinus, 
which was found exclusively in greenhouses. It should be 
mentioned that the specimens were collected as noticed while 
engaged on other entomological work connected with the 
Department of Agriculture, and it is by no means implied that 
the seven species mentioned in this paper include all that are 
present in the Cape Peninsula. 

To insure more accurate measurement of the segments of 
the antennae, and the setae of the anal lobes and anal ring, all 
specimens were stained by the Carbol Fuchsin method described 
in a separate section of this article. The photographs and draw- 
ings were prepared by the writer hoping that they would facilitate 
the determination of the species. At this first opportunity I 
wish to express my gratitude to Mr. Chas. P. Lounsbury, 
Chief of the Division of Entomology for the Union of South 
Africa, for much assistance in Entomological work, and also 
to Prof. Herbert Osborn, of Ohio State University, for his 
timely criticism and advice. 


Pseudococcus longispinus Targ. 1867. 


Dactylopius longispinus Targioni. Studi sulle Cocciniglie 1867. 

Dactylopius adonidum Signoret. Essai sur les Cochenilles. Ann. Ent. Soc, 
Fr. 1875. 

Dactylopius longifilis Comstock. Ann. Rep. Comm. Agric. 1880. Washington 
1881. 


This well known insect (Fig. 1) can be readily recognized by its 
’ caudal appendages, but the following particulars are added to make the 
series uniform and to assist in the determination of slide material. 
Adult 9. Largest specimen found measured while alive 4.1 mm., 
and had caudal appendages 5.5 mm. long. 
Antenne: Measurements in u. 


177 


178 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vole Va 


ve ee | | | 
Joints I II | III | IV V | vI | VII | VII 
Range of measurements....| 54-80 58-82 64-84, 30-50} 40-62 30-48) 40-50) 94-110 
Most common meas’rem’ts| 60.62 | 65.67 | 70.74 | 36.38 | 46.48 | 38.42| 44 | 102 
Average of 20 meas’rem’ts| 64.) 7000 70 ps0) 505 1 405 Ves LOT) 


Fig. 1. Pseudococcus longispinus 9Q 


Sete of Anal Lobes: 110u to 130pu, with 124 pw the most common 
length. 
Sete of Anal Ring: 122u to 148y with 1344 the most common length. 
Remarks: This species is commonly found on ferns, etc., in 
greenhouses. 
Pseudococcus citri Risso 1813. 


Dorthesia citri Risso. Essai Hist. Nat. des Oranges, etc. Paris 1813. 

Coccus citri Boisduval. Essai sur 1’Entom. Hort. 1867. 

Dactylopius citri Signoret Essai sur les Cochenilles 1875. 

Dactylopius brevispinus (ex. p.) Targioni. Annali di Agricoltura 1881. 

Dactylopius destructor Comstock. Ann. Rep. Comm. Agr. 1880. Washington, 
1881. 


This species—the common mealy-bug of literature—is 
easily distinguished from P. longispinus by the absence of the 
long caudal filaments, and from the other species of the locality 
by the fact that the waxy secretion is most scant down the 
median dorsal line. Its general appearance is well shown in 
Plate XIV, Fig. 3, which is greatly enlarged. The seventeen 
lateral wax appendages are often more or less wanting in old 
rubbed specimens, especially those living in exposed positions. 


Ovisac: Small, more or less spherical, at first covered by the body 
of the female. As the mass increases it is generally seen as a rounded 
mass protruding beneath, and in front of, the insect. 


1912] Pseudococcus of South Africa 179 


Ova: Amber yellow, 320-350 pu long, and 146-165 uw broad. 

Adult 9 : Largest specimen found, with ovisac completed, measured 
while alive 4.45 mm. long by 2.64 mm. broad. 

Antenne: Plate XV, Fig.5. Antennalsegments, measurements in p. 


| 


II | (BME) | ee | WAIL |) \WACIE- 9) WAKEIE 


—_ 
le) 
ra 
5 
ct 
n 
ad 


Range of measurements... | 52 Z\ 58-76 52-76 34 46 36 48, 36-48) 40-54, 96-120 
Most common Fes in ta 60, 66, 62, Be 60, 65, 42 | 42 44 46 | 108 
Average of 30 meas’r’m’ts.| 62.6 | 64.5 64 | 39.3 | 43.3 | 42.8 | 47.5 | 106.6 


Sete of Anal Lobes: 180 uw to 270 uw with 225 uw the commonest length’ 

Sete of Anal Ring: 108-138 pw with 115 » the commonest length. 

The distribution of spines and pores round the anal lobes is shown 
in Plate XVI, Fig. 1. 


Remarks: P. citri is one of the greatest worries of nursery- 
men on Coleus, and was also quite common in the Cape 
Peninsula on Oleander. 


Pseudococcus lounsburyi n. sp. 


Ovisac: When complete entirely enclosing the adult @, large, 
elongate, oval, composed of threads which, when seen under the micro- 
scope have almost a glassy appearance; 
4.5 mm. long, by 2.25 mm. broad. Large 
numbers of ovisacs were often found mat- 
ted together between leaf-bases, some- 
times forming a mass two inches long 
by almost as wide. 

Ova; Closely surrounded by fibres 
of the ovisac; orange yellow, 340 u long 
by 176 win diameter. 


Larve: Newly emerged, are nearly 
transparent, showing but the slightest | 
tinge of the usual purplish coloring 680 wu 
long and 260 uw broad; antenne trans- 
parent, of 6 joints. 


Male: Puparium small, brownish 
white. Adult of the usual Pseudococcus 
o form (see figure) with body purplish _ 
red in color, .9 to 1.020 mm. in length 
and .255 mm. across the thorax, the © ee 
widest part of the body; legs and anten- ==iaEn=nlosssei ad 
ne pale yellow, and semi-transparent. Fig 
Antenne of 10 joints, .5664 mm. long, eyes Gt OL ee ae lounsburyt, 
black; caudal appendages, when living, greatly enlarged. 
two stout, .255 mm. long, and two more 
slender, nearly half as long. Males emerge November and early 
December. 


180 Annals Entomological Society of America [Volk ve 


Adult Female: At the time of spinning the ovisac, large, 3.7 mm. 
(4.1 mm. with caudal appendages) by 1.65 mm. broad, becoming 
somewhat narrower towards the anterior and posterior ends; color 
purplish, showing distinctly through the ashy white secretion; segmen- 
tation very distinct; legs and antenne very pale; lateral wax appendages 
absent, caudal ones stout at base, somewhat conical, snow white, and 
appearing granular. Inner pair longer and stouter than the outer 
ones. Until the females attain approximately the size 2.4 mm. long by 
1.1 mm. broad they remain free-moving. (Plate XIV, Fig. 4). After this 
the ovisac is commenced—a silky mass which ultimately completely 
envelopes the insect. This is spun from the posterior end forward, 
as shown in Figs. 5 and 6, until, in the end, it forms a complete 
covering for the female, and later the ova. 

Antenne: Plate XV, Fig. 6. 


UI OUIMGS News cra eo nracrsae | I | II | III | IV | V | WAL |) AVA), VIET 
Range of measurements....| 56-66) 64-72} 43-52) 26 36 33-48) 26-30 36-42) 88-100 
Most common meas’r’m’ts| 60 | 68 46 28 | 42 | 28 36 88-92 
Average of 10 meas’r’m’ts.| 61 69 AT 28 42 28 | 37 92 


Sete of Anal Lobes. 144u to 160u long (from 5 measurements). 

Sete of Anal Ring. 104u to 128 yu long. 

Unfortunately, although 35 specimens were mounted, nearly all 
the setz of the anal lobes were lacking. It commonly happens in 
clearing specimens in K O H etc., that a number of the hairs, spines, 
etc., are lost but I have never found it occur to such an extent as in 
this species. Plate XVI, Fig. 2 shows the distribution of spines and 
pores round the anal lobes. 

Type Slide: On this slide are three specimens, arranged, with the 
slide in front of one as labeled, in the form of a triangle. The insect at 
the apex is here described as ‘‘a,’’ the one at:the left as ‘“‘b,’’ and the 
one on the right as “‘c.”’ 

Specimen “‘a’’: Size, mounted, 2.8 mm. long by 1.4 mm. broad. 

Pores of derm small and scattered, sparingly supplied with small 
hairs, especially across the middle zones of segments. Hairs on dorsal 
surface more numerous and longer, sometimes attaining length of 90 wu. 

Antennal segments: One antenna folded. Segments of other, in 
order 1 to 8, measured inp are 58, 68, 48, 36, 42, 27, 36 and 89. It 
should be mentioned that Segment IV, measuring, in this specimen 
36 wis the longest found in the whole series. The usual length for joint 
IV is about 28 py. 

Sete of Anal Lobes. 154 p, 160 yz. 

Sete of Anal Ring: About 128 u. 

Legs: The measurements of the legs on the right side of the insect— 
left side as mounted with ventral side up are given in w. It should be 
noticed that seven measurements are given, and the illustration shows 
the scheme adopted. The Coxa and trochanter are unsatisfactory as 


1912] Pseudococcus of South Africa 181 


regards measuring in many instances and the method adopted in the 
scheme used here is to obtain measurements in direct lines from points 
which remain definite with different: ways of folding of the legs in 
mounting. Hence the trochanter is measured with the femur. 


Fig. 3. 
Right metathoracic leg of Pseudococcus lounsburyi 
illustrating scheme of measurments. 


The measurements in # are given in the following order: 


1. Length of coxa. 

2. Breadth of coxa across base. 

3. Length of trochanter plus femur. 

4. Breadth of femur. 

5. Length of tibia. 

6. Breadth of tibia. 

7. Length of tarsus plus claw. 
Rrochoracionlegannn ny ae ares s+.) | 83 129 | 281 | 76 190 | 38 106 
Miesothoracieleg.cs2. Safsk.ecne | 83 | 121 | 304) 76 205 | 40 106 
Metathoracic leg................ | 90) | 120° |. S84: 79) Paani 4s 121 

| 


Specimen “b”’: Size mounted 3.2 mm. by 1.6 mm. 

The measurements of the segments of the antenna (one lacking) in 
this insect illustrate a very good average for the material collected. 
They are: 58, 64, 44, 26, 42, D8, 36 and 91 uw. The Sete of the anal 
lobes unfortunately are missing, while those of the anal ring average 
from 120u to 128 u. 

Specimen “‘c”’: Size mounted 3 mm. by 1.5 mm. 

Antennal Segments: Right—56, 64, 43, 28, 33, 27, 38, 88. Left— - 
62, 64, 43, 27, 38, 28, 36, 88. 

The fifth segment of the right antenna in this insect measures only 
33 mw. It is a coincidence that ae is the least measurement found for 
this segment, and it is on the same slide as the specimen showing the 
maximum length for segment IV. One of the sete of the anal lobes is 
missing. The one remaining measures 156 uw, while those of the anal 
ring average about 108 uy. 


182 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


Host Plant: Agapanthus umbellatus L’Hérit. 

Remarks: This species was first found by Mr. C. P. Louns- 
bury on the leaf-bases of this plant in the grounds of Indian 
House, Kenilworth, on September 10, 1910. 


Pseudococcus capensis n. sp. 


Ovisac: Large, 4.2 mm. long by 3 mm. broad, white, fibrous. 

Ova: Bright orange yellow, 344 4-390 u long by 170 u-190 uw broad. 

Adult 2: Largest specimens found were 4.2 mm. long and 3.4 mm. 
broad. Waxy secretion usually scant, lateral filaments short and very 
slender; caudal ones (2), when insect is in sheltered spot, sometimes 
attaining half the length of body. 

Antenne: Plate XV, Fig. 3 

Segments, measurements in uy. 


| | iz | 
Rat eee Aa see OR Tien sent | Ty evel ear vin | VIII 


Range of measurements....| 60-76) 76-90, 76-92) 36-50) 52 64. 36-45 40-52) 96-115 
Most common meas’r’m’ts| 68 | 80 | 80 | 40-42) 56-62; 40 | 44 | 104 
Average of 20 meas'r’m'ts.| 68 | 81.5 | 81 | 42 | 59 | 39 | 44 | 105.5 


Sete of Anal Lobes: 117 p-152 w, most common length about 128 up. 

Sete of Anal Ring: 154 yw-180 pw, most common length about 160 pu. 

Plate XVI, Fig. 3, shows distribution of glands, etc., “round anal ring. 

Type: Size mounted 3 mm. by 1.86. Dermis with small scattered 
pores on ventral surface, with scant short hairs. Dorsal surface with 
scattered, large pores, some at anterior end with hairs reaching 96 u in 
length. 

Antenne: Segments, Right—70?, 80, 72, 50, 53, 40, 48, and 110 pz. 

75?, 80, 75, 45, 56, 42, 43, and 107 uw. 
: Sete of Anal Lobes about 117 u long, those of Anal Ring about 160 uw 

long. 
L oes measurements in yp. 


Prothoracic leg...............-.| | 304} 91 | 228) 38 | 114 
Mesothonacie legis.) -y.sunseeeee Bz | 91 | 258 38 121 
Te sce ee 98 | | 

als 


129 - 357 | 95 | 311] 53 | 129 


Remarks: This species was found on a number of different 
host plants, viz.: Phytolacca dioica Piper, Albizzia lophantha, 
Solanum sodomeum Linn., Clematis vitalba, Pelargonium sp., 
Sonchus oleraceus Linn., Senecio vulgaris Linn., Malva parviflora 
Linn., and Oxalis cernua Thunb. It was also found on vines at 
Constantia and on stored pumpkins at Stellenbosch. The fol- 
lowing notes made at the time of collecting the material illus- 
trate some phases of the life-history of this species: 


1912] Pseudococcus of South Africa 183 


(a) On Phytolacca dioica Piper, at Rosebank Station. July 
17, 1911. Fruit clusters nearly all fallen. These were heavily 
infested with Mealy Bug, and on falling to the ground many of 
the adult females made their way back to the trunks of the 
trees. At this date many females are to be seen walking about 
the bark, while the trunks are quite noticeable from the number 
of ovisacs spun in the cracks of the bark. In the four trees 
there must be some thousands of ovisacs within five feet of the 
ground, while in one case they are numerous to a height of 
Dor tOva0rreet. 

(b) On Albizzia lophantha. In winter this species is com- 
monly clustered on the crowns of young seedling plants of this 
species immediately below the surface of the ground. Others 
are found in cracks in the bark of larger trees and later in the 
season when the leaves and flowers appear the insects are 
scattered over the whole tree. Large numbers of ovisacs have 
been found matted together in the seed pods. 

(c) On Stored Pumpkins at Stellenbosch. Dec. 15, 1910. 
On this date I collected full-grown females (8-4 mm.) from 
pumpkins of the Turk’s Head variety which had been stored on 
a roof (galvanized iron) for some months. Numerous completed 
visacs were present. All specimens were below the pumpkins 
and had the appearance of having remained there for a long 
time. The pumpkins were exceedingly hard and dry and were 
on a hot, dry, exposed roof, but the insects were quite healthy 
looking and lively. 

(On Vines at Constantia. Jan. 3; 1911, This material 
was collected by Mr. C. P. Lounsbury who states that at this 
date females of all stages were present in the vines but very 
few had entered the bunches themselves, which were small at 
that time. 


Pseudococcus wachendorfiz n. sp. 


Ovisac: No definite ovisac was found, although where the adult 92 
was situated a definite white granular patch of waxy secretion was 
noticed on the plant. 

Adult 2 : Largest specimen found measured while alive 4.1 mm. long 
and 1.9 mm. broad. The body was finely covered with granular secre- 
tion, white, but segmentation was still conspicuous. Lateral appendages 
of wax were absent, but a short caudal tuft was generally noticeable. 

Antenne: Plate XV, Fig. 2. 

Segments: Measurements in uw. 


184 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


gate ae eta ken tere a aorta | IV | Velev | VII | VII 


Range of measurements....| 60+68 44-64 32-56 18 26 28-44) 20-28) 28-36) 66-96 
Most common meas'r’m'ts| 60 | 60 | 44 | 24 36 | 24 | 28.32 | 80 
Average of 10 meas’r’m’ts.| 64 | 56 43° |) 3 360.24 | 23m 78 

Sete of Anal lobes: 154 p-180 » with commonest length about 160 u. 

Sete of Anal ring: 115 y-144 w with commonest length about 136 u. 

Plate XVI, Fig. 4, shows distribution of pores etc., round anal lobes. 

Type: Specimen mounted measures 2.7 mm. long by 1.8 mm. broad. 

Dermis, with numerous scattered pores and numerous short hairs or 
spines, especially along the median zones of the segments. On the dorsal 
surface, towards the anterior end, the hairs are numerous and longer, 
some reaching 72 yu in length. 

Antenne: The segments measured in yu are: ?, 53, 43, 25, 28,.27, 32 
and 80 uw on one side, and 64, 56, 44, 22, 32, 26, 31 and 80 uw on the other. 
The Setze on the anal lobes are 155 w and 158 yu while those of the anal 
ring average about 136 uy. 

Legs: Measurements in up. 


IPO tM OralCi CMe Sark ier eta 91 | 121 334 | 83 


| | 212 | 4 
| 
Mesothoracielegassa.a.- loser 106 | 136 | 342 | 91 | 235 | 45 98 
Nie taithonacicsleoasssaeemene poner 129 | 152 | 364 | 91 | 281 | Tee is: 


Remarks: This species was only found on Wachendorfia 
paniculata Linn. The material was collected by the writer on 
Newlands Flats, about eight miles from Cape Town, on October 
3, 1910. The mealy-bug was found on thirty per cent of the 
plants of this kind pulled up in an area of about two hundred 
yards square, but was not once found above the surface of the 
ground. It was between the leaf-bases, and extended from 
half to one and a half inches down. The ground was composed 
of white sand. Ants were in constant attendance and had in 
some cases raised the sand slightly around the stem of the 
plant. It was this fact that attracted my attention. It was 
noticeable that some half-mile away, where the plant was fairly 
plentiful again, no mealy-bug could be found. It might be 
suggested that the colonies of ants have something to do with 
the distribution as the plants are generally somewhat scattered. 


Pseudococcus muraltiz n. sp. 

Ovisac: Spherical, 2.3 mm. in diameter, white, fibrous. Large clus- 
ters of ovisacs occur sparingly, and are generally overrun by ants. 
Plate XIV, Fig. 1 shows such a cluster three-fourths natural size. 

Ova: Orange yellow in color, oval, averaging 240 uw long by 180 pu 
wide. 


1912] Pseudococcus of South Africa 185 


Larve: (a) newly hatched, orange yellow, legs and antennz pale, 
transparent. The larve in this stage are very active, oval in form, 
measuring 358 uw long by 170 uw broad. (b) later, 544 uw long by 255 u 
broad. Antenne of 6 joints, about 170 uw long. Eyes conspicuous, black. 
Measurements of the larval antennz in w gave the following lengths for 
the segments: 20, 22, 16, 18, 20 and 68 w. Larve began to emerge from 
ovisacs kept at room temperature on October 25th. 

Male: not found. 

Adult 9 : (Plate XIV, Fig. 2) small; largest specimen, with completed 
ovisac, was 1.9 mm. long by 1.13 mm. broad, slatey-gray in color; waxy 
secretion scant but segmentation conspicuous. Lateral appendages 
were absent but usually four caudal ones present, the longest of which 
measured 330 uw. Color in boiling K O H black, then purple. 

Antenne: Plate XV, Fig. 1. 

Segments: measured in wu. 


OIE Seven arete Ser erees oth 3 Se I II | TES), EV V Vi Va | Var 


Range of measurements....| 32-42) 34-40) 26-34) 16-23} 21-25} 20-24) 25-32) 72-84 
Most common meas’r’m’ts| 40 38 30 20 24 22 28 82 
Average of 10 meas’r’m’ts.| 39 38 31 2OW 2325 22 29 82 


Sete of Anal Lobes: 1204-1504, most common length about 130 pu. 

Seite of Anal Ring: 96 4-120 pw, most common length about 108 p. 

Plate XVI, Fig. 5, shows the distribution of spines, etc., round anal 
lobes. 

Type Slide: This slide has two specimens mounted on it, but the 
one to the left as slide is labeled is considered the type specimen. 
(Specimen A). 

Specimen A: Size mounted 1.6 mm. by 1.14 mm. 

Dermis: Pores very scattered. Those on the dorsal surface gener- 
ally larger than those of ventral surface. On both surfaces are a few 
scattered hairs. Some of these on the dorsal surface, towards the 
anterior end are long and very slender, reaching in a few cases 90 u long. 

Antenne: Right—34?, 34, 26, 20, 24, 20, 25 and 78 yw. Left—40, 
35, 26, 16, 24, 20, 25, and 80u . 

The setz of the anal lobes are 128 uw long, while those of the anal 
ring average about 112 uw. 

Legs, measured according to scheme given with description of P. 
lounsburyi are: 


iProchoracieles. chen. ss snes 45 75 159 | 60 98 30 84 
Mesothoracic legis..2222. 0.4% i: : 45 76 170 | 60 98 30 98 
Metathoraciclegsssc sm.) 5) shall soo 84 190 | 60 | 128 28 106 


Specimen B. Size mounted is 1.67 mm. long and 1.18 mm. broad. 
Antenne: Right—?, 36, 32, 17, 24, 22, 30 and 72 uw. Left—?, 38, 
31, 16, 24, 20, 27, and 78 wu. 


186 Annals Entomological Society of America _[Vol. V, 


The Setze of the anal lobes are 128 uw and 134 wu long while those of 
the anal ring seem to vary between 98 pw and 104 yp. 

Host Plant: Muraltia heisteria, D. C. 

Remarks: As far as is known this small species has only the 
one host plant. It was found by the writer on the Cape Flats 
east of Newlands and Rondebosch. 


Pseucdooccus fragilis n. sp. 

This material was collected on oranges at Gonna by 
Mr. C. P. Lounsbury on October 19, 1910. Unfortunately, 
I have no notes with me concerning the living insect, and 
have no particulars of the ovisac, etc. The insect is so dis- 
tinct from the other species collected in the district, however, 
that I will give the measurements from the slide material, 
and hope to complete the description on my return to the Cape. 


Adult 9: Size of largest mounted specimen 4 mm. long and 2.4 
mm. broad. The integument appears exceptionally delicate, the 
antenne unusually long, (Plate XV, Fig. 4) and the spines and sete 
unusually thin and fragile, and, in mounted specimens, very much bent. 

Antennal Segments: 


Joints cose eee eee I II 1 We oe ENA V VE | VAR ev 


Range of measurements....| 64-70) 72-90)80-100} 56-62) 60-84) 50-64/48-60) 104-120 
Most common meas’r’m’ts| 64 76 88 58 64 52 56 112 
Average of 10 meas’r’m’ts.| 66 80 90 57 70 53 55 114 


Sete of Anal Lobes are about 230 p long. 

Sete of Anal Ring are about 192 yp long. 

Plate XVI, Fig. 6, shows the distribution of spines, etc., round 
the anal lobes. 

Type: Size mounted 4.0 mm. by 2.4 mm. 

The pores and hairs on the dermis are scant and the latter are very 
thin. Near the anterior end, on the dorsal surface are a number of long 
delicate hairs, some of which reach a length of 160 u or possibly more. 

The Antennal Segments measure: Right—64, 84, 96, 58, 74, 54, 51, 
118 wp. Left—64, 80, 96, 60, 80, 50, 56, 116 xu. 

The Sete of the anal lobes measure approximately 224 yw long, 
while those of the anal ring probably average about 196 in length. 

Legs measured EERE to senile given ie P. lounsburyi. 


Prothoracien Copeman iar 121 167 | 364 106 | 250] 38 136 
Mesothoracictlesa eases tance 5). L297 LOT aia) O28 S04 iss 144 


Metathoracic ae Ba aa Te ceded Cen Oae 129) 159?) 482) 106} 342) 45 144 


Host Plant: ees 


1912] Pseudococcus of South Africa 187 


STAINING COCCIDAE FOR DETERMINATION, WITH SPECIAL 
REFERENCE TO THE GENUS PSEUDOCOCCUS. 


During 1910, and the first part of 1911 the writer collected 
material in the vicinity of Capetown, South Africa, for the 
purpose of determining what species of the Genus Pseudococcus 
Westwood, were to be found in that locality. Specimens were 
obtained from twenty-one different kinds of plants, and a 
series of experiments made to determine which was the most 
satisfactory way of mounting them for study. Everyone who 
has worked with this genus will appreciate the difficulties 
encountered in the determination of species, and also the 
unsatisfactory nature of the majority of the descriptions given 
for described species. Most of these descriptions simply give 
the size, color, amount of waxy covering, antennal formula and 
host plant. If different descriptions of the same species are 
available it will at once be seen how variable are the facts 
given. Smith* (1911) discusses this fact and shows the futility 
of many of the specific characters generally used. 

Notwithstanding the fact that the mere antennal formula is 
of little value, the relative size of the antenne as a whole, and 
of the segments separately, is a very useful character when the 
actual measurements are given. This, together with the average 
size of the adult @ at the time of oviposition, the comparative 
lengths of the sete of the anal lobes with those of the anal 
ring, the nature of the integument and the distribution of 
pores and spines, furnish, I believe, the best characters 
obtainable. 

For all these characters, except the length of the individuals, 
specimens cleared and mounted in the usual manner are not 
the most satisfactory. With regard to the joints of the 
antenne especially does this apply, for such specimens are too 
clear, and the distinction between the joint itself and the 
conjunctiva is indistinct. Referring to this fact, Smith (loc. cit. 
p. 313) states: ‘‘The chitin is not continuous from one segment 
to the next and consequently the portion between the chitinous 
parts of the segments, the conjunctiva, is not visible or only 
slightly so in well cleared specimens. Consequently, in making 


P. E. Smith. ‘‘ Specific Characters of the Genus Pseudococcus.’’ Ann. Ent. 
Soc. Am. IV, No. 3. Sept., 1911. 


188 Annals Entomological Society of America  [Vol. V, 


measurements, the determination of the end of a segment will 
be only approximately at the center of the conjunctiva. This 
difficulty will be increased if there are some bends in the 
antenne.”’ 

To overcome this difficulty a number of methods of staining 
were tried, but the one given below proved the most satis- 
factory and gave excellent mounts. 

Puncture the specimens with a coarse needle or the point of 
a fine scalpel and treat with K O H in the usual manner. 
After washing in water transfer to strong Carbol fuchsin and 
leave until deeply stained. Specimens may be left in this for an 
hour or more, or over night if the stain is diluted. Wash in 
weak alcohol and bring up to 95% or absolute alcohol. By the 
time this stage is reached the specimens should be uniformly 
deeply colored but translucent. Place in clove oil to clear and 
bleach. The action of this is slow, and the condition of the 
specimens can be regulated so that any degree of staining can 
be retained. If left sufficiently long the integument will be 
quite clear except for the more highly chitinised parts, 1. e., 
antenne, legs, mouthparts, spines and pores. At this stage the 
specimens make exceedingly beautiful slides and quite satis- 
factory mounts to work with. Specimens should be passed from 
clove oil through xylol into balsam. The illustration shows a 
photograph from such a mount. 


Fig. 4. Microphotograph of right antenna of Pseudocaccus sp. 
showing pseudo-articulation of segment Viii. 


Armoured scales, (also Mallophaga, Pediculide and other 
soft-bodied insects) may also be improved for purposes of 
study by a very simple method. After treating with K O H 
and bringing through the alcohols the specimens should be 
cleared in Beechwood Creosote to which a little Picric Acid has 
been added. This turns the creosote a bright brown but does 


1912] Pseudococcus of South Africa 189 


not interfere with its clearing properties. By this means chitin 
is stained a bright sulphur yellow. From this the specimens 
may be mounted direct, but are probably better when passed 
quickly through xylol or clear creosote into balsam. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 
3 


PiatE XIV. Fig. 1. Cluster of ovisacs of Pseudococcus muraltie 3 nat. size. 
Bign 24 Pe muraltiz aC ee hioee mr Citriq Higa 45. Ps louns= 
buryi, 9 2, before ovisac is begun. Fig. 5. P. lounsburyi, @, 
with ovisac begun. Fig. 6. A slightly later stage. 


Pirate XV. Antennae. Camera lucida drawings, all of equal magnification, for 
comparison of size.. 


Pirate XVI: Fig. 1.’ Pseudococcus citri. Fig. 2. P. lounsburyi. 
Fig. 3. P.capensis. Fig.4. P.wachendorfie. Fig.5. P. muraltiz. 
Fig. 6. P. fragilis. 


NEW POSTAL REGULATIONS. 


The following statement of the revised regulations of the Post- 
office department concerning the transmission of insects through the 
mails has been kindly supplied by Dr. L. O. Howard, Chief of the 
Bureau of Entomology: 

“Queen bees and their attendant bees, when accompanied by a 
certificate from a State or Government inspector that they have been 
inspected and found free of disease; beneficial insects, when shipped 
by departments of entomology in agricultural colleges and persons 
holding official entomological positions; other live insects, when 
addressed to the Bureau of Entomology of the United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, to departments of entomology in State agricul- 
tural colleges, and to persons holding official entomological positions, 
and dried insects and dried reptiles may be sent in the mails when so 
put up as to render it practically impossible that the package shall be 
broken in transit, or the persons handling the same be injured, or the 
mail bags or their contents soiled. 

“Nursery stock, including field-grown florists’ stock, trees, shrubs, 
plants, vines, cuttings, grafts, scions and buds (which may carry injuri- 
ous insects) may be admitted to the mails only when accompanied by a 
certificate from a State or Government inspector to the effect that said 
nursery stock has been inspected and found free from injurious insects.”’ 


ANNALS E. S. A. VoL. V, PLATE XIV. 


1. Ovisacs of P. muraltiae. 4. P. lounsburyi. 


5. P. lounsburyi. 


6. P. lounsburyi. 


C. K. Brain. 


ANNALS E. S. A. Vou. V, PLATE XV. 


(Cee eS 


P. muraltiae. 


P. lounsburyé 


C. K. Brain. 


ANNAIS E. S. A. Vou. V. PLATE XVI. 


C. kK. Brain. 


ENE 5, aU gy ct Gs 7S, leo Ve Nimmbes "3, 


The Entomological Society of America 
SEPTEMBER, 1912 


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REPRINTS, FROM WOLUME: Ii. 


Comstock, J. H:—A Note on the Habits of the Wall-bee Chalicodoma Muraria . .10 

PETRUNKEViiIcH, A.—Contributions to Our Knowledge of the Anatomy and | 
Relationswips-Of opiders4 Ao has owiehe Ne Ny ee es Caen EEO OS 155 

Grrautt, A. ARsENE—A Monographic Catalogue of the Mymarid Genus 
Camptoptera Foerster, with Description of One New North America 


Froven sicatos don or Bibs aieek Fa Ps SPs EES aR pets eds 4h raeaw ek Peels 15 
Davis, JOAN J.—Studies on “Aphididae That aaa. ERR is wp ea rat he we -20. 
-Hitton, Witt14m A.—The Tracheal Supply in the Central naa System of De 
the Larva‘ot Corydalis Cormutacsin' 2 cue oe ots pic oe is oka vata e's mince 25° = 
NEtson, Jas. A.—Evolution and Adaption in the Palpus of Male Spiders. dy ekuat aD, 
Weester, F. M.—Investigations of Toxoptera Graminum and.Its Parasites .. 25. 
Haywurst, PAuL—Observations on aGall Aphid (Aphis Atriplicis.L.) 225... 1B 
Patca, Entra M.—Homologies of the Wing Veins of the Aphididae Psyllidae, be 
Aleurodidae, and. Coccidae icc... eee eens APS AER BING ee 5.1 
Htwe, James S.—Robberflies of the Genus Asilus 0.0.0.0... ccc tersseeeses 250 
CHAMBERLIN, RatpH V.—Some Records of North American Geophilidae . 
and Lithobiidae, with Description of Néw Species. 2c. fect ai ec ln ate, 20 
“Davis, Joun J.—Two New Genera and Species of Aphididae... 22. 0020..06.. .10 
Poutton, Pror. E. B.—Mimicry in the Butterflies of North America... ...... 60 
ToOwNsEND, Cuas. H. T.—Descriptions of New Genera and Species of 
Tachinidae....,.; Laie WS Aes Aer ates PLR Wien Rien eevee Pk eae ae Ril * wld 
CocKERELL, T. D, A.—Fossil Insects from Florissant. ...6./.00deceeseees BEN 
McGittivray, A. D.—A Synopsis of the North American Species of Scoli- 
GUOUTIMIASE Ts sp Use ae Bd Ae a ep mnie Mates mee a aid oe a he MBI ahd ota pep TOR 
HAMBLETON, J. C.—Life History of Coizus Lateralis Say .o2...1.2).20.0-. pwnd (1 os 
For Reprints from Volume I, see preceding Number. were 
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ANNALS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, 
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ANNALS 


The Entomological Society of America 


Volume V SE.PTEMB E Ree iooh2 Number 3 


BRAZILIAN ICHNEUMONIDZ AND BRACONID 
OBTAINED BY THE STANFORD EXPEDITION.* 


STANFORD EXPEDITION TO BRAZIL, 1911. 
J. C. BRANNER, Director. 


By CuHARLEs T. BRUES. 


All of the species considered in the present paper were 
obtained by an expedition undertaken by a number of natur- 
alists from Stanford University. The party was led by Prof. 
J. C. Branner, and during a sojourn of several months, they 
visited a number of regions where little or no entomological 
collecting had previously been done. Mr. William M. Mann 
accompanied the expedition as entomologist, and as might be 
expected, many of the Parasitic Hymenoptera obtained prove 
to be undescribed. 

I have not been able to deal with every species, for example, 
members of the genus Ophion, as it is quite impossible to recog- 
nize with certainty some of the forms described by Fabricius 
and other of the earlier writers. 

A number of genera are here recorded from South America 
for the first time, and it has been found necessary to propose 
new genera in several instances for the Brazilian forms. 


*Contributions from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey Institution, 
Harvard University, No, 55. 


193 


194 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


Family ICHNEUMONIDA 
Subfamily ICHNEUMONINE 
Cryptopyge obtusa Kriechbaumer. 

Berliner Entom. Zeitng., Vol. 438, p. 128. 1898. 

There is a female of this species from the Rio Madiera 
(Madeira-Mamoré, R. R. camp 43). 

Kriechbaumer attributes the species to South America with 
some doubt, but there can be no question regarding the identity 
of the present female. The antenne, broken in Kriechbaumer’s 
type, are enlarged from the twelfth joint. 


Tetragonochora cetepurange sp. nov. 


Male. Length 12.5 mm. Orange yellow, marked with black, the 
head, pleuree and venter paler yellow. The black markings are as 
follows; head above the posterior foramen over the vertex nearly to the 
antenne, the yellow extending farther upward on the sides of the front 
and the orbits where it attains the level of the lower ocellus, on the 
temples it descends lower, next to the eye, passing the level of the lower 
ocellus; antennz; mesonotum on its posterior two-thirds; scutellum 
with a large spot medially that attains the base, but not the sides nor 
apex; abdominal petiole at the middle with a V-shaped spot; second, 
third and fourth abdominal segments each with a broad band that does 
not attain the sides; fifth segment, except the sides; sixta and seventh 
and eight segments entirely; posterior knees; posterior tc rsi, and apical 
three joints of middle tarsi. Fore wings deep fulvous on tie basal half, 
then nearly hyaline to the black apex which begins just before the 
middle of the second section of the radius. Hind wings pale yellowish 
with blackened tips. Wing veins fulvous before the stigma, piceous 
beyond; stigma fuscous. Antennz beyond the middle with the joints 
dentate below. Head deeply excavated above the antenne, just below 
the median ocellus with a transverse tubercular elevation; face on each 
side with a shallow depression, separated by a median raised portion; 
clypeus not separated, but with a small, very deep circular impression 
on each side above, its lower margin straight medially and produced 
into an angular tooth at each lateral angle. Mandibles with two 
subequal black teeth. Head entirely smooth and shining, margined 
behind. Mesonotum minutely punctulate, the middle lobe prominent 
in front. Scutellum sparsely punctate anteriorly, longitudinally 
striated on its posterior half; margined laterally and separated from the 
mesonotum by a deep, longitudinally striated depression. Metathorax 
punctate; the superomedian area defined anteriorly, but open behind; 
pleural carina complete to the base of the hind coxa. Abdominal petiole 
aciculate, its spiracles almost linear, near the tip; second segment 
aciculate medially and deeply punctate near the lateral margins; third 
segment with same sculpture, but much finer; remainder of abdomen 
very finely and sparsely punctulate. Wings with four sided, obliquely 
trapezoidal areolet. Submedian cell longer than the median by nearly 


1912] Brazilian Ichneumonide and Braconide 195 


one-third the length of the basal nervure; discoidal vein arising at the 
lower third of the second discoidal cell; transverse median vein of hind 
wing broken almost at its extreme apex. 


One male collected by Mann and Baker, at Kete Purange, 
near Manaos, Brazil. 

This species is related to J. annulata Brullé from Guiana 
from which it differs in structure and slightly in color, although 
of quite similar color-pattern. 


Subfamily CRYPTINE 
Megaplectes branneri sp. nov. 


Male. Length 16 mm. Ferruginous, the head and anterior part 
of the thorax black with yellowish white markings. The entire face 
and mouthparts are pale, as well as the inner orbits above the antenna, 
those behind the upper part of the eye, and the cheeks. The prothorax 
is also lined above and below, the mesopleura at its anterior upper angle, 
the scutellum on its sides and behind, and the whole postscutellum and 
the tegule pale. Antennze black, with broad whitish annulus near the 
apex. Legs pale yellow, the four posterior ones ferruginous to the tips 
of the femora. Fore femora along the lower edge, last two joints of 
fore tarsi, a streak apically below on the middle femur, the middle 
tibial spurs, last three tarsal joints; second trochanter of hind leg, tip of 
femur, inner side of tibia and its spurs piceous or black. Wings pale 
ferruginous, stigma and veins black. Head smooth, impunctate, face 
with a longitudinal depression each side of the median line terminated 
below by the large clypeal foveze; anterior edge of clypeus truncate, 
very faintly produced at the middle. Antennz about as long as the 
body, slender and tapering, the first joint of the flagellum four times as 
long as thick, following decreasing in length; those toward the middle 
of the flagellum twice as long as thick; all except a few basal joints 
slightly nodosely thickened near their tips as in certain genera of Jop- 
pini although not so distinctly. Maxillary palpi with the second joint 
triangularly enlarged, the fifth joint very slender, nearly as long as the 
two preceding; labial palpi simple. Mesonotum finely, confluently 
punctate, without parapsidal furrows; scutellum more coarsely and 
sparsely punctate. Metathorax armed with a pair of unusually large 
and stout erect lateral spines; incompletely areolated; pleural carinz 
complete, very strongly and evenly curved; basal pleural areas complete, 
sparsely punctate; basal median one smooth medially; hexagonal in 
position, but open behind, as its sides are prolonged as parallel carine 
the entire length of the metanotum; surface behind the areas trans- 
versely rugose, most roughly so behind the lateral spines. All pleure 
shining, more or less punctulate. Metathoracic spiracles elongate, 
four times as long as broad. Mesoépisternal groove distinct only in 
front. Abdominal petiole smooth and shining, with a very few scattered 
punctures on the sides of the post-petiole. Second segment with deep 
gastrocceli, smooth at the very base; densely finely punctate elsewhere; 
third segment similarly punctate except at tip; following segments 


196 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


faintly punctulate. Second to fifth ventral segments with a fold. 
Body of abdomen lanceolate, the second segment one-half longer than 
the third. Legs rather slender. Wings with the submedian cell longer 
than the median; discocubital vein with a faint stump of a vein near the 
middle. Areolet of moderately large size, slightly oblique, due to the 
insertion of the recurrent nervure beyond its middle; discoidal vein 
broken below the middle; transverse median vein in hind wing broken 
at its lower third. 


Para, Brazil. W.M. Mann. Named for Professor J. C- 
Branner, the director of the expedition. 

This species exhibits an entirely different color scheme 
from its European congener, but agrees well in the more impor- 
tant structural details. It is the second species to be described 
and looks much like a genuine Ichneumon except for the palpi 
and spined metathorax. 


Cryptus heathi sp. nov. 


Female. Length 10 mm. Ovipositor nearly as long as the abdo- 
men, exclusive of the petiole, Head, thorax and antennez black, with 
yellowish-white markings; abdomen ferruginous, with narrow apical 
buff bands on the segments. The pale markings on the head and thorax 
are as follows; labrum, clypeus, except medially below; broad orbits, 
nearly meeting below the antennze and covering the entire head behind 
below the vertex; joints 9-12 of antennz; anterior edge of prothorax; 
lateral edges behind; medial spot on mesonotum; both scutellums; 
tegulae; median stripes on metathorax behind carina, greatly widened 
behind; broad oblique stripe on mesopleura; another on posterior part 
of metapleura; spot behind wings; and a short stripe ventrally in front 
of each hind coxa. On the abdomen the white is at the base and apex 
of the petiole and as a narrow apical band on segments 2-7. The fore 
legs have the coxze white, with black base and black spot in front and the 
basal trochanter white with black spot in front, the femur, tibia and 
tarsus fulvous with black stripe on femur above and last tarsal joint 
piceous. Middle legs pale ferruginous, with black spot on basal tro- 
chanter above, stripe on femur above and last tarsal joint piceous. 
Hind legs ferruginous, the apical two tarsal joints and tip of tibia 
blackened, and the three basal tarsal joints white. Wings hyaline, with 
piceous stigma and veins; the apex lightly infuscated and a narrow, 
irregular fuscous band just before the third discoidal cell, not ascending 
above the basal vein. Antenne slender, 24-jointed, as long as the body; 
the joints very short apically, but much lengthened at the base of the 
flagellum; the first flagellar joint nearly as long as the eye and over six 
times as long as thick. Head twice as broad as thick; shining, finely 
margined behind, shining, sparsely punctate above the clypeus; the 
latter truncate; labrum exposed as a broad lobe; mandibles fuscous, 
black below; palpi pale, slender. Mesonotum finely, deeply punctate, 
the parapsidal furrows distinct and the median lobe produced forward 


1912} Brazilian Ichneumonide and Braconide 197 


to the lateral ones. Scutellum nearly flat, punctulate. Metathorax 
evenly rounded above, finely closely punctate anteriorly, microscopic- 
ally transversely rugose-aciculate behind, near the basal third with an 
evenly arcuate transverse carina; no trace of lateral projections or 
teeth; spiracles small, circular, behind them a very fine longitudinally 
impressed line to the base of the coxa. Pro-and mesopleure punctulate, 
a large smooth space below the insertion of the wings. Abdominal 
petiole shining, smooth, nearly straight below, bent above at the middle, 
with a longitudinal impression on each side, but without distinct carine; 
apex twice as broad as the base; spiracles barely behind the middle, 
second segment very finely, almost confluently punctate, following 
segments becoming smoother till at the tip the surface 1s not sculptured. 
Legs long and slender, the fore tibize swollen and greatly constricted at 
the base; fourth tarsal joint on all the legs very short and deeply divided 
for the insertion of the fifth. Wings with the stigma very narrow, 
radial cell narrow, as long as the cubito-discoidal; areolet small, scarcely 
narrowed above and with the second transverse cubitus less distinctly 
colored than its other sides; cubito-discoidal vein not broken; recurrent 
nervure received at the middle of the areolet; discoidal vein broken a 
short way above the middle; submedian cell shorter than the median; 
transverse median vein in hind wing broken well above the middle. 


Independencia, Parahyba, Brazil. (Mann and Heath). 

This is a very pretty species of intricate color pattern which 
resembles Callicryptus in the form of the tarsi, although it is 
otherwise very different. The areolet is unusually small, and 
recalls that of the Mesostenini. The color is also similar to 
certain Mesostenines, but I am quite positive that it is cor- 
rectly located here. 


Mesostenoideus (?) crassus sp. nov. 


Female. Length 12 mm. Ovipositor one-half longer than the 
petiole of the abdomen. A stout species, with the general habitus of a 
Cryptus. Black, with joints 8-15 of the antennze white above; a white 
median spot behind on the fifth to seventh segments of the abdomen, 
smallest on the fifth and largest on the seventh; legs, including coxe 
bright ferruginous, the hind pair black beyond the trochanters, the 
middle pair beyond the knees, and the fore pair on the last tarsal joint; 
basal abdominal segments margined behind with rufous, especially 
below; wings hyaline, faintly infuscated; palpi fuscous at tips. Head 
broader than the thorax, nearly three times as broad as thick, arcuately 
excavated behind; subopaque. Front impressed and shining above 
the antennez, with a fine median carina from the ocelli to the antenne; 
cheeks and lower part of head behind the eyes smooth and shining. 
Mesonotum with distinct, sharp, but not broad parapsidal furrows 
which are strongly convergent behind; middle lobe scarcely elevated 
above the lateral ones. Scutellum slightly convex, margined at the 
sides of the base which is crossed by a broad, deep, longitudinally 


t 


198 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


fluted groove. Metanotum as long as the mesonotum, gradually 
declivous and impressed behind along the middle, the upper angles 
produced into sharp, pale-tipped thorn-like spines. One complete, 
transverse angulated carina just behind the spiracles and traces of a 
small median basal area. Spiracles elongate, over twice as long as 
broad; position of pleural carina indicated by a fine denticulate line. 
Surface of metanotum rugulose, with distinct transverse aciculations 
medially behind, its pleurze very finely roughened. Mesopleura at the 
posterior margin with a grooved line which is crenate on its lower half; 
also with an arcuate linear impression above the center. Abdomen 
smooth, but opaque except on the petiole. Latter much broadened 
behind, the tip nearly four times as broad as the base; spiracles just 
before the posterior third; two carinze above each carina which grow 
weaker apically; center of broadened portion longitudinally depressed. 
Second segment the longest, one-fourth shorter than the petiole, longer 
than broad at tip; following transverse. Legs stout, not much elongated 
Wings with black, narrow stigma and black veins. Median and sub- 
median cells of equal length; cubito-discoidal vein broken, but little 
angulated by a slight tubercle. Areolet small, open, receiving the 
recurrent nervure near its outer angle; discoidal vein broken at the 
middle. 


One female from Camp 39, Madeira-Mamoré R. R. 

The generic reference is somewhat doubtful as the species 
has the stout antenne and heavy-set body of a true member of 
the Cryptini. The areolet is so small, however, not closed. 
externally, and of such characteristic Mesostenine form, that I 
think the species must be placed in this tribe, although it will 
probably find a place in a new genus. 


Crypturopsis Ashmead. 


There are two species in the collection obtained by the 
expedition, separable as follows: 


1. Wings darker at tips; abdomen banded with black........... minor Sp. Nov. 
Wings not darker at tips; abdomen not banded with black. . brasiliensis sp. nov. 


Crypturopsis brasiliensis sp. nov. 


Male. Length 11 mm. Head and thorax black with yellowish- 
white markings; abdomen and four anterior legs ferruginous; hind legs 
black beyond the trochanter. Wings subhyaline. The pale markings 
are as follows. Head both before and behind, below the level of the 
antenne; inner orbits to the ocelli; large spot on each side of prothorax 
before and small one behind; four very much abbreviated longitudinal 
streaks on the mesonotum behind; spot on scutellum, a spot on each 
side of metanotum inward from the spiracle and a larger triangular one 
behind on each side; tegule, dash beneath them; two broad horizontal 
stripes on mesopleura; small basal and large medial spot on metapleura; 
middle part of fore coxa and middle coxa (except for irregular ferrugin- 


1912] Brazilian Ichneumonide and Braconide 199 


ous marks). Fore and middle legs fulvous, paler apically and with the 
last tarsal joint black on the fore and the last two on the middle pair. 
Hind coxz and a part of their trochanters ferruginous. Abdomen 
ferruginous except for the blackened tip of the petiole and small black 
stigmatal spots on segments 2-6, becoming obsolete on the later segments. 
Stigma and veins black. Head as broad as the thorax, nearly three 
times as broad as thick, rather thin and acute above; vertex punctulate; 
supra-antennal impression with a median carina and a few irregular 
radiating lines extending from the anterior ocellus; much deeper and 
shining just above the antennze. Face slightly elevated medially, 
confluently punctulate. Antennz 36-37 jointed evenly tapering to the 
apex, basal flagellar joint three times as long as thick, those at the 
middle twice as long as thick, and near apex, nearly quadrate. Clypeus 
at each upper angle with a fovea connected with the eye by a fine black 
line. Mandibles black at tips; palpi pale. Mesonotum closely punc- 
tate, without parapsidal furrows although there is a broad rugulose- 
reticulate streak in their place and between these behind are several 
short longitudinal striz. Scutellum very convex, finely punctulate, 
with a broad, deep fluted furrow across the base which has high raised 
lateral margins. Metathorax reticulate-rugose, somewhat longitu- 
dinally depressed along the median line, its spiracles oval, twice as long 
as wide. Basal transverse carina present on each side, but curving 
forward to the margin on each side before attaining the median line; 
sides with a shallow groove from the spiracle to the base of the coxa, 
lateral angles produced as blunt teeth, coinciding with the lateral angle 
of the triangular pale spot. Thorax seen from above, scarcely more than 
twice as long as wide, truncate posteriorly. Abdominal petiole longer 
than the metathorax, slender, smooth, the post-petiole longer than 
broad, with parallel sides; following segments smooth and shining, 
sparsely clothed with fine, fulvous hairs. Areolet very small, open 
apically; submedian cell slightly shorter than the median; discoidal 
vein broken above the middle; transverse median vein in hind wing 
broken at its lower fourth. 


Manaos, Brazil, Mann and Baker. One male. 


Crypturopsis minor sp. nov. 

Male. Length 9 mm. Similar to the preceding, but with less 
fulvous on the abdomen, and with the wings very distinctly infuscated 
apically and the antennz only 31-jointed. Front before the ocelli 
rugulose, the median carina present. Color of head and thorax as in 
the preceding species, except that the post-scutellum is pale and the 
metathorax entirely black above except for the small rounded lateral 
pale tubercular teeth. The fore legs are pale yellow with the femora 
fulvus and infuscated at base and tip; the middle coxe are yellow before 
and ferruginous behind and the apical three tarsal joints are black. The 
abdomen has the petiole entirely ferruginous and the post-petiole 
narrowed behind, while the following segments are black, with fulvus 
apical bands. Median and submedian cells of equal length. Otherwise 
as in C. brasiliensis, with the thoracic spots all somewhat smaller. 


200 Annals Entomological Society of America [Volo 


One male from the Rio Madeira (Madeira-Mamoré R. R. 
Camp 39), Brazil, Mann and Baker. 

These are the first two South American representatives of 
the genus to be discovered, although three have been described 
from North America by Ashmead. Only one of these, dyari, is 
known in the female sex. 


Cryptanura uniformis sp. nov. 


Male. Length 12 mm. Head, thorax, and antenne black, with 
white ornamentation; legs and abdomen, except part of petiole, bright 
ferruginous. The white markings are as follows; annulus of 6-7 seg- 
ments on antennze; clypeus except lower and side margin, face, wide 
anterior orbits, broad stripe behind eye, and palpi; prothorax with an 
elongate spot on each side above and below; mesonotum with a round 
spot on the middle lobe behind the tegule; elongate spot at side of 
scutellar fovea, scutellum and post-scutellum with side lines from each; 
metanotum with four broad longitudinal stripes on posterior half and a 
large spot at anterior angles; mesopleura with spot beneath wing and an 
elongate spot below; mesosternum with an elongate spot on each side. 
The legs also bear white on the anterior coxze which are white in front 
and black behind, while the ferruginous middle coxe are whitish in 
front. The ferruginous color is very uniform except that the anterior 
four legs and hind tarsi are more nearly fulvous. The apical joints of 
tarsi and the enlarged part of the abdominal petiole are piceous. The 
head is rather finely punctate on the face and clypeus, and the front 
bears two small spines above the antenne; ocelli rather large, the 
posterior pair closer to one another than to the eye margin; eyes showing 
a very slight pubescence. Mesonotum deeply and sparsely punctate 
medially, nearly smooth on the sides, scutellum at the base with a very 
deep quadrate depression that is longitudinally striated. Metathorax 
with a complete transverse carina, joining a complete pleural one, 
and with a basal median and lateral area partly enclosed. Metathorax 
rugose-reticulate over its entire surface, more coarsely so behind, its 
spines long, slender, erect. Pro- and mesopleuree smooth and shining, 
except for longitudinal striations below on the propleura and mesopleura. 
Mesopleura with a round impression medially behind, and rugose near 
the base of the coxa. Hind coxe punctate near base. Petiole of abdo- 
men very highly polished with a deep groove along the side passing 
below the spiracle which is situated just before the apical third of the 
petiole; following abdominal segments smooth, impunctate. Wings 
hyaline, infuscated at extreme tip; veins black, areolet very incom- 
pletely closed, the outer vein nearly hyaline. Submedian cell slightly 
shorter than the median; discoidal nervure inserted at the middle of the 
second discoidal cell; transverse median vein of hind wing broken at 
its lower fourth. 


Described from a male taken by Mr. Wm. M. Mann, at 
Ceara-Mirim, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. 


1912] Brazilian Ichneumonide and Braconide 201 


The present form approaches C. hyalina Brullé, which it 
resembles almost exactly in color, but the sculpture of the 
metanotum is very different. 


Cryptanura striata Brullé. 

Hist. Nat. Ins., Hyménop. Vol. 4, p. 244 (1846). 

There is a male from Manaos (Mann and Baker) which 
appears to be this species, although differing from the female 
described by Brullé in having a short whitish stripe anteriorly 
on the inner edge of the lateral lobe of the mesonotum. The 
metanotal spines are blunt and the median metanotal stripes 
are abbreviated in front. The mandibles bear a large pale 
spot externally. 


Polycyrtus histrio Spinola. 
Ann. Soc. Ent. France, Vol. 9, p. 155 (1840). 
Brullé, Hist. Nat. Ins., Hyménop. Vol. 4, p. 214 (1846). 


There are two males of this species from Manaos (Mann 
and Baker). 


Ophiogastrella Gen. nov. 


Clypeus not pointed, truncate on the anterior margin. Eyes 
deeply, angularly emarginate on the inner margin. Face without a 
tooth, but with a faint cariniform tubercle just below the antenne. 
Ocelli very large. Head strongly transverse, narrowed behind the eyes, 
the vertex not margined behind, although the temples and cheeks are 
distinctly margined. Mesonotum without furrows or  parapsidal 
impressions at the anterior margin. Metathorax short, abruptly 
declivous; smooth, finely punctulate, entirely destitute of carine. 
Tarsal claws small, pectinate. Basal section of radius straight, not 
thickened; last section recurved. Submedian cell barely shorter than 
the median. Discoidal nervure arising at the upper fourth of the 
second discoidal vein. Disco-cubital vein very strongly bent, but not 
broken; its basal and apical portions running very nearly at right 
angles to each other. Cubito-discoidal cell without any dark chitinized 
spots. Transverse median vein in hind wing broken at its lowest 
fourth; the first section of the radius in this wing nearly twice as long as 
the recurrent nervure. Abdomen strongly compressed, very slender at 
the base, the first segment longer than the second, its spiracles placed 
at the apical third. 


Type. Ophiogastrella maculithorax sp. nov. 

This genus is related to Pseudanomalon Szépligeti, but 
differs in several important characters, particularly the form of 
the metathorax, which is neither elongate between the hind 
coxe nor rugose-reticulate. From other related genera it differs 


202 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


by the position of the discoidal nervure (Banchogastra) and 
by the absence of a transverse carina on the metathorax 
(Pycnophion et al.). 


Ophiogastrella maculithorax sp. nov. 


Female. Length 7-8 mm. Head, thorax and legs pale yellow; 
metathorax, antenne at base and abdomen fulvus; remainder of an- 
tenne and indistinct stains at anterior angles of metanotum more or 
less piceous; a large spot enclosing the antennz and three broad longi- 
tudinal stripes on the mesonotum, deep blue-black. Of the mesonotal 
stripes, the lateral ones are abbreviated just before the anterior margin, 
and the median one extends from the anterior margin to just beyond the 
middle. Head smooth and shining; maxillary palpi slender, with the 
apical four joints subequal; face much narrowed below and the front 
above, by the eyes; the latter bare, almost attaining the base of the 
mandibles. Ocelli forming an equilateral triangle, separated by nearly 
their own diameter, the lateral ones very close to the eye margin. 
Entire thorax and pleure shining, smooth and polished, except for very 
fine punctulation on the mesonotum and metathorax. Mesopleura 
with a moderately distinct punctate impression medially. Abdomen 
very slender to the base of the third segment, then strongly enlarged 
and compressed; first segment slightly longer than the second; third, 
fourth, fifth and sixth subequal, each one-fourth shorter than the 
second; following segments very short. Ovipositor one-third shorter 
than the third segment. Wings hyaline, veins piceous, stigma fuscous. 
Legs very long and slender, tarsal claws small. 


Described from three females, collected at light by Mann 
and Heath. Independencia, Parahyba, Brazil. 

This is a small, slender species easily recognized aside from 
its structural characters, by the striking maculation of the 
mesonotum. 


Ophionellus Westw. 

Thesaur. Entom. Oxon., p. 128, Pl. 24, figs. 3, 3a, 3b, 3c. (1874). 

Mr. Mann obtained a specimen of this remarkable genus 
which represents a species different from O. fragilis Westwood, 
the type of the genus. It agrees very closely with Westwood’s 
species and is surely congeneric, but on comparing it with 
Cresson’s Pharsalia virginiensis, I find that the latter is gener- 
ically distinct, although the two genera have been regarded as 
synonomous. 

The more salient differences may be tabulated as follows: 


Pharsalia Cress. Sides of head behind the eyes rounded; antenneze 
short, filiform, about 25-jointed, but little longer than the head and 
thorax; anterior wing with a distinct, although small stigma. 


1912] Brazilian Ichneumonide and Braconide 203 


Ophionellus Westw. Sides of head with a large tooth-like projection 
behind each eye; antennz long, setaceous 40-50 jointed, nearly twice 
as long as the head and thorax; costa in anterior wing without thicken- 
ing to form a stigma. 


In addition to these differences the radial cell is much 
larger in O. manni than in P. virginiensis. The hind tibia bear 
two apical spurs in each case, not one as is stated by Szépligeti, 
although there is only a single one on the middle tibia. 


Ophionellus manni sp. nov. 


Female. Length 20 mm. (extended). Black, the face, clypeus, 
cheeks and mandibles, except teeth, yellowish-white. Fore coxe and 
base of trochanters pale yellow, as are also the middle coxze beyond the 
middle; fore legs rufous, slightly darker toward the knees, and paler on 
the base of the tarsi; middle tarsi pale on base of first joint; last segment 
of abdomen testaceous below. Head smooth above on the sides but 
rugose medially; above the antennz with a deep depression which 
includes the median ocellus; face much narrowed below, only half as 
wide at the base of the eyes as at the antennez, its surface shining and 
finely punctulate. Eyes pubescent; oval, nearly twice as long as wide. 
Head behind shining, punctulate, densely griseous pubescent on and 
about the tooth-like projection behind the eye. Head behind highly 
polished, margined. Ocelli large, in an equilateral triangle. Antenne 
long and slender, 35-jointed; the first flagellar joint as long as the two 
following, rest gradually decreasing in length, those near the middle 
nearly three times as long as thick. Pronotum not visible from above, 
mesonotum much narrowed anteriorly. Its surface shining, reticulate, 
the carinee forming quite regular transverse rectangular areole poster- 
iorly. Scutellum sloping in a plane with the metathorax, flat, with a 
distinct large impression anteriorly. Metathorax long and strongly 
declivous, projecting considerably beyond the hind coxe and bifurcate 
at its tip where the abdominal petiole is inserted. It is densely covered 
with very short silvery pubescence, but shows a distinct median groove 
and a lateral carina extending for its entire length. Besides these the 
surface is distinctly, but not sharply reticulated, the areole rectangular 
and transverse above and more or less polygonal on the sides. Pleurze 
densely silvery like the metathorax except for the narrow smooth 
propleura and for a deep linear depression extending from the middle 
coxa to the tegula. This groove is coarsely reticulated. Abdomen 
very slender, the petiole as long as the entire length of the thorax above, 
swollen on the apical two fifths where the spiracles are placed; its 
surface smooth and shining, the remainder of the abdomen dull; second 
segment as long as the first; third, half as long; fourth almost equalling 
the second; fifth equalling the second; sixth, seventh and eight short. 
decreasing in length; ovipositor as long as the third segment. Wings 
perfectly hyaline; radial cell as long as the cubito-discoidal cell, the 
second section of the radius and the transverse cubitus interstitial; 
second discoidal cell as high as long above, narrowed behind; costa 


204 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


without a stigmal thickening; costal vein extending beyond the radial 
cell for half its length. Hind wing with a single subcostal cell, and the 
same continuation of the costal vein. This costal projection and the 
costal vein in the anterior wing black, but otherwise the venation is 
pale fuscous. 


Described from one female collected by Mann and Baker on 
the Rio Madeira, Brazil, Camp 39, Madeira-Mamoré R. R. 

This species differs from O. fragilis Westw. the only other 
described member of the genus, by the absence of a median 
groove on the mesonotum and by the entirely black tibiz. The 
second discoidal cell is also much shorter than the form 
represented by Westwood’s plate. 


Family BRACONID2 
Subfamily HELORIMORPHIN © 
Helorimorpha brasiliensis sp. nov. 


Male. Length 4 mm. Entirely honey yellow, except the space 
between the ocelli, the entire antenne, (except the 16th and 17th joints 
which are rufous) the apical fourth of the hind tibize, the hind tarsi and 
the apical joint of the other tarsi which are black. Wings deeply 
infuscated, blackish; with black stigma and veins. Head twice as wide 
as thick antero-posteriorly, smooth except for fine punctulation on the 
face and clypeus and still finer on the head above. Eyes small, nearly 
circular, one half longer than the malar space. Front with a sharp 
median carina extending from the upper part of the face nearly to the 
ocelli; strongly excavated above the base of each antenna. Ocelli 
small, close together in a triangle, separated by only their own diameter. 
Maxillary palpi slender, pale testaceous; 5-jointed, with the basal joint 
very short. Antenne black, with the 16th and 17th joints distinctly 
rufous; scape nearly as long as the first flagellar joint and twice as long 
as the pedicel; third joint as long as the scape, swollen apically ; following 
joints becoming shorter and distinctly moniliform by the middle of the 
flagellum, where they are only half longer than thick; again toward the 
tip the joints become much more slender and lose their moniliform shape. 
Thorax pitted and reticulate as in other species of the genus, the meta- 
thorax deeply excavated medially on its posterior face. Abdomen 
slender, as long as the head and thorax; petiole curved near its apical 
third; very slender, but distinctly broadened toward tip both in dorsal 
and lateral view; spiracles at the posterior third; base not striated. 
Second segment covering all the remaining parts of the abdomen, 
smooth and highly polished; narrowly ovate; one third as broad as long 
and slightly higher than broad; much more strongly curved below than 
above. Legs formed as in the other species. Wings with the radius 
arising perpendicularly from the middle of the stigma, the latter nearly 
half as broad as long; second section of radius nearly half as long as the 
first and as long as the hyaline second transverse cubitus. Recurrent 
nervure joining the upper side of the second cubital cell in a straight 


1912] Brazilian Ichneumonide and Braconide 205 


line and the lower side originating at the same point so that the cell is 
thus three-sided. Submedian vein bordered by a hyaline streak as in 
H. fishert. 

One male collected by Mann and Baker; Manaos, Brazil. 

This species is very similar to H. fishert Viereck from 
eastern North America, and aside from the form of the antenne 
and wing venation differs only in its color characters. Mr. 
Mann’s discovery of the Brazilian form is very interesting as 
the first representative of the genus was discovered in 1907 by 
Schmiedeknecht in Europe. Shortly afterwards it was found 
to occur in North America. 

The four species so far described may be separated as 
follows: 


(PERU ocemniuscated mbodyvell ow ase eee os ts. Sot ios atone 2 
Winesriwaline-satwleastanead black an aeewirrreetenienoycnacier rarest Gea. acl scion 3 

2. Scape of antennez yellow; flagellar joints twice as long as thick........ 
H. fisheri Viereck 
Antenne entirely black, except joints 16 and 17; flagellar joints near middle of 


antenne less than twice as long as thick.......... H. brasiliensis sp. nov. 
Se bOdvarembitely, wblack: ta... nes< scence a8 H. egregia Schmiedeknecht 
Badvewexcepe, mead: yellow... ssm55 sane ae ere H. melanderit Brues 


Subfamily MICROGASTRINE 


Mirax brasiliensis sp. nov. 


Female. Length 2.2 mm., ovipositor as long as the head-height. 
Head and thorax pale honey-yellow, abdomen somewhat lighter; legs 
whitish-yellow; antennze fuscous beyond the second joint; wings hyaline, 
with pale testaceous stigma and veins. Head transverse, twice as wide 
as thick, rounded on the temples behind the eyes; ocelli in an equilateral 
triangle, the space between them one third as great as that between the 
lateral ones and the eye margin. Front excavated on each side above 
the antennz, the depressions separated by an elevated triangular space 
that extends down to the level of the antenne. Face smooth; elevated 
medially, broadly so below and narrowly so above where the median 
line is almost carinate. Clypeus separated by a depressed line and with 
a large circular fovea on each side, its lower edge projecting but straight 
in front view. Mandibles black at tip, with two small teeth at apex. 
Antenne 14-jointed, as long as the body, tapering; scape short, but 
little longer then the pedicel which is slightly more than half as long as 
the first flagellar joint; joints beyond growing very gradually shorter, 
none less than two and one half times as long as thick. Eyes elongate- 
oval, much narrower below; malar space very short, with furrow. 
Mesonotum with crenulate furrows on its anterior half; sharply narrowed 
in front of the tegule. Scutellum long, with parallel sides behind, but 
widened in front, its base with a curved, deep, linear impression which is 
crossed on its bottom by numerous carine. Metanotum irregularly 
areolated; with a median carina that bifurcates behind, a straight 
transverse carina behind, and a curved carina on each side at the base 


206 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


which marks off a large squarish space at each lateral angle, and with a 
lateral carina which passes just outside the round spiracle. Meso- 
pleura with a carina along its posterior edge. Abdomen sessile, as long 
as the head and thorax. First segment with a L-shaped shining elevated 
portion; the latter swollen anteriorly and widened laterally along the 
margin of the segment; remainder of the segment paler, whitish; second 
segment twice as broad as long, longitudinally striated, also pale; 
following segments shining and smooth, fully colored. Ovipositor 
ferruginous, its sheaths broad, pilose, piceous with pale yellow bases. 
Legs moderately stout, blackened on the tips of the tarsi. Wings with 
broad stigma that is produced apically into a long, narrow point; 
marginal cell entirely wanting; submedian cell longer than the median 
by the length of the transverse median vein; recurrent nervure received 
at the apical fourth of the first cubital cell; second cubital wanting, 
except for a short stump of a vein that indicates its lower basal corner; 
subdiscoidal vein wanting. Hind wing with only the median and 
submedian cells, the latter less than half as long as the former. 


One female, Ceara-Mirim, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil 
(W. M. Mann). 

This is possibly not congeneric with the type of Mirax on 
account of its parapsidal furrows, although otherwise similar. 


Subfamily CHELONINE 
Chelonus brasiliensis sp. nov. 


Female. Length 3 mm. Black; the antennal scape, mandibles, 
anterior legs, including most of their coxee; trochanters, tip of femora 
and basal half of hind tarsi dull fulvous-yellow; palpi, tegulee and four 
posterior tarsi whitish yellow. Wings subhyaline; stigma’ black; veins 
piceous, lighter brown toward the base of the wing. Head transverse, 
twice as broad as thick, and very short behind the eyes; finely conflu- 
ently punctate on the vertex, transversely rugulose on the front and 
face; head behind and cheeks smooth, scarcely punctulate. Eyes oval, 
thickly clothed with pale pubescence, nearly twice as long as broad; 
malar space half the width of the eye. Ocelli in a small triangle, the 
posterior ones closer to one another than to the eye margin. Antenne 
in a deep depression; 19-jointed, the scape subcylindrical, curved, as 
long as the first two flagellar joints together; first flagellar joint nearly 
three times as long as thick, the following becoming gradually shorter 
and thinner, the subapical one quadrate. Clypeus separated from the 
face by a sharp suture, with a foveate puncture near each side; arcuately 
rounded on its anterior margin; palpi normal, pale yellowish. Mesono- 
tum and scutellum rugose-punctate, the parapsidal furrows and a 
scutellar margin more or less distinctly indicated by a series of larger, 
more regular punctate impressions. Scutellum, aside from its basal 
strip, nearly triangular. The basal strip sculptured across its entire 
extent by a series of large squarish foveate impressions. Metanotum 
short, declivous, rugose reticulate with several somewhat irregular 
areas behind. Abdominal carapace oval, rather coarsely rugose anter- 


1912] Brazilian Ichneumonide and Braconide 207 


iorly; very finely so posteriorly; rounded behind. The apical opening 
oval twice as broad as high. Pleurz rugose-reticulate, more coarsely 
so behind. Legs very stout, especially the hind pair. Stigma broadly 
oval, over half as broad as long, emitting the radius just beyond its 
middle; parastigma distinct, fuscous. Radial cell short, the postmar- 
ginal vein no longer than the stigma; length of first, second and third 
sections of the radial vein in the proportions of 2,3 and 7. Submedian 
cell longer than the median by the length of the first section of the 
radius; recurrent nervure interstitial with the first transverse cubitus 
which it equals in length; discoidal vein broken near its lower end. 


Natal, Brazil. One specimen collected by Mr. W. M. Mann. 
This is the first South American species to be described. 

There are two other specimens, somewhat smaller and with 
darker legs, from Independencia, which may possibly represent 
another species, but structurally, there are only slight differences. 


Phanerotoma trivittata sp. nov. 


Male. Length 5 mm. Buff-colored, the abdomen paler, almost 
cream-colored; head above and hind femora yellowish; first joint of 
antenna fuscous, the flagellum pale ochreous yellow. Marked with 
black as follows; tips of mandibles, a dumb-bell shaped spot between 
the ocelli; an elongate spot on the mesonotum anteriorly, a longitudinal 
stripe on the parapsides; scutellum; spot on mesopleura below base of 
wing; spot before tip of all femora; anterior and middle tibiz, except 
base; extreme base and apical third of posterior tibia. Wings yellowish 
at base with yellow veins and stigma; apically subhyaline, with fuscous 
veins, stigma slightly mottled with fuscous. Head one half broader 
than thick, arcuately rounded behind the prominent eyes; vertex finely 
rugose, the ocelli close together, the hind ones five times as far from the 
eye as from one another. Front just above the antenne with a mar- 
gined depression which includes the anterior ocellus and bears a fine 
raised median line that extends halfway down the face; face finely 
rugose. Antenne: 23-jointed, tapering; as long as the body; scape 
almost cylindrical, as long as the first flagellar joint which is four times 
as long as thick; following gradually growing shorter, at middle of anten- 
na three times as long as thick. Eyes bare, cheeks with an indistinct 
malar groove half as long as the diameter of the eye. Head behind 
finely punctulate. Mesonotum faintly rugulose, with feebly impressed 
parapsidal furrows. Scutellum triangular, longitudinally rugulose, 
the thoracic dorsum longitudinally striated on each side of the scutel- 
lum. Metanotum rugulose, exareolated, the upper hind angles pro- 
duced into short blunt teeth. Abdomen as long as the thorax; three 
segmented, the third segment longest; first a little shorter and second 
still shorter; its upper surface longitudinally rugose-aciculate, less 
distinctly so on the third segment; first segment with a carina arising 
at the anterior angle, slanting toward the median line and fading out at 
the middle of the segment. Apex of abdomen rounded. Pleura 
faintly roughened. Hind legs much thickened, others slender. Wings 


208 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


with the submedian cell longer than the median; subdiscoidal vein 
arising near the lower angle of the second discoidal cell; recurrent 
nervure inserted near the base of the second cubital cell; second section 
of the radius a little longer than the first; second transverse cubitus half 
as long as the first. 


Manaos, Brazil (Mann and Baker). 
This species is very distinct on account of the disposition of 
its peculiar pale color and sharp black maculation. 


Subfamily CENOC@LIINE 
Cenoccelius tricolor sp. nov. 


7 


Female. Length 9 mm., ovipositor 7 mm. Head above the level 
of the antenne, spot above hind coxa, four posterior legs and abdomen 
above, except on the sides, black; remainder of head and thorax honey- 
yellow except the metanotum behind which is whitish, and also the 
anterior legs, except most of the femora and the apical tarsal joint. The 
abdomen is maculate with yellowish white as follows: hind angles of 
petiole; a band along each side of segments 3-7 which extends inwards 
half way to the median line along the sutures; these incisures narrow 
and pointed except at the base of the third segment where they form a 
broad, widely interrupted transverse basal band. Sides of abdomen 
whitish; ventral plates black. Wings blackish with a hyaline streak 
crossing at the insertion of the recurrent nervure. Head twice as broad 
as thick, arcuately emarginate on the occiput; vertex with a deep 
median depression extending down the front to the base of the anten- 
ne. The median ocellus lies at the bottom of the depression and the 
lateral ones on the edge, a carina extending downward from each to the 
level of the antenna; sides of front and face sparsely punctate; middle 
of face confluently so; clypeus punctate like the face. Eyes small, 
rounded oval, as long as the malar space. Posterior edge of head with 
a high raised margin. Antennz 382-jointed; scape cylindrical, three 
times as long as thick; first flagellar joint slightly longer than the 
second which is three times as long as thick; joints near the middle twice 
as long as thick. Mesonotum with coarse punctate parapsidal furrows, 
the middle lobe prominent, twice as long as the lateral ones and pro- 
longed backward between the convergent furrows as a raised line. 
Scutellum with a broad impressed line at the base composed of four 
large foveee. Metathorax above irregularly reticulate; behind and on 
the sides rugose reticulate. Propleura sparsely punctate; mesopleura 
smooth with a crenulate mesoépisternal furrow, a carinate posterior 
margin and several foveze above. Abdomen polished; first segment 
one-third as broad at base as at apex, longer than the width at apex 
(exclusive of the white corners); with a number of curved carinze on 
each side of a median smooth space, the median pair of carine attain- 
ing the base and the lateral pair the apex of the segment; second seg- 
ment more closely striated except around the edges and on a median 
stripe which is smooth and slightly elevated into an obsolete tubercle 
anteriorly; following segments smooth and highly polished. Legs 


1912] Brazilian Ichneumonide and Braconide 209 


stout, thickly hairy on the tibiz and tarsi, sparsely so elsewhere. Stigma 
lanceolate, black; second section of radius one-half longer than the first 
and one-third the length of the third; second cubital cell narrowed 
above, its tip one-half as high as its base; recurrent nervure received at 
the apex of the first cubital cell; submedian cell longer than the median; 
subdiscoidal vein arising from the apex of the discoidal vein, the second 
discoidal cell narrowly open at this point; first section of cubitus straight; 
submedian cell in hind wing two-thirds as long as the median. 


One female from Camp No. 28, Madeira-Mamoré R. R. 
Co., Rio Madeira, Brazil (Mann and Baker). 

This species will be easily recognized on account of its 
striking color. : 


Subfamily BRACONINE 


Binarea calida sp. nov. 


Female. Length 13 mm., ovipositor 11 mm. Black, ferruginous 
and fulvous; wings yellowish with fuscous tip and a median transverse 
piceous band. Black as follows; head, antenne, prothorax except hind 
part of pleurze; mesosternum and large blotch on mesopleura; hind legs 
with coxe, spot on hind femora above at base, knees, stripe on outer 
side of tibia and entire tarsi; apical joint of fore and middle tarsi; 
abdomen beyond third segment (the fourth fuscous) and ovipositor. 
Thorax otherwise ferruginous, and the legs and abdomen fulvous. 
Wings with the venation pale fuscous on the clear parts, black elsewhere; 
stigma black, rufous below apically. Wing tip fuscous from just 
beyond the second transverse cubitus, the dark cross-band embracing 
the basal half of the first cubital cell and the apical half of the first 
discoidal; fore wing also with a hyaline spot in the radial cell and a 
large one behind the second cubital cell. Hind wing fuscous beyond the 
base of the radial cell. Head one-fourth broader than long, entirely 
smooth above; face irregularly rugose, slightly elevated into an indis- 
tinct tubercle medially which is more finely rugose; just below each 
antennal tubercle a short deep groove meets the one of the opposite 
side to continue upwards between the antennal tubercles. Malar space 
and cheeks sparsely punctate. Eyes nearly round, twice as long as the 
malar space. Antenne long and slender, the joints not distinctly 
separated; scape and pedicel fringed at tip with ferruginous hairs as in 
B. spinicollis. Palpi pale yellow, the lower side of the head clothed 
with long buff-colored hairs. Pronotum margined in front; medially 
behind with a short blunt spine or tooth; prothorax below near the 
middle with a sharper thorn-like tooth on each side and a second conical 
elevation or tooth on the anterior margin further forward. Prothorax 
smooth above and on the sides, finely and densely punctate below. 
Mesonotum with the middle lobe twice as long as the lateral ones, the 
parapsidal grooves deep, but impressed only anteriorly. Scutellum 
immargined, with two large deep, quadrate depressions at the base. 
Metathorax with a median furrow, more distinct anteriorly and with a 
large, deep impression behind on each side of the middle. Thorax 


210 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


smooth except the metapleuree which are sparsely punctulate. Pro- 
and metapleure thinly clothed with pale hairs. Metathoracic spiracles 
small, elongate oval. Abdomen as long as the head and thorax together; 
its surface shining, impunctate. First segment scarcely widened 
apically, twice as long as broad at tip, the median portion raised and 
carinate laterally at the base; toward each side with a carina separated 
from the median elevation by a broad smooth groove and from the 
extreme lateral edge by a linear furrow. Second segment fused with 
the third, but the suture indicated medially by a broad crenulate furrow; 
anteriorly with a trifoliate elevation consisting of a narrow pointed 
median elevation and lateral ovate elevation; sides of second segment 
separated from the median part by a longitudinal impressed line and 
from the base of the third by an oblique impressed line. Third segment 
with a small lozenge-shaped tubercle medially at the base, on each side 
of which is a large, faintly raised elevation; anterior angles also slightly 
elevated into a rounded convexity. Following segments not sculptured. 
Legs stout, the hind pair considerably thickened; fore tarsi distinctly 
more than twice as long as their tibiz, each of which bears along its 
front side a series of five short, stout fuscous spines or thorns. ‘Tarsal 
claws large, simple, wings with the submedian cell longer than the 
median by one-fifth the length of the basal vein; recurrent nervure 
received at the apical sixth of the first cubital cell; discoidal nervure 
arising at the posterior angle of the second discoidal cell. Submedian 
cell in hind wing more than half the length of the median; radial cell 
divided by a cross-vein. 

One female from Abunda, Rio Madeira, Brazil, Mann and 
Baker. 

This species differs from B. spinicollis Brullé, the only 
species hitherto described, by its entirely red mesonotum, red 
middle coxe, and the much greater amount of black on the 
abdomen. Brullé does not mention the second pair of teeth on 
the margin of the prothoracic pleure, nor the spines on the 
anterior tibie. These may be present in his species, but it 
does not seem possible that he could have overlooked both 
these striking characters. 


Parabinarea Gen. nov. 


Similar to Binarea Brullé, but differing by the presence of three 
spinose tubercles on the pronotum, the absence of tubercles on the 
propleure, the structure of the metathorax, which is covered with flat, 
circular impressions, and the aciculate sculpture of the first two abdom- 
inal segments. 

Head nearly quadrate, strongly rounded off behind and excavated 
on the occiput; with a large shallow impression above the antennz 
which are long slender and many jointed. Pronotum with a pair of 
spinose tubercles near the anterior margin, and with a single median one 
behind. Propleurze convex, not tuberculate. Mesonotum with deep 


1912] Brazilian Ichneumonide and Braconide 211 


parapsidal grooves, the median lobe extending far forward of the lateral 
ones; scutellum flat, with a pair of large foveze at its base; postscutellum 
produced into a minute spine or tubercle. Metathorax not areolated, 
but covered with well-separated rounded shallow impressions above. 
Along the median line there is an indistinct carina with a series of these 
impressions on each side, then a narrow smooth space reaching back to 
the middle of the segment, followed by a lateral area of impressions. 
The metapleure are smooth above and very coarsely reticulate below; 
apex of metanotum with three deep impressions. Mesopleura smooth, 
separated from the metapleura by a deeply impressed line composed of 
large foveate punctures. Thorax as a whole long and somewhat flat- 
tened. Abdomen as long as the head and thorax; first segment but 
little widened behind, carinate; second and third tuberculate; first two 
segments longitudinally aciculate; second and third fused. Ovipositor 
long. Legs stout, the fore tibiz in front with a series of five short, 
thorn-like spines. Tarsal claws small, simple. Wings as in Binarea, 
the submedian cell longer than the median; radial cell in hind pair 
divided by a cross-vein. 


Type: P.manni sp. nov. 
This is a most remarkable form on account of the peculiar 
sculpture of the metanotum. It is very clearly related to Binarea. 


Parabinarea manni sp. nov. 


Female. Length 8-11 mm., ovipositor 7-S mm. Fulvous and 
black, the wings yellowish, bifasciate with black. The fulvous color is 
distributed as follows; tegule; entire metathorax; first four segments of 
abdomen and often fifth, except for spot in front and a band behind; 
fore coxee almost entirely; anterior and middle legs, except tips of last 
tarsal joint; hind legs on second joint of trochanters, basal four-fifths of 
femora, and basal third of their tibize. Palpi pale yellow. The apex of the 
hind wing, and that of the fore wing beyond the basal fourth of the 
third cubital cell is black, and the black cross-band on the fore wing 
embraces the stigma and wing from the origin of the cubitus to the 
origin of the radius; there is a faint oblique hyaline streak in the first 
cubital cell and a hyaline spot below the insertion of the recurrent 
nervure. Head smooth above, the frontal depression immargined, 
shallow, almost surrounding a small elevation which bears the closely 
approximated ocelli. Face finely rugose at the middle, very coarsely 
so on the sides, the furrow between the antennal tubercles not extending 
down onto the face. Cheeks finely punctulate, malar space two-thirds 
as long as the diameter of the eye. Head behind punctulate and 
sparsely clothed with long white hair which is also present on the orbits, 
clypeus and sides of the face. Palpi long and slender. Pronotum 
above impunctate; pleuree punctate, with an oblique carina for their 
entire length. Triangular part of pronotum that extends toward the 
tegule separated from the collar by an oblique impression that bears a 
number of raised cross-lines. Mesonotum smooth, the parapsidal 
furrows strongly convergent, not reaching the scutellum, but continued 


212 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


to the latter as a pair of raised lines. Scutellum with a pair of large 
. quadrate depressions at the base separated by a fine median raised line. 
Mesopleura elevated along its upper edge and near the upper anterior 
angles, and with an oblique impressed groove (larger behind) below. 
Metathorax as described in the generic diagnosis, its lateral angles 
slightly toothed. Abdomen as long as the head and thorax together; 
first segment but little widened apically, the central raised portion 
bordered by lateral carinz and with a pair of converging carinz on its 
disk, on the sides with a carina above the lateral margin; its surface 
coarsely aciculate except at the base of the median lobe. Second 
segment with a pair of approximate rounded elevations behind and with 
a deep moderately oblique groove from each anterior angle which 
defines a triangular lateral piece. Third segment tuberculate, raised in 
front on each side of the middle and also at the anterior and posterior 
angles; following segments smooth. Legs stout; fore tarsi twice as long 
as their tibize; hind femora much thickened, less than four times as long 
as broad. Wings with lanceolate stigma which is black before the 
origin of the radius, and pale brown beyond; veins dilute fuscous, 
piceous under the black markings; submedian cell longer than the 
median by one-third the length of the transverse iredian vein; recurrent 
nervure received at the apical sixth of the first cubital cell; discoidal 
nervure arising at the posterior angle of the second discoidal cell. Hind 
wing with the submedian cell two-thirds as long as the median; the 
resurrent nervure distinct. 


Four females from Abunda, Rio Madeira, Brazil, collected 
by Mann and Baker. 


Cervulus nodicornis (Brullé). 

Hist. Nat. Ins. Hyménop. IV, p. 408. (1846) (Bracon). 

Mr. Mann obtained a female of this species at Baixa 
Verde, Rio Grande do Norte. It agrees well with Brullé’s 
description, except that it is a trifle smaller (12 mm. ovip. 6.5 
mm.) and the vertex is rufous like the rest of the body. 


Bracon paraensis sp. nov. 


Female. Length 4.5 mm., ovipositor 1.4 mm. MHoney-yellow 
marked with black, paler on the lower parts of the head and abdomen 
below. The following parts are black: antenne; broad bands on the 
second, third, fourth and fifth segments, all of equal length and crossing 
the fifth segment completely but leaving broad pale lateral spaces on the 
more anterior segments; sixth segment entirely; ovipositor sheaths, 
apical joint of four fore tarsi; and hind legs beyond the trochanters, 
although with the knees and tarsal articulations yellowish. Wings 
deeply infuscated, more strongly so at the base. Head two and one- 
half times as broad as thick, rapidly narrowed behind the eyes and not 
excavated behind. Vertex smooth, ocelli equidistant, separated from 
one another by their own diameter. Front shagreened medially, with 
a central finely impressed line above the antenne to the ocelli. Antennz 


1912] Brazilian Ichneumonide and Braconide 213 


37-jointed; scape short, obliquely truncate at tip, less than twice as 
long as thick; flagellar joints all about one-half longer than broad, the 
first longer, twice as long as thick. Face smooth, with a slight convexity 
below the antennez. Clypeus deeply impressed along its upper margin 
and with the lower edge narrowly reflexed. Head behind smooth, 
cheeks sparsely punctulate. Palpi slender. Eyes four times as long as 
the malar space. Mesonotum not noticeably trilobed; parapsidal 
furrows distinct, complete, scarcely convergent posteriorly; its surface 
smooth and shining. Scutellum nearly flat anteriorly, with a transverse 
crenate furrow across the base. Metanotum with a very much abbre- 
viated median carina posteriorly which is continued in front as a very 
finely impressed line. Pleurze shining; mésopleura with a small median 
circular impression. Metapleura with a deep horizontal sulcus just 
below the small circular spiracle. Abdomen short, ovate. First seg- 
ment with a pair of divergent grooves that define a triangular elevation 
medially on the segment behind. Second segment with a pair of small 
oval, very deep and sharply defined impressions anteriorly near the 
median line and also on each side with a much more feebly impressed 
and irregular longitudinal depression. Third segment on each side 
basally with a somewhat oblique transverse impression that does not 
reach the lateral margin however; fourth and fifth segments with similar 
transverse impressed grooves at the middle of the segment, these are 
not oblique and reach the sides of the abdomen, simulating additional 
intersegmental sutures. Legs slender, sparsely clothed with pale 
testaceous hairs as is the entire body in an irregular way. Wings with 
the stigma lanceolate, black, as are also the veins. First section of the 
radius as long as the width of the stigma; second segment twice as long; 
second cubital cell with parallel upper and under sides, the first trans- 
verse cubitus very oblique and the second vertical; recurrent nervure 
received just before the tip of the first cubital cell. 


One female collected by Mr. Wm. M. Mann at Para, Brazil. 

In general appearance this is very much like the nearctic 
Microbracon mellitor and its alies, but the sculpture of the 
abdomen is of an entirely different type. 


Iphiaulax xantothorax Brullé. 

Hist. Nat. Ins. Hyménop., Vol. IV, p. 393 (1846). (Bracon). 

There is a female from Porto Velho, Rio Madeira, Brazil, 
which agrees well with Brullé’s description. The specific name 
is evidently intended to be xanthothorax, but the spelling given 
above appears in the original. 


Bracon crassitarsis sp. nov. 


Female. Length 10-11 mm.; ovipositor 7-7.3 mm. Pale ferru- 
ginous with head, most of legs and abdomen beyond fifth segment, 
black; wings blackish, yellow at base. The black is as follows; head 
except base of mandibles and tip of last palpal joint; antenna; prothorax, 
except upper hind angles; metathorax; fifth abdominal segment (some- 


214 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


times in part); all following segments; ovipositor and its sheaths; legs, 
except anterior knees and four basal joints of anterior tarsus; the middle 
tarsi brownish on first four joints. The wings have the stigma black 
and are strongly infuscated beyond the basal vein, though pale yellowish 
toward the base. Head nearly twice as wide as thick, rounded and 
narrowed behind the eyes. Front above the antenne with a deep 
depression that is divided by a fine, sharp median carina; antennal 
tubercles rather short. Face finely rugose, faintly reticulate, with a 
vertical raised line extending from each antennal tubercle to the clypeus 
and a second near to the eye. Clypeus crescentic, margined above by 
a fine line and fringed below with a brush of porrect pale yellow hairs. 
Eyes large, oval, fully five times as long as the malar space. Antenne a 
little shorter than the body; scape as long as the width of the eye, 
broadened apically; first flagellar joint nearly twice as long as wide; 
second not quite half longer than wide; following nearly quadrate. 
Mesonotum with the parapsidal furrows impressed anteriorly, conver- 
gent. Scutellum with a smooth impressed line across the base. Meta- 
thorax smooth and polished; sparsely punctulate on the sides. Abdomen 
elongate, as long as the head and thorax, and but little wider; raised 
median portion of first segment narrowed in front, but attaining the 
base of the segment; close to it on each side is a carina. Second segment 
with a small median tubercle in front, on each side of which is a foveate 
depression, without lateral carinz or separated corners; its suture with 
the simple third segment smooth. Third segment the longest, nearly 
half as long as broad. Mesopleura with the femoral furrow narrow; 
the metapleural depression rather deep and lying just outside the 
elongate reniform spiracle. Legs stout, the tarsi much shortened and 
flattened, especially those of the middle and fore legs; clothed with 
sparse, glistening pale hairs, denser on the tibia and black on the hind 
ones. Wings with the stigma lanceolate; submedian cell as long as the 
median; first section of cubitus strongly curved so that its base runs 
nearly parallel for a short distance, its origin being at the upper third of 
the basal vein; recurrent nervure received at the apical fifth of the first 
cubital cell; first section of radius one-third as long as the second and 
two-thirds as long as the first transverse cubitus; second transverse 
cubitus slightly oblique, with a hyaline spot near its top and bottom; 
discoidal vein broken at its lower third. 

Male. Length 9 mm. In this sex the anterior tibize are almost 
entirely fulvous; the second trochanters of the fore and middle legs are 
ferruginous and the first four joints of the middle tarsi are yellowish. 
The tarsi are not thickened and their pile is dark, except on the anterior 
pair. Palpi entirely pale. The black on the fifth abdominal segment 
is also more extensive, covering the surface except on the sides and the 
posterior edge. 


Five specimens, four females and one male from Rio Madeira, 
Brazil (Camp 39, Madeira-Mamoré R. R.) Mann and Baker. 

This is a very distinct species on account of the peculiar 
form of the tarsi in the female and the conspicuous color pattern. 


1912] Brazilian Ichneumonide and Braconide 215 


Bracon thalessiformis sp. nov. 


Female. Length 18 mm.; ovipositor 55 mm. Black, with most of 
the ‘thorax and the first segment of the abdomen pale ferruginous. 
Wings blackish, with a pale band before and another after the middle. 
The ferruginous thorax has the prothorax black, except on its posterior 
third and the metathorax is blackish medially, in addition to a triangular 
black spot on each side before the hind coxa. The second abdominal 
segment is tinged with brown and ferrigunous along the sides and the 
venter is colored almost as the dorsal aspect. The fore wing is black at 
the base, becoming paler to the end of the submedian cell, when it is 
black to the base of the radial cell, then pale through most of the second 
cubital and finally blackish beyond to the tip. The hind wing is black- 
ish, with an incomplete pale band at the middle. Head scarcely wider 
than thick, sharply excavated behind at the middle of the occiput, the 
face receding so that it is almost horizontal. Eyes small, round, 
removed by their own diameter from the base of the mandibles; surface 
smooth and polished above and behind, sparsely punctulate on the 
cheeks. Face subshining, closely punctulate except for a small, nearly 
smooth, central portion; clypeus shining, with a complete, fine, sharply 
raised margin. Front with a shallow depressed space including the 
ocelli; antennal tubercles rather small. Antenne as long as the body; 
scape cylindrical, elongate, nearly as long as the thickness of the head; 
first flagellar joint twice as long as thick; second one-half shorter; 
remainder nearly quadrate. Palpi long, very slender, the last joint 
yellowish at tip. Prothorax smooth and shining. Mesonotum without 
parapsidal furrows, although the median portion is somewhat produced 
anteriorly. Scutellum with a narrow, smooth groove separating it at 
the base from the mesonotum. Metathorax without carinz, polished, 
smooth except for small very sparse punctures on the sides. Abdomen 
long and narrow, no wider than the thorax. First segment one-half 
wider at apex than at base, its median elevation ovate, pointed anteriorly, 
on each side of this with two smooth grooves separated by a carina 
before the raised margin; second segment one-half longer than broad; 
smooth, except that the anterior corners and the lateral margins are 
separated by a smooth groove from the central portion; third segment 
about quadrate, the anterior angles very indistinctly separated, follow- 
ing segments growing shorter; hypopygium longer than the pygidium. 
Pleurzee smooth, with a deep femoral groove extending from the fore 
coxa to the root of the hind wing and a less pronounced groove just 
external to the oval metathoracic spiracle. Legs long and rather 
slender, with the hind femora clavate. Wings with the submedian cell 
indistinctly longer than the median, recurrent nervure interstitial with 
the first transverse cubitus; first section of the radius one-fifth as long as 
the second and half as long as either of the transverse cubiti; second 
transverse cubitus with its lower half perpendicular, but strongly bent 
toward the wing tip above; discoidal vein broken at its lower two-fifths. 
Stigma black, fulvous on its lower half. 


216 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


One female from Rio Madeira, Brazil (Madeira-Mamoré 
R. R. Co., Camp 39), collected by Mann and Baker. 

This is a very remarkable species on account of the long 
ovipositor, although several others are known in which this 
organ attains a similarly great length. 


Iphiaulax Forster. 
Of this genus, so richly represented in the neotropical fauna, 
a considerable number of species were obtained, at least five of 
which are undoubtedly undescribed. These may be separated 
as follows: 


lies (Wings. dark at apex: ci seit, liter cater tetas creas rie ene ere Dae er eae 2 
Wings with dark cross-band, but the anterior ones white at apex./. reduvioides 
2.) Wings with distinct dark cross band beloreapex. ois eee eee 4 
Wings without distinct dark cross-band before the dark apical portion; legs 
ins part pales, access eae ees adele ie ee fede Mee ore On ee eens ere 3 
3. Face with a median furrow or depression, abdomen rather narrow; length 
1 ARS ocd 6 ee eR eR Sia Aeon PE eM ewan Bones Ib Be eats FG to I. fortis 


Face not excavated medially; abdomen rather broad, length 7.5 mm..J/. starkst 


4. Legs entirely black abdomen broad; ovipositor shorter than abdomen..... 
I. carapune 

Legs in great part pale; abdomen slender; ovipositor longer than the body. 
I. abunensts 


Iphiaulax reduvioides sp. nov. 


Female. Length 11 mm.; ovipositor 5 mm. Black, with the first 
abdominal segment except the apical portion of the central elevation, 
the sides of the second and third, extending inwardly somewhat along 
sutures, and the extreme lateral edge of the fourth, rufous. Tips of 
maxillary palpi yellow. Wings pale brown at the base nearly to the 
basal vein, then with a black band which includes over half of the second 
cubital cell, and apically white. Basal third of stigma bright fulvous, the 
color extending somewhat into the upper part of the first cubital cell; 
third discoidal cell with a hyaline spot basally above, hind wing black on 
apical half, basally pale brown. Venter fulvous on second, third and 
fourth segments, black beyond. Antenne as long as the body and 
ovipositor together, head one half broader than thick, obliquely nar- 
rowed behind the eyes; ocelli surrounded by a grooved line; face finely 
rugulose punctate, slightly convex, with a faint, fine median carina, and 
an indistinct grooved line on each side near the eye-margin; front 
and vertex shining, impunctate, the former extending between the 
antennal tubercles as a polished median groove, malar space very short. 
Mesonotum highly polished, the parapsidal furrows smooth, but slightly 
convergent and obsolete behind. Scutellum smooth, with a line of 
large confluent punctures at the base. Metathorax without carine, 
smooth medially, punctulate laterally. Abdomen broadly oval, much 
wider than the thorax, the first segment quadrate, not narrowed basally, 
the swollen pleural portions visible from above on each side, as wide as 
the segment and blackish-yellow in color; median elevation narrowed 


1912] Brazilian Ichneumonide and Braconide 217 


and rounded basally, separated from the lateral carine by a broad, 
smooth groove. Second segment four times as broad as long, the 
median field narrow, much attenuated behind. Third segment without 
median line or carina, the lateral angles separated by deep grooves; 
barely longer than the second medially and much shorter laterally, 
excluding the produced lateral angles. Third and fourth segments 
each divided by a transverse groove, the third with the lateral angles 
separated. Ovipositor fuscous, its sheaths black. Wings with the 
venation fuscous basally, black at the middle, and pale brown on the 
hyaline apical portion; second cubital cell half as long as the marginal, 
nearly one half longer below than above; recurrent nervure received 
almost at the apex of the first cubital cell, parallel with the first trans- 
verse cubitus. 


One female from Abunda, Rio Madeira, Brazil, Mann and 
Baker. 

This is a stout, heavy-set species with quite conspicuously 
pilose shining body and densely hairy legs. 

It resembles most closely two neotropical species, J. tristis 
and I. semialbus recently described by Szépligeti (Termes. 
Fuzetek., Vol. 24, p. 397, (1901) ), but may be easily distin- 
guished from the first by the form of the first abdominal seg- 
ment and the wing pattern, and from the second by the absence 
of a carina on the third segment and the different color of the 
wings. It isa very striking form, reminding one of a Reduviid 
bug in shape. 

Iphiaulax fortis sp. nov. 

Female. Length 12 mm., ovipositor 9 mm. Black, palpi pale; 
first four abdominal segments and base of the fifth ferruginous; coxz 
and femora, except base of four anterior ones, hind tarsi, and hind 
tibiz except bare inner edge, black; remainder of legs honey-yellow, 
except upper side of trochanters. Wings pale brownish-yellow, infus- 
cated at tips. A rather slender species, with the abdomen elongate, 
the head distinctly broader than thick and rounded off behind the eyes. 
Face confluently punctate, with the median depression between the low 
antennal tubercles extending down to the finely punctate, margined 
clypeus. Eyes oval, four times as long as the malar space. Antennz 
slightly longer than the body; scape twice as long as thick; first flagellar 
joint distinctly longer than the second; following about quadrate. 
Parapsidal furrows distinct anteriorly; scutellum with a line of square 
punctures across its base. Metanotum punctulate on the sides, thinly 
clothed with thin pale hairs, the lateral groove nearly divided by the 
oval spiracle. Abdomen sparsely and coarsely punctate except at base 
and apex. First abdominal segment with its median elevated portion 
somewhat narrowed and rounded anteriorly, but little narrowed behind, 
separated from the lateral carina by a coarsely crenulate groove; the 
segment about as long as broad behind. Second segment rugose- 


218 Annals Entomological Society of America  [Vol. V, 


punctate, the middle field smooth, triangular, short, but prolonged 
behind as a narrow elevation; on each side with a deep; oblique impres- 
sion reaching to the posterior angles. Second suture straight medially, 
curved forward laterally, very broad, crenulate or striate, the anterior 
angles separated by a lateral, nearly transverse, crenulate groove. 
Third segment with separated anterior angles and a deep crenulate 
transverse groove near the base; fourth and fifth segments similarly 
sculptured, and the sixth obsoletely so. Legs slender. Wings with 
black stigma; first section of radius one-third as long as the second and 
two-thirds as long as the first transverse cubitus; second transverse 
cubitus with a hyaline spot below, slanted outwards above; cubitus 
not very strongly curved at base; submedian cell as long as the median; 
recurrent nervure received just before the apex of the first cubital cell; 
discoidal vein broken a little below the middle. 


One female from Camp 39, Madeira-Mamoré R. R., Rio 
Madeira, Brazil (Mann and Baker). 

This does not seem to be very closely related to any other 
species of similar color. 


Iphiaulax starksi sp. nov. 


Female. Length 7.5 mm., ovipositor 3mm. Black, the scutellun 
and metanotum rufous, first four segments of abdomen, sides and base 
of fifth, fulvous; four anterior legs beyond the knees, and a stripe on 
the outer edge of hind tibiz yellowish; ovipositor fuscous. Wings 
yellowish hyaline, slightly darkened below the black stigma and infus- 
cated beyond the base of the third cubital cell, veins all fuscous. Head 
one-third broader than thick, obliquely rounded behind the eyes. Face 
flattened, finely rugulose, the clypeus with a sharp, raised marginal 
line. Palpi pale. Antenne nearly as long as the body; scape almost 
three times as long as thick; first flagellar joint longer than the. second; 
following quadrate. Mesonotum with the parapsidal furrows distinct 
anteriorly; scutellum with a crenulate line across the base. Metathorax 
scarcely punctulate laterally, its spiracles round. Abdomen rather 
broad. First segment at apex nearly twice as broad as at base, its 
median elevation oval, much narrowed basally and separated from the 
lateral carina by a rugose groove. Second segment with a short, broad 
basal median elevation which is prolonged to the apex as a carina; on 
each side with a deep oblique depression that marks off the anterior 
angles, but does not attain the posterior margin. Second suture 
broad, striate, straight medially and curved forward laterally as the 
separated angles of the third segment are produced forward; second to 
fourth segments sparsely, deeply and coarsely punctate. Legs slender. 
Wings with the first section of the radius nearly one-third as long as the 
second and two-thirds as long as the first transverse cubitus; second 
transverse cubitus nearly perpendicular, with a hyaline dot above and 
below, cubitus bent at the base; recurrent nervure received well before 
the tip of the first cubital cell; discoidal vein broken a short distance 
below the middle; submedian cell as long as the median. 


1912] Brazilian Ichneumonide and Braconide 219 


One female from Para, Brazil (Wm. M. Mann) named after 
Prof. Starks, a member of the expedition. 

This species falls near two Brazilian species, J. hirtulus and 
I. semiflavus described by Szépligeti, but differs by its much 
longer ovipositor and different abdominal sculpture. 


Iphiaulax carapune sp. nov. 

Female. Length 9.5 mm.; ovipositor 3 mm. Black, with the 
apical two joints of the palpi pale yellow and the first four, and base of 
the fifth abdominal segments bright ferruginous. Wings with a black 
transverse band beginning at the origin of the basal vein and extending 
into the base of the radial cell, beyond this infuscated and basally pale 
yellowish; stigma wholly black; hind wings pale yellowish at base, 
infuscated on apical half. Head one-half wider than thick, obliquely 
narrowed behind the eyes. Front impressed on each side above the 
antennz and with a median carina that extends down between the short 
antennal tubercles. Face irregularly rugulose, the small clypeus 
distinguishable as a smooth spot; malar space short, one-fourth as long 
as the large, oval eye. Prothorax smooth on the sides, distinctly 
punctate medially. Mesonotum with smooth, parallel parapsidal 
furrows that extend to the posterior third. Scutellum convex, with a 
smooth impressed line across its base. Metanotum evenly rounded, 
without carine; punctulate on the sides. Mesopleura with a deep, 
oblique femoral furrow; and metapleura with a groove just external to 
the rounded-oval spiracles. Abdomen one-half broader than the 
thorax; first segment with an oval elevated portion that is rounded in 
front. On its sides is a pair of parallel smooth grooves, each separated 
from a second lateral smooth groove by a strong carina. Second 
segment with the middle field triangular, reaching beyond the middle 
of the segment and continued for a short distance as a raised line; sides 
and anterior angles separated by a very deep depression. Third seg- 
ment with the basal suture strongly bisinuate and crenulate; the anterior 
angles separated by very deep impressions; with a triangular middle 
field that reaches nearly to the middle. Fourth segment with the 
anterior corners separated and with a transverse groove near the center. 
This groove is repeated on the fifth segment, and less distinctly on the 
sixth. Hypopygium shorter than the pygidium. Legs short, stout, 
and densely hairy, especially the hind pair. Wings with the submedian 
cell barely longer than the median; recurrent nervure received at the 
tip of the first cubital cell; first section of radius one-third as long as 
the second and two-thirds as long as the first transverse cubitus; second 
transverse cubitus straight, perpendicular; discoidal vein broken at 
its lower third. Stigma narrowly triangular. 


One female, Rio Madeira Brazil (Camp No. 39, Madeira- 
Mamoré R. R.) (Mann and Baker). 

This species resembles J. polybothris Brullé, but differs 
structurally as well as in color. 


220 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


Iphiaulax abunensis sp. nov. 


Female. Length 11.5 mm.; ovipositor 14mm. Fulvous; the head, 
except for the pale palpi and the red tip of scape and underside of pedicel; 
prothorax, except posterior angles; abdomen above, beyond the base of 
the fifth segment; ovipositor and its sheaths, all coxee, middle of fore 
femora, middle femora, except base and apex, hind femora apical half 
of tibiz, their tarsi, and apical joint of four anterior tarsi black. Fore 
wings pale yellowish with an uneven blackish median band and infus- 
cated tips from the base of the third cubital cell; stigma black, hind 
wings slightly infuscated. Head transverse, not quite half broader 
than thick; antennz slightly shorter than the body, the scape twice as 
long as thick; first two flagellar joints subequal, each twice as long as 
thick. Face sparsely and irregularly punctate on the sides, with a 
median flat, polished area showing traces of fine aciculations; clypeus 
finely irregularly punctate; antennal tubercles short. Eyes oval, 
three times as long as the malar space. Mesonotum with the parap- 
sidal furrows indicated only in front. Scutellum with a crenulate line 
across its base. Metanotum smooth above, punctulate on the sides, 
with a deeply impressed groove just outside the elongate oval spiracles. 
First segment of abdomen, exclusive of its membranous sides, twice as 
long as wide, the lateral margins parallel; the median elevation ovate, 
pointed in front, constricted and truncate behind; on each side of this 
is a deep, narrow, groove before the carinate margin. Second segment 
nearly as long as wide behind, the median field long and narrow, reach- 
ing beyond the apical third of the segment; on each side of this is a 
broad longitudinal depression, then a carina, then a second similar, 
but narrower depression that extends to the posterior corner. Second 
suture rather wide, obsoletely crenulate, slightly extended forward at 
the middle where the apical margin of the second segment is raised. 
Third segment the widest; twice as broad as long and faintly concave 
on its posterior margin; the anterior angles not produced forward, but 
separated as large spaces by a groove that curves across the segment 
from near the median line to the center of the lateral margin; with an 
indistinct, narrowly triangular median elevation. Fourth segment 
with an arcuate groove, interrupted at the median line, across the middle 
of its base. Legs rather long, not stout, wings with the cubitus strongly 
bent near the base; recurrent nervure received at the tip of the first 
cubital cell; first section of the radius one-third as long as the second 
and two-thirds as long as the slightly oblique second transverse cubitus; 
submedian cell slightly, but distinctly, longer than the median; discoidal 
vein broken near its lower third. 


One female from Abunda, Rio Madeira, Brazil (Mann and 
Baker). 

This is related to J. excisus Szépligeti, but differs by its 
shorter ovipositor and different abdominal sculpture, the 
second segment haying two pairs of longitudinal grooves, and 
the,fourth having an arcuate line, without lateral curved lines. 


1912] Brazilian Ichneumonide and Braconide Pad | 


Subfamily RHOGADIN 
Rhogas Nees. 


There are two species, both undescribed, in the collection, 
which brings up the total of Brazilian species to five. These 
may be distinguished as follows: 


(Pmvechinentynenvunre: inserted in themnst culoibalecelley.. 7. . asses... > ce vee ie: 2 
IRGCORCEIMy MEIAbATe! shanternsan ell VOre uae Se). 4 suesoa sane Boe eB Oa OOo Hb ae 4 
Pam NAISIO MetIM OTIC OLOT 4 vin asa ean ee EOS ose ees od nls eens abe 3 
Waa ospaclistite tly eifaSerabe veal cease ae een a Pret a R. bakert sp. nov. 
3. Pale yellow, with head, antennez and four hind legs beyond the knees deep 
JONI CTL ss oe lle a Pe Oa in eee Re ae ei oS na So ae R. insignipes sp. nov. 
Yellowish red, with abdomen blackened above; all legs pale beyond the 
ESAVSOS Acad Cae Chere ar Rea RE RSD a 0, MES Re R. braziliensis Szép. 
4, Legs entirely pale, wings distinctly bifasciate........ R. maculipennis Szép. 


Hind femora mostly black; wings very indistinctly maculate............. 
R. pulchricornis Szép. 


Rhogas insignipes sp. nov. 

Male. Length 8 mm. Uniformly pale ochre-yellow, very con- 
spicuously and sharply marked with black as follows; entire antennz 
and head, except palp1; last joint of fore tarsi; middle legs beyond the 
basal third of the tibia, and hind legs beyond the extreme base of the 
tibia. Wings tinged strongly with yellowish-fuscous; veins pale brown; 
stigma wholly piceous; pale parts of body with pale yellow pubescence; 
black parts with black. Head somewhat over twice as broad as thick 
antero-posteriorly, the front occupying only one-fourth the width of 
the head when seen from above. Face of the same width as the front, 
transversely rugose aciculate, with a short, sharp keel below the anten- 
ne. Eyes very large, deeply emarginate opposite the antenne; malar 
space extremely short, only half as long as one of the middle joints of the 
antennez. Ocelli very large, the lateral ones nearly touching the eye- 
margin, due to the narrowness of the front. Antenne as long as the 
body, about 65-jointed, gradually tapering, the joints about quadrate. 
Head behind the eyes microscopically rugulose. Mesothorax dull, but 
not punctate, the parapsidal furrows sharply defined but not at all 
crenulated. Scutellum with a broad, deep, longitudinally fluted and 
medially divided depression across its base, dull like the mesonotum; 
post-scutellum paler and polished. Metathorax with the median and 
lateral carina complete, though delicate, the former bifurcating behind 
to form a very small petiolar area; surface of metanotum faintly rough- 
ened. Pleurz smooth and polished. Abdomen with the median carina 
distinct on the first two segments, but without any distinct longitudinal 
aciculation; first segment one half longer than wide at tip; base two- 
thirds as wide as tip; second segment slightly transverse; following 
becoming more strongly so. Legs moderately slender. Wings ample; 
stigma lanceolate, emitting the radius at its middle; first section of 
radius two-thirds as long as the second; recurrent nervure received at 
half its own length before the tip of the first cubital cell; transverse 
median nervure entering the first discoidal cell before the middle. 


22, Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


One specimen from Independencia, Parahyba, Brazil (Mann 
and Heath). 

The conspicuously blackened legs of this species render it 
very conspicuous and easily recognizable. 


Rhogas bakeri sp. nov. 


Female. Length 6 mm. Very pale luteous, with the stemmati- 
cum black, and the hind femora, tip of their tibia and tips of all tarsi 
slightly infuscated. Wings pale yellow, with a basal cross-band of 
fuscous which is more or less separated into two spots, one on the basal 
vein and the other below the apical part of the submedian cell. Veins 
and stigma pale luteous, fuscous along the clouded parts of the wing. 
Head twice as broad as thick antero-posteriorly, the narrowest part of 
the front one-third as broad as the head, face faintly rugulose, with a 
short carina below the antenne. Antenne (broken at tips) probably 

_about 40-jointed, the joints quadrate. Eyes large, emarginate opposite 

the antennez, but not very deeply so; malar space as long as the basal 
joint of the antennal flagellum. Ocelli large, the posterior ones as far 
from the eye-margin as from one another. Head punctulate behind the 
eyes. Mesonotum dull, with the parapsidal furrows present, but very 
weakly impressed. Scutellum with the basal impression coarsely striated, 
not divided by a median carina. Metanotum rugulose, with a median and 
lateral carinz, weakly elevated. Pleurz impunctate, the mesopleura 
larger and extending farther downward than usual. Abdomen with the 
median carina extending to the middle of the third segment; first and 
second segments very faintly longitudinally aciculated; first segment 
one-third longer than broad at tip, its base two-thirds as wide as the tip; 
second segment slightly longer than broad; third transverse, following 
much shorter, ovipositor nearly one-third as long as the second abdominal 
segment. Legs stout, the femora thickened, especially those of the hind 
pair. Wings with the stigma rather broad, its width nearly equal to the 
length of the first section of the radius which is fully as long as the second; 
recurrent nervure received more than half its own length before the tip 
of the first cubital cell; second cubital cell almost as high at apex as at 
base, the second transverse cubitus hyaline except at the corners of the 
cell; transverse median vein entering the first discoidal at its middle. 


One female from Rio Madeira (Camp No. 39, Madeira- 
Mamoré R. R.) Brazil, Mann and Baker. 

This is a rather anomalous species, showing somewhat of a 
transition to Heterogamus in the length of the first section of 
the radial vein. It is quite similar to the West Indian, XR. 
bifasciatus Ashm., but the abdominal carina extends beyond 
the first segment. 


1912] Brazilian Ichneumonide and Braconide 223 


Eucystomastax gen. nov. 


Related to Cystomastax Szépligeti which it resembles in the peculiarly 
swollen palpi, but differing in the broadly sessile abdomen, longer 
submedian cell, smaller eyes, round metathoracic spiracles, etc. 

Resembling Rhogas in general habitus. Head transverse, narrowed 
behind the eyes; margined behind. Malar space as long as the mandible; 
eyes moderately emarginate opposite the antenne. Maxillary palpi 
5-jointed, with the first to third joints greatly swollen, but not flattened; 
labial palpi 3-jointed, first joint thickened, but cylindrical. Clypeus 
sharply projecting, with a porrect mystax of stiff black hairs. Ocelli 
moderately large and close together. Antenne setaceous, a little longer 
than the body. Thorax with the parapsidal furrows deep anteriorly, 
but abbreviated behind. Metathorax with a complete median and 
lateral carinz; its spiracles rather small, round; mesopleural suture 
complete, crenulated. Abdomen with a strong median carina on the 
first two segments; a little longer than the head and thorax; coarsely 
longitudinally aciculated on the first, second and base of third segment; 
first segment one-third longer than the second, less than twice as long as 
broad at tip; second segment slightly transverse; third twice as broad as 
long; fourth to seventh strongly transverse; all the sutures very deeply 
impressed. Legs long, rather slender, densely hairy. Wing with the 
marginal cell nearly reaching to the tip, stigma lanceolate, radius 
originating just before its middle; first section of radius one-third as 
long as the second; second transverse cubitus not swollen; not so stout 
as the other veins; recurrent nervure at the apical fourth of the first 
cubital cell; transverse median vein inserted beyond the basal third of 
the first discoidal cell; discoidal vein broken far below the middle. Hind 
wing with the submedian cell half as long as the median. 


Type. £. bicolor sp. nov. 
This genus may be separated from the related genera of 
Rhogadine having dilated palpi as follows: 


Ime ealpiwithe tae joimtsanipartdtlattened, leaf-like..- 4.05. .26.-006-0- sce chee ss 2 
Palpinwiulet hesjomusiswollen, but motilattened:.-s4ss.662) nao assess. le. 3 
2. Second section of radius twice as long as the first; upper and lower sides of 
second cubital cell parallel...........................Macrostomion Szep. 
Second section of radius less than twice as long as the first; second cubital 
cell distinctly narrowed toward its tip................ Pelecystoma Wesm. 
3. Metathoracic spiracles round; abdomen sessile....EHucystomastax gen. nov. 
Metathoracic spiracles slit-like; abdomen petiolate.....Cystomastax Szep. 


Eucystomastax bicolor sp. nov. 


Male. Length 9.5 mm. Black, with the base of the mandibles, 
fore coxe, and entire thorax except tip of metathorax, orange-yellow. 
Head twice as broad as thick, strongly convex below the antennz; the 
face with a short median carina just below the antennz; front smooth 
and shining, slightly concave; vertex and cheeks smooth; hind head 
punctulate; face smooth below on sides; elsewhere microscopically 
rugulose-punctulate. Mandibles with the upper tooth twice as large as 


224 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


the lower one. Antenne 68-jointed, slender, longer than the body, the 
flagellar joints all about twice as long as thick; the first three times; 
scape oval, twice as long as thick. Prothorax smooth and shining, 
deeply impressed across each side. Mesonotum smooth, strongly 
elevated, especially the middle lobe in front; the parapsidal furrows not 
sharp, but more or less indicated in front by broad impressions. Scutel- 
lum triangular, margined only at the sides of the basal impression; its 
disc with a few large punctures. Metanotum smooth medially in 
front, on the sides punctate and behind irregularly rugose. Pleurz 
smooth, with a few punctures only on the metapleure. Abdomen 
highly polished, smooth beyond the base of the third segment. Legs 
long and thickly hairy on the tibie and tarsi. Wings deeply infuscated, 
nearly black, but with very little violaceous reflection; veins black, 
piceous beyond the cross-veins. 


One male. Para, Brazil. Mr. Wm. M. Mann. 
This is a very conspicuous species on account of its brightly 
contrasting thorax, black wings and polished body. 


Subfamily SPATHIINE 


Heterospilus fasciiventris sp. nov. 


Female. Length 2.2 mm.; ovipositor 0.7 mm. Meso- and meta 
thorax, first segment and posterior third of second segment of abdomen 
black; head dilute piceous, black above. Scape, base of antenne, 
ovipositor and legs pale yellow. Abdomen, except for the black mark- 
ings, pale honey-yellow. Extreme tips of tarsi and ovipositor black. 
Head twice as broad as thick, moderately narrowed behind the eyes 
and somewhat excavated behind; strongly margined behind. Vertex 
shining; feebly, but distinctly transversely aciculate; with a circular 
impression to the side of each posterior ocellus, the two narrowly con- 
nected above the ocell1; posterior ocelli nearly as far from each other as 
from the eye margin; front slightly concave, weakly transversely 
aciculate, the lateral margin slightly carinate just above the antenne. 
Antenne long and slender, basal flagellar joint six times as long as thick; 
the joints near the middle of the flagellum four times as long as thick. 
Face honey-yellow, rugulose, clypeus honey-yellow, very convex. 
Mesonotum shagreened, with deep, convergent crenulate parapsidal 
furrows; middle lobe aciculate behind as in the following species. Scutel- 
lum shagreened, with a broad, deep longitudinally fluted groove across 
its base. Metathorax partly areolated; its upper face with a lateral 
carina, and the sides of a posterior carina, enclosing a large rugulose 
area which 1s angularly excavated behind by a large diamond-shaped 
supero-median area that is open behind at the apex of the metathorax 
and closed near the base; surface except on the basal area coarsely 
rugose-reticulate. Pro- and mesopleure shagreened, the former with 
a deep, oblique groove, the latter with a deep groove along its lower 
margin, several oblique foveate impressions at its anterior angle and 
with a crenate line along its posterior edge. Metanotum rugose- 
reticulate, with a minute thorn-like projection just above the middle 


1912] Brazilian Ichneumonide and Braconide 225 


coxa. Abdomen as long as the head and thorax together; ovate- 
lanceolate; first segment twice as long as broad at tip, with a somewhat 
raised median space bounded by carine converging from the anterior 
angles, but not very clearly differentiated from the irregular longitud- 
inal aciculations which cover the segment. Second segment nearly as 
long as broad at tip; aciculated on its basal two-thirds; crossed just 
before the middle by a crenulate impressed line, and at its posterior 
third by a broad, shallow groove; third to sixth segments smooth and 
shining. Legs scarcely thickened, sparsely beset with pale hairs. 
Wings subhyaline; stigma and veins dilute fuscous; the former, very 
narrowly triangular, emitting the radius somewhat before the middle; 
first section of radius two-thirds as long as the second; cubitus arising 
a little above the middle of the basal vein; first transverse cubitus 
wanting, second weak, but distinct; submedian cell a little longer than 
the median, the transverse median vein very short, almost punctiform; 
subdiscoidal vein interstitial, the second discoidal cell wide open. 


One female from Ceara-Mirim, Rio Grande do Norte, 
Brazil. (Wm. M. Mann). 

This species is much more slender and structurally quite 
different from the following, and when these small Braconide 
are better known the two will probably fall into different 
genera. 


Heterospilus meridionalis sp. nov. 


Female. Length 2.6 mm.; ovipositor 1.5 mm. Black; apical half 
of antennze and abdomen beyond the second segment piceous; scape 
and base of antennal flagellum castaneous; palpi whitish; coxe pale 
yellow; tegule and legs dull brownish yellow. Wings slightly infus- 
cated, with dark brown stigma and veins. Head shagreened above, 
rugulose on the face; barely twice as wide as thick and sharply narrowed 
behind the eyes; with a strong margin behind. Front concave above 
the antennze, but not deeply impressed; ocelli in a triangle with its 
shortest side above, the posterior ones nearly twice as far from the eye 
as from one another. Face evenly convex, piceous, with a small raised 
smooth spot below the antennz; clypeus dull yellow, semicircular, with 
the arcuate upper margin indicated by a fine raised line. Cheeks 
smooth and polished, malar space about one-third as long as the nearly 
circular eye. Antennz 25-jointed, very slender; scape subcylindrical, 
twice as long as thick; pedicel quadrate; first flagellar joint four times as 
long as thick; following gradually shortening, those near the middle of 
the flagellum three times as broad as thick. Thorax finely shagreened, 
with a faint eneous tinge; parapsidal furrows deep and crenulate; 
middle lobe of mesonotum with three short, deep longitudinal grooves 
before the base of the scutellum. Scutellum with a broad, deep, 
longitudinally fluted groove across its base. Metathorax rugose- 
reticulate, with a rather ill-defined area on each side at the base; these 
areas much more finely sculptured except around the border. Propleurze 


226 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


with a broad horizontal, crenulate furrow, rugulose anteriorly and 
rugose-reticulate behind; mesopleura shagreened, with an arcuate 
crenate groove near the upper anterior angle and a similar one along its 
posterior edge. Abdomen as long as the head and thorax, curved 
downwards and obovate when seen from above; sessile, the first segment 
as long as broad at tip, the base somewhat over twice as broad as the 
apex. First and basal two-thirds of second segment longitudinally 
aciculate, the striz becoming finer apically; beyond to the apex smooth 
and shining, with broad rufous margins on the second to fifth segments; 
sixth entirely castaneous. Second segment with a fine impressed line - 
across its middle and traces medially of a second groove just behind 
this line. Legs slightly thickened on the femora; sparsely pilose with 
pale hairs. Wings subhyaline, the stigma narrowly triangular, emitting 
the radius at its center; cubitus arising near the top of the basal vein, 
first transverse cubitus barely discernible, interstitial with the recurrent 
nervure; second one weak, but distinct; first section of the radius three- 
fourths as long as the second; submedian cell slightly longer than the 
median; subdiscoidal vein interstitial, the second discoidal cell wide 
open. Hind wing with a closed basal cell, but without a radius. Ovipos- 
tor as long as the abdomen, fulvous, black at tip; its sheaths piceous. 


One female from Ceara-Mirim, Rio Grande do Norte, 
Brazil, collected by Mr. Wm. M. Mann. ~ 

This species approaches H. nigrescens Ashm. from the 
Island of St. Vincent, but has no white ring at the base of the 
antenne, and the ovipositor is twice as long. : 


Heterospilus dubitatus sp. nov. 


Female. Length 2 mm., ovipositor 0.6 mm. Piceous, varied with 
rufous; legs testaceous, wings subhyaline. Antennz with the scape 
yellow, except at tip; flagellum piceous, fuscous toward the base; palpi 
whitish; collar, mesonotum and mesopleura black; remainder of thorax 
rufous; abdomen black beyond the transverse groove on the second 
segment; rufous basally; ovipositor yellow, with black tip; legs pale 
testaceous, blackened on the tips of the tarsi. 

Resembles H. meridionalis very closely in structure, but the anten- 
ne are 23-jointed, the triangular area on each side of the metathorax at 
base is sharply defined, and not at all sculptured, except for a row of 
punctures around its edge, the first abdominal segment has a very 
distinct elevated median portion defined by a pair of carine that con- 
verge somewhat from the anterior angles to near the tip of the segment; 
the second segment bears two complete, approximate transverse furrows 
near the middle, this segment being considerably longer than wide 
instead of quadrate; and the first section of the radial vein is fully as 
long as the second. 


One female from Ceara-Mirim, Rio Grande do Norte, 
Brazil. (W. M. Mann). 


1912] Brazilian Ichneumonide and Braconide 227 


The three species of Heterospilus here described may be 
distinguished as follows: 


1. First segment of abdomen as long as broad at tip; abdomen conspicuously 
bandeditwath Vyellowt dicis.cir tree mockertact ie lect sista tiel srous a/erete H. fascitventris 

First segment distinctly shorter then broad at tip; abdomen black, more or 
[SENSEI VISWEN S192 1S Se anereneT arin ths Gs eidioric Alc k 130 > aie See ate ee 2 


2. Ovipositor as long as the abdomen; first section of the radius much shorter 
thanerhewsecond) abdomen placa trainin icra HT. meridionalis 

Ovipositor scarcely more than one-half as long as the abdomen; first section 

of the radius as long as the second; abdomen rufous on the first segment 
anGdepasalehali oft the Seconda. :).loen acre eters oer aoe ts H. dubitatus 


Family ALYSIIDz 
Idiasta nigripennis sp. nov. 


Male. Length 5.5-6 mm. Black, with the thorax and basal half 
of the abdomen honey-yellow; wings very strongly infuscated, almost 
black. Head large, highly polished, a little more than twice as broad as 
long, not narrowed behind the eyes. Clypeus very small, sharply triang- 
ular, closely punctate, face punctulate; front smooth and highly polished 
with a deep transverse depression above the antennz and below the 
ocelli which occupy a small triangle far from the eyes; antennz long, 
one-half longer than the body; with fifty joints. The fourth very 
distinctly longer than the third. Mandibles fuscous, with black teeth, 
coarsely punctate externally. Palpi very delicate and slender, pale 
yellow. Eyes almost circular, their diameter equalling the length of 
the fourth antennal joint. Mesonotum smooth and polished, with deep 
strongly convergent parapsidal furrows which unite far before the 
~ scutellum. Scutellum strongly convex medially in front, straight on 
its posterior edge, and at the base with a broad deep depression separat- 
ing it from the mesonotum. This groove is divided on the median line 
by a fine carina. Pleurze smooth and shining, the mesopleura deeply 
impressed just below the wing and with a foveate impression just before 
the carina which separates it from the metapleura. Metathorax 
smooth, with a strong median carina that bifurcates behind to form a 
broad triangular petiolar area; also with a lateral, strongly sinuate 
carina that curves laterally to go out beyond the moderately small, 
circular spiracle. Metapleura with a large deep foveate impression 
just anterior to the spiracle and a smaller one below, near the middle, 
just behind the anterior margin. Abdomen broadly sessile, peculiarly 
formed at the base in that the ventral part of the first segment spreads 
out laterally beyond the dorsal part; seen from above it is exposed 
behind on each side to a width of nearly one half the dorsal plate. The 
latter is less than twice as long as broad at the tip which is twice as wide 
as the base; spiracles at the middle, very prominent, their tips as far 
apart as the posterior angles; petiole at base with two short, convergent 
carine. Abdomen smooth and shining, but little widened medially 
and one-half longer than the head and thorax together; black above 
beyond the second segment. Legs slender, loosely hairy; entirely 
black, except for yellowish tips to the trochanters, bases to the tibia 
and a fuscous tinge on the tarsi and anterior tibie. Wings blackened, 


228 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


piceous with black stigma and veins. Stigma lanceolate, the radius 
arising at its posterior third; half as broad as the radial cell; second 
section of radius twice as long as the first. First section of cubitus 
sinuate, the recurrent nervure received distinctly before the tip of the 
first cubital cell; submedian cell considerably longer than the median; 
subdiscoidal nervure arising below the middle of the discoidal vein, 
although in position it les far forward, due to the upper section of the 
discoidal vein being nearly parallel to the axis of the wing. Hind wing 
with the radius and subdiscoidal vein well developed. 


Four specimens, showing practically no variation, from 
Abuna, Rio Madeira, Brazil. 

This is the first species of Jdzasta to be described from the 
neotropical region. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE. 


Fig. 1. Ophiogastrella maculithorax sp. nov., wings. 

Fig. 2. Eucystomastax bicolor gen. et sp. nov., wings. 

Fig. 3. Jdiasta nigripennis sp. nov., wings. 

Fig. 4. Bracon crassitarsis sp. nov., fore tarsus. 

Fig. 5. Parabinarea manni gen. et sp. nov., hind leg. 

Fig. 6. Eucystomastax bicolor gen. et sp. nov., maxillary palpus. 
Fig. 7. Mesostenoideus crassus sp. nov., portion of fore wing. 
Fig. 8. Cryptus heathi sp. nov., portion of fore wing. 

Fig. 9. Ophionellus manni sp. nov., wings. 

Fig. 10. Megaplectes branneri sp. nov., maxillary palpus. 


Fig. 11. Bracon paraénsis sp. nov., wings. 


er yf 
ian 


THE LACINIA IN THE MAXILLA OF THE 
HYMENOPTERA.* 


By Avex. D. MAcGILLIvRAY, 
University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. 


The maxilla of biting insects consists of six pieces. There 
is at the proximal end a two segmented cardo (c), which articu- 
lates the maxilla to the head capsule (Figs. 1 and 27). Attached 
to the distal end of the cardo there is in the cockroach 
(Fig. 1) a rhomboidal-shaped piece, the stipes (s). The stipes 
in the locust (Fig. 2) is also rhomboidal in outline but is limited 
in its articulation to the mesal portion of the cardo. There is 
borne at the distal end of the stipes in the cockroach a two-seg- 
mented, somewhat bent tongue-shaped piece, the galea, (g). 
The galea of the locust is also two-segmented but borne at the 
distal and lateral margin of the stipes. At the proximal end 
of the galea against the lateral margin of the stipes, there is a 
small sclerite, the palpifer (p), which bears the five segmented 
‘maxillary palpus. The proximal segment of the galea and the 
palpifer in the locust constitute the lateral margin of the stipes. 
There is borne at the distal end of the stipes on the mesal side 
another appendage, which bears three prominent teeth at its 
distal end. This is the lacinia (la). The arrangement of the 
parts in the maxillz of biting insects is for all practical purposes 
identical with the above description and the figures of the 
maxilla of the cockroach and the locust, showing two distal 
pieces, a lacinia on the mesal side and a galea on the lateral 
side, with a segmented maxillary palpus attached on or near the 
lateral margin at the proximal end of the galea, and is character- 
istic. 

If the maxilla of Macroxyela infuscata (Fig. 3), one of the 
most generalized members of the order Hymenoptera, a ten- 
thredinid, known to me, is compared with that of the cockroach 

*Contribution from the Entomological Laboratories of the University of 
Illinois, No. 29. 


{The cardo of Melanoplus differentialis as here figured shows a narrow prox- 
imal piece with two projections at its proximal end; the shorter piece articulates 
against the ectal surface of the head capsule and the larger piece passes beneath 
the margin of the head capsule and serves for the attachment of muscles. These 
pieces are characteristic of this and some other species. It has been overlooked 
because it usually remains attached to the head capsule when the maxilla is 
removed. 


231 


2a2 Annals Entomological Society of America  [Vol. V, 


or locust, a somewhat similar condition is found. The cardo, 
however, consists of a single piece which bears at its distal end 
an irregular-shaped stipes. The stipes bears at its distal end on 
the mesal side a quadrangular-shaped sclerite, which from its 
position must be the lacinia. There is borne on the lateral part 
of the distal portion of the stipes a two-lobed piece, the galea, 
which consists of a larger outer and a smaller inner lobe. The 
suture dividing the galea into two pieces is obsolete. Although 
not demonstrable, it is quite likely that the small mesal lobe of 
the galea is derived from the proximal sclerite of the galea and 
the large lateral lobe from the distal sclerite of the galea. The 
palpifer and maxillary palpus occupy corresponding positions 
to these sclerites in the cockroach. The maxilla of Macroxyela 
is short and broad and retains many of the general features and 
appearances of the maxillz of the cockroach and locust. 

The maxilla of Dolerus unicolor (Fig. 4), another tenthredi- 
nid, differs from that of Macroxyela in that it shows some of the 
tendencies so characteristic of the maxille of the higher Hymen- 
optera, an elongation and narrowing of the parts. This is 
especially marked in the cardo of Dolerus. The maxilla of 
Dolerus also has three lobes at the distal end. The rounded 
setaceous lateral portion is the homologue of the large lateral 
lobe of the galea of Macroxyela, while the mesal and proximal 
rounded lobe is the homologue of the small mesal lobe of the 
galea of Macroxyela. The lacinia is a long, pointed lobe pro- 
jecting beyond the mesal lobe of the galea but attached to the 
stipes beneath this lobe of the galea. Dolerus is a compara- 
tively generalized tenthredinid yet it shows an early stage in the 
migration of the lacinia from the distal end of the maxilla. A 
somewhat similar condition is shown in the maxilla of an 
ichneumonid, Ophion bilineatum (Fig. 5). The two lobes of 
the galea are large, the mesal lobe is a broad flat plate and 
almost completely covers the lacinia, which is a broad lobe 
attached to the side of the stipes. The lateral lobe of the galea 
is elongated and terminal as in the higher Hymenoptera. 

In the white faced hornet, Vespa maculata (Fig. 6), the 
maxilla shows a decided elongation of all the parts, the cardo, 
stipes, and lateral lobe of the galea. The sclerites are not all 
arranged in the same plane as with the maxille previously 
described. This is due to the fact that the maxillze are closely 
appressed to the sides of the convex labium or lower lip, which 


1912] Lacinia in Maxilla of Hymenoptera 233 


has changed somewhat the orientation of the parts. The galea 
is almost as long as the elongated stipes and is composed for 
the most part of a large lobe which is the homologue of the 
lateral lobe of the galea of the maxilla previously described. 
The homologue of the mesal lobe is much smaller and has 
changed its position somewhat. It is a small lobe placed on 
the surface of the larger, lateral lobe, nearer its lateral than its 
mesal margin. The mesal margin of the small, mesal lobe is 
marked by a row of long sete. All the sutures between the 
parts of the galea and the stipes are obsolete. There are several 
dark and light areas with oblique ridges where they probably 
fuse, but specimens prepared with caustic potash show no indi- 
cation of a suture in this region. The lacinia is a small but well 
marked lobe attached to the mesal margin of the proximal end 
of the stipes. Its position is clearly indicated in figure 6. The 
distal end of the lacinia is usually folded under the proximal 
end of the galea and more or less concealed. It shows distinctly 
on unmounted specimens studied in alcohol. 

A thread-waisted wasp, Sphex pennsylvanicus (Fig. 7), 
shows a somewhat different condition. In the maxilla of this 
insect the small, mesal lobe of the galea is wanting and the 
lateral lobe developed into a greatly elongated, blunt piece, 
which projects for some distance beyond the stipes and is almost 
as long as the maxillary palpus. There is a groove along the 
lateral margin of the galea that may mark the line of separation 
of the small, mesal lobe of the galea. Unfortunately it was not 
discovered until it was too late to remedy the defect, that the 
figure of this maxilla was turned in the oppsite direction from 
the others. The lacinia is located at the proximal end of the 
galea in this maxilla. It is a broadly rounded lobe. Its loca- 
tion and the development of the proximal end of the galea as 
an overhanging projection would suggest that the lacinia had 
been modified into a supporting piece. 

The greatest modification of the maxillz is found with the 
bees where they have been greatly elongated into plates for 
close appression against the labium for the formation of a tube. 
The maxilla of a bumble bee, Bombus terricola (Fig. 8), shows 
this condition well. The galea is a sword-shaped blade as long 
as the remainder of the maxilla. It is attached to the distal 
end of the stipes. The two are fused without any indication of 
asuture. There is an oblique ridge marking the edge of a deep 


234 Annals Entomological Society of America  [Vol. V, 


furrow with lighter intervening parts. It is likely that this 
oblique, clear area distad of the ridge marks the distal limit of 
the stipes. This would make the union between the stipes and 
galea an oblique one with the maxillary palpus attached to the 
distal prolongation of the stipes. A similar condition will be 
noted in the other maxille figured. The furrow extending 
across the maxilla is the limit of the-distal part of the maxilla 
that is folded under the labium. If this ridge be considered as 
the suture between the stipes and the galea, it would place the 
maxillary palpus on the galea, which is an impossible interpre- 
tation in the light of the other maxille studied. In the more 
specialized Hymenoptera, wasps and bees, there is a cuticular 
membrane connecting the maxilla and the labium, which serves 
to close the mouth cavity on the ventral side. The distal edge 
of this membrane is attached to the stipes near the proximal end 
of the lacinia. This membrane is particularly well marked in 
mounts of the entire maxilla and labium of Bombus. In such 
mounts, the lacinia can be identified as a round lobe with long 
sete on its distal and lateral margins. It is placed adjacent to 
the distal margin of the membrane extending from the maxilla 
to the labium and is attached to the mesal margin of the stipes 
near its distal end or to the uncolored area of the stipes. This 
lobe is so distinct, once it has been seen, it is hard to understand 
how it has remained undescribed for so long. The lacinia, 
while showing distinctly in specimens mounted in balsam, can 
be studied to better advantage on maxille that have been 
cleared in caustic potash and examined in a watch glass in 
alcohol. 

Insect morphologists have been fairly uniform in their 
statements regarding the lacinia in the honey bee, A pis mellifica 
(Fig. 9). All the more important text-books on entomology 
figure a maxilla of Bombus or A pis, but without indication of the 
lacinia. The following quotations are typical for the maxilla 
of Apis. Comstock and Kellogg* describe these parts as 
follows: 

‘‘Sttpes. The stipes is an irregular, elongate sclerite, 
strongly chitinized. Its proximal end is bluntly rounded and 
swollen. The stipes articulates with the proximal segment of 
the galea (see below) by a diagonal face. 


*Comstock, John Henry and Kellogg, Vernon L. The elements of insect anat- 
omy. Ithaca. 1901. Pp. 78-79. 


1912] Lacinia in Maxilla of Hymenoptera 235 


‘Galea. The galea (we incline to believe this part homolo- 
gous with the galea of the locust’s maxilla, rather than with the 
lacinia, because of its two-segmented condition) extends distad 
from the stipes as a tapering blade-shaped piece. It is composed 
of two segments. The proximal one is small and triangular, 
articulating by the entire length of one of its margins with the 
stipes. The distal segment or sclerite constitutes the real 
blade-like portion of the maxilla, and nearly equals in length 
the ligula and labial palpi (see below). Its surface is unequally 
divided into two portions by a submedian, dark-brown, longi- 
tudinal line. (This line may indicate a coalescence of galea and 
lacinia into this one blade-like compound sclerite). This line 
bears several hairs, and there are scattering hairs elsewhere on 
the sclerite, especially toward the distal end.”’ 

Snodgrass} writes as follows of the maxilla of the honey-bee: 

‘‘Let us now return to a study of figure 15D. The series of 
lateral pieces as already explained are the maxilla. A com- 
parison with figure 3B representing a generalized maxilla will 
show that these organs in the bee have suffered a greater modi- 
fication than has the labium, but the parts can yet be quite 
easily made out. The main basal plate (st) is the combined 
stipes, subgalea, and palpifer, the basal stalk is the cardo (cd), 
and the little peg-like process (mx plp) at the outer end of the 
stipes is the greatly reduced maxillary palpus. Hence, we have 
left only the terminal blade-like lobe (mx) to account for, and 
it is evident it must be either the galea or the lacinia (See fig. 
3B, ga and Jc) or these two lobes combined. Here’ again a 
comparative knowledge of the mouth parts of Hymenoptera 
comes to our aid and shows clearly that the part in question is 
the outer lobe or galea, for the inner one becomes smaller and 
smaller in the higher members of the order and finally disappears.” 

There is expressed in these two quotations very different 
views, the former that the galea and lacinia are probably 
coalesced and the latter that the lacinia is wanting. This is 
the status of the lacinia in the higher Hymenoptera, writers 
consider it either as fused with the galea or as obsolete. 

A comparison of the drawing of the maxilla of the honey 
bee with that of Bombus shows it to be similar in form but 
shorter and consists of a long, slender, proximal piece, the cardo, 


Snodgrass, R. E.—The anatomy of the honey bee. U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. 
Entom., Tech. Ser. No. 18, 1910. Pp. 45-46. 


236 Annals Entomological Society of America  [Vol. V, 


and a distal piece divided into two regions by the difference in 
coloration. The distal two-thirds is a blade-shaped piece with 
a median ridge bearing seta. This blade-shaped piece is the 
galea and the median ridge is the supposed line of coalescence 
of the galea and lacinia of Comstock and Kellogg. There is 
borne on the lateral margin at the proximal end of the galea a 
two-segmented appendage, the palpifer and a one-segmented 
maxillary palpus. The palpifer is inserted in a furrow in the 
side of the maxilla and can be pushed back against the bottom 
of this furrow so as not to project beyond the lateral margin of 
the maxilla. There is a distinct convexity at the distal end of 
this furrow and an oblique line extends across the maxilla 
from this point, which probably marks the division between the 
galea and the proximal piece of this portion of the maxilla, the 
stipes. The suture between the galea and stipes is obsolete. 
The lacinia is a thin, cuticular lobe attached near the mesal 
margin of the stipes at its distal end. It is not attached at the 
margin of the stipes but a short distance within. The lacinia 
at its distal margin 1s developed into a lobe which rests upon the 
base of the galea. It is so delicate that. where 10, rests 
upon the galea, its distal end appears like a faint, curved, 
transverse suture. The distal end of the lacinia resting upon 
the galea is evidently what Comstock and Kellogg have mis- 
taken for a suture separating the galea into a triangular proxi- 
mal piece and a distal blade-like piece. The lacinia is larger 
and more distinct in the honey bee than in Bombus. It shows 
very distinctly on specimens cleared in caustic potash and 
studied in alcohol. 

The lacinia was found to be present in the maxille of prac- 
tically all the Hymenoptera examined. It is very large and 
distinct in Priocnemis, fully one-third the size of the galea 
which is greatly expanded and consists of two distal lobes. In 
the large carpenter ant, Campanotus, the lacinia is a distinct 
lobe at the proximal end of the galea. Wheeler* considers it as 
present but his figures of the maxille copied from Janet do not 
show it. A species of Andrena also shows it as a lobe similar in 
form and location to that of Bombus and A pis but smaller. The 
only hymenopterous insect examined where the lacinia was 
found to be completely wanting was the short tongued bee, 


*Wheeler, W. M.—Ants, their structure, development, and behavior. New 
York. 1910. P. 19. 


1912] Lacinia in Maxilla of Hymenoptera 


Augochlora. In this bee the galea has been reduced to a mere 
oblique knob at the distal end of the maxilla and the stipes 
transformed into a blade-shaped organ with a distinct palpifer 
and a five segmented maxillary palpus on the lateral margin 


near the distal end of the maxilla. 


LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. 


Cardo. 

Proximal segment of cardo. 
Distal segment of cardo. 
Galea. 

Distal segment of galea. 
Proximal segment of galea. 
Lacinia. 


mp. Maxillary palpus. 


p- 
Se 


SO FOOT eae, Teale 2 RS a 


Palpifer. 
Stipes. 


PLATE XVIII. 
(Drawings by Alvah Peterson.) 


Periplaneta orientalis. 
Melanoplus differentialis. 
Macroxyela infuscata. 
Dolerus unicolor. 

Ophion bilineatum. 
Vespa maculata. 

Sphex pennsylvanicus. 
Bombus terricola. 

Apis mellifica. 


ANNALS E. S. A. 


VoL. V, PLATE XVIII. 


= 
= Ss 


oe 


Y 
” 
y 
Y 
y 

.g 
y 
4 
¢ 
Z 

oo 
54 


A, D, MacGillivray. 


THE PUPAL WINGS OF HEPIALUS THULE. 


By ALex. D. MAcGILLIvray, 


University of Illinois, Urbana, I1linois.* 


The adult wings of the different species of the genus Hepialus 
are of particular interest because they show such a generalized 
condition. They approximate the closest to the hypothetical 
wing type of Comstock and Needham of any insect’s wings with 
which I am acquainted. This hypothetical type is supposed to 
show the number and arrangement of the longitudinal veins as 
they existed in the primitive insect’s wing. These authors have 
shown that a study of the arrangement of the trachez preceding 
the formation of the veins in developing wings throws much 
light on the homology of the veins of the adult wing. Many 
developing wings of Lepidoptera have been studied and figured, 
but so far as | am aware no investigator has studied and figured 
the developing wing veins of a species of Hepialus. It was my 
good fortune, through the kindness of Professor J. M. Swaine 
of MacDonald College, Quebec, Canada, to obtain pup of 
Hepialus thule hardened in formol in the right stage for a study 
of the developing wing veins. These specimens showed not 
only the trachez, which are represented as black lines on the 
accompanying figure, but also the veins, which are represented 
as white bands. Unfortunately nothing could be determined 
as to the arrangement of the tracheez after they left the veins 
and entered the body. The various veins will be taken up 
in order. et 

Costa.—The costa can be traced as a distinct, unbranched 
vein in both wings a short distance within the costal margin. 
A trachea was found only in the costa of the front wings and 
this was only a mere stub. 

Subcosta.—The subcosta shows as a two-branched vein, 
identical in form with the subcosta of the hypothetical type. 
The tracheal stem of subcosta is distinct and in the front wing 
branched midway between the base of the wing and the point of 
separation of subcosta into Sc; and Secs, though in the hind 
wings the point of branching of the trachea is much nearer the 
point of separation of the two branches of subcosta. The 


*Contribution from the Entomological Laboratories of the University of 
Illinois, No. 30. 


239 


240 Annals Entomological Society of America  [Vol. V, 


tracheal branch supplying Sc; is much weaker than that extend- 
ing through Sc.. The preservation of both branches of subcosta 
is peculiar to the Jugatza2 among the Lepidoptera. In the 
Hepialide, this condition differs with the different species; in 
some species they are both well preserved, in others the portion 
representing the free part of Sc: is sometimes present in both 
wings, sometimes present in the front wing and wanting in the 
hind wing or vice versa, or it may be entirely wanting in both 
wings, while in still other species no trace of it is ever found. 
The portion of subcosta always preserved is the long, straight 
stem representing Sce, so that if we may judge from the 
form of the vein preserved and the decadent condition of the 
trachea of Sci, as shown here, the tip of the subcosta as pre- 
served throughout the higher Lepidoptera must be Scz. 

Humeral Cross-Vein.—The humeral cross-vein is usually 
preserved in the Hepialide. It is distinct in this species and 
located in its usual place between costa and subcosta near the 
base of the wing. 

Radius.—The radius, both so far as the tracheze and the 
developing veins are concerned, consists of five branches. A 
basal stem dividing dichotomously into an unbranched vein, Ry, 
and a stem which divides dichotomously into Re+ 3; and R4+s. 
Each of these in turn divide dichotomously, the anterior into 
R, and R; and the posterior into Ry and R;. The number of 
branches and their method of dividing is identical with the 
hypothetical type. The radius of the hind wings of Hepialus 
as is common in the Jugate, contains as many branches as the 
radius of the front wings. 

Media.—The media of both wings is similar in form and 
consists of three branches. The median trachea of each wing 
lies in the same vein cavity as the radial trachea at the proximal 
end of the wing. They extend along side by side for some 
distance, then the medial trachea bends away from the 
radial trachea, and pass into the median vein cavity. The 
median trachee branch dichotomously near the base of each 
wing, the anterior branch from this dichotomy after a short 
distance divides again dichotomously into M, and M:. The 
posterior branch from the first dichotomy passes unbranched 
directly to the wing margin. This branch of media in the 
hypothetical type gives rise to M3; and My. None of the 
pupal wings of Hepialus examined gave indication of smaller 


1912] Pupal Wings of Hepialus Thule 241 


a 


branches arising from this trachea. The cross-veins are all 
without trachee as is the usual condition in generalized 
wings. The posterior branch arising at the first dichotomy of 
media in Hepialusis undoubtedly the homologue of the posterior 
branch at the first dichotomy of media of the hypothetical type. 
This branch in the hypothetical type divides dichotomously 


Fig. 1. Hepialus thule, pupal wings. 


242 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


into M; and Mg, so that this branch in Hepialus must represent 
M; and Mg or as it is here labelled, M3+4. The position of the 
branch M, in the Lepidoptera has not been definitely placed. 
Comstock and Needham figure the wings of Sthenopis, in the hind 
wing of which there is an extra branch on Cu, which they label 
as M,. This would mean, if this interpretation is correct, that 
M, is coalesced with Cu, in the higher Lepidoptera. The wings 
figured are of a species in which Cu, is usually unbranched. 
The specimen figured is undoubtedly an abnormal specimen so 
far as the branching of Cu; is concerned and should have no 
weight in deciding what has become of My. That the above 
authors were in doubt is shown by the following foot-note taken 
from their paper: ‘‘ With our present knowledge it is impossible 
to determine the way that vein M, has disappeared in the 
Frenatz. We have seen no indication that it coalesces with 
vein Cu; as in Sthenopis, for in all pupz of this suborder that we 
have examined the medial trachea is only three-branched. We 
are obliged, therefore, to omit any further reference to this 
vein in the discussion of this order.’’ The venation of certain 
species of Hepialus is frequently abnormal. This is strikingly 
true of Hepialus humult. I have seen wings which had extra 
branches on both media and radius. In the case of radius, 
specimens have been examined that contained six, seven, and 
even eight branches. So that the condition figured in the hind 
wing of Sthenopis is not unusual. The fact that none of the 
pupal wings showed any branching of this portion of the trachez 
of media in either wing and the further fact that Hepzalus is one 
of the most generalized of lepidopterous insects, where of all 
places positive evidence should be sought for demonstrating 
this point, the interpretation must be, that the third branch of 
media in both wings, not only of Hepizalus but of the Lepidop- 
tera, is M3+4. 

Radio-Medial Cross-Vein.—The radio-medial cross-vein is 
distinct, in its usual place between R; and M,, and is not pre- 
ceded by a trachea. 

Medial Cross-Vein.—The medial cross-vein is present, 
distinct, in its usual position between M, and M3, and is not 
preceded by a trachea. 

Cubitus.—The vein cavity of the cubitus of the front wings 
is located some distance behind the radio-medial vein cavity. 
It is free for a short distance at the base of the wing, then is 


1912] Pupal Wings of Hepialus Thule 243 


fused with another vein to a point opposite the point of separa- 
tion of media and radius. Here the cubitus bends abruptly 
toward the apex of the wing for a short distance and then turns 
abruptly again toward the wing margin, parallel with My. Just 
before reaching the wing margin, it divides into Cu, and Cun. 
The basal part of the cubital trachea of all the front wings 
studied did not lie in the cubital vein but took a short cut 
toward the base of the wing. With the limited material at 
hand it is impossible to determine whether this is a normal 
condition or an artifact due to the mounting. The cubital 
vein cavity and trachea of the hind wing is situated much nearer 
to the medial trachea and vein cavity than in the front wing. 
The cubitus extends parallel to the media until near the wing 
margin where it divides into two branches, Cu; and Cup. 

Medtio-Cubital Cross-Vein.—The medio-cubital cross-vein 
is present, distinct, and in its usual position between M;+, and 
Cu;. This cross-vein differs from the other cross-veins in its 
oblique direction, a direction very suggestive that this was the 
course of the fourth branch of media. The entire lack of trachez 
in these veins defeats such an interpretation. 

Arculus.—The arculus is a cross-vein-like structure at the 
base of the wing extending between radius and cubitus. The 
term arculus was first used for this structure in the wings of 
the Odonata, but as pointed out by Comstock and Needham, it is 
present in the wings of many insects. It is well developed in 
the wings of many Diptera but has not been pointed out hitherto 
in the wings of the Lepidoptera. The arculus, while cross- 
vein-like, is in reality a compound structure. The stem of 
media passes to the base of the wing midway between radius and 
cubitus to the arculus, makes an abrupt bend to the front of 
the wing, forming the anterior portion of the arculus, extends 
to radius, and then makes another abrupt bend and extends to 
the base of the wingin combination with radius. The posterior 
part of the arculus is a true cross-vein, extending from the first 
abrupt bend of media to the cubitus. The anterior or median 
portion of the arculus may be designated as the anterior arculus 
(aa) and the posterior part, consisting of a cross-vein as the 
posterior arculus (pa). 

Both front and hind wings of Hepialus thule show a well 
developed arculus. Practically all of the carefully prepared 
drawings of the wings of the Jugate give some hints as to the 


244 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


actual condition, though most of them indicate the media as 
coalesced at base with cubitus. An examination of the figures 
of the pupal wings of Hepzialus thule shows the trachee of media 
lying along side the tracheze of radius in the wing cavities of 
radius. A short distance from the base of the wing the median 
trachea diverges from the radial trachea into a broad vein 
cavity of its own, which passes obliquely across the wing for a 
short distance and then turns toward the margin of the wing 
between and parallel to the radial and cubital vein cavities and 
tracheee. The oblique part of the median vein cavity is the 
anterior arculus (aa). Near the point where the median trachea 
bifurcates, a broad vein cavity joins the median vein cavity and 
passes obliquely, posteriorly to the cubitus. This latter oblique 
vein cavity is not supplied with a trachea. It is the cross-vein 
part of the arculus, the posterior arculus (pa). The posterior 
arculus of the front wing is much longer than that of the hind 
wing. This explains why in adult wings, the media frequently 
appears to be joined to the radius in the front wing and to the 
cubitus in the hind wing. 

There is a great variation in the constituent parts of the 
arculus in the wings of different insects. This is especially 
true in the Diptera. A generalized condition is found in many 
wings, such as those of Tabanus or Leptis where the meaian vein 
joins the middle of the arculus. In such cases, the anterior 
arculus and the posterior arculus are subequal in length. Two 
lines of modification may be developed from this generalized 
condition. The media may migrate along the arculus nearer 
and nearer to the radius until it actually joins the radius. The 
anterior arculus through this migration becomes shorter and 
shorter, with a corresponding lengthening of the posterior 
arculus. When the media joins the radius, the anterior arculus 
is obliterated and the arculus is wholly cross-vein in structure 
or posterior arculus. If the posterior arculus atrophies in the 
descendants of such forms, the radius would appear to arise 
directly fron the radius without an abrupt bend. The second 
condition is found where the media migrates toward cubitus. 
There results a similar shortening of the posterior arculus and 
an elongation of the anterior arculus. This may proceed until 
the media is free from the arculus and coalesced with the cubitus 
as in the wings of Pantarbes or Erax. Whereas the cross-vein 
like structure was all cross-vein or posterior arculus in the first 


1912] Pupal Wings of Hepialus Thule 245 


case, in the second case it is all median or anterior arculus. A 
similar atrophy of the anterior arculus may take place and a 
condition like that found in the wings of the muscids 
exist, where media appears to arise from cubitus.. This shows 
how even in the two wings of the same species, as certain Jugate, 
the media may appear to arise from the radius in the front wings 
and from the cubitus in the hind wings. 

Anal Veins.—The front wings of Hepialus thule has two 
anal veins, each represented by a trachea. The first anal vein 
is coalesced for a part of its course with the stem of cubitus. 
many figures of wings of Hepialus show a cross-vein between 
cubitus and the first anal vein, the cross-vein is the true course 
of cubitus. The apparent continuation of cubitus proximad of 
this cross-vein is the posterior arculus. The second anal vein 
lies close to the wing margin and the vein cavity is not well 
developed. The hind wing has three well developed anal 
trachez in three equidistant vein cavities. The vein cavity of 
the first anal vein is not so distinct as the others. 


ANATOMY OF THE TOMATO-WORM LARVA, 
PROTOPARCE CAROLINA.* 


By ALVAH PETERSON. 


The larve of Protoparce carolina are excellent subjects for 
the study of the anatomy of a developing insect. Its size and 
abundance during the late summer and early fall make it an 
available subject throughout the middle west. There are no 
detailed investigations of the larva of this family, so that a 
discussion, such as is given in the following pages, would not 
seem out of place. This investigation was started under Dr. A. 
D. MacGillivray, in order to acquire some intormation as to the 
internal anatomy of insects. Since there is such a dearth of 
literature dealing with the larve of American Lepidoptera, I 
have prepared, at his suggestion, the following descriptions 
and figures. I am greatly indebted to Dr. MacGillivary for 
suggestions and other help. I have found Mr. A. G. Hammer’s 
excellent paper on the nervous system of the larva of Corydalis 
cornuta L. very useful and wish to express my appreciation of it. 


METHODS. 


When the work was first taken up, it was doubtful if it 
could be completed in one season, for only a hmited amount of 
good material was available. There still remain a few points 
that need further observation, and these will be mentioned later. 
The best material for dissection proved to be larve that had 
been killed in hot water and preserved in 70% alcohol. Even 
with the largest and the best prepared specimens, one finds that 
the internal structures are not as easy to follow as one might 
expect. Especially is this true with respect to the nervous and 
circulatory systems. The factor causing the greatest difficulty 
outside of the frailty of the material, is the existence of a super- 
abundance of adipose tissue or fat. To remove this fat, without 
tearing or destroying other parts, in order to observe the 
various organs, is difficult. The larvae were opened by cutting 
a longitudinal slit along the meson on the dorsal or ventral 
aspects and laid out flat and pinned in dissecting trays. By 
gently rubbing and teasing the masses of adipose tissue, one 
can remove a sufficient amount to be able to observe the covered 

*Contribution from the Entomological Laboratories of the University of 


Illinois, No. 31. 
246 


1912] Anatomy of Tomato-worm Larva 247 


parts. Staining the tissues with a weak solution of Delafield’s 
hematoxylin was found very useful in differentiating the finer 
structures. This was especially true in working with the 
nervous and circulatory systems. The resulting light-bluish 
coat given to the tissues, when not stained too deeply, proved 
to give the best results. Stained material will retain the stain 
for three or four days without becoming muddy and indistinct. 
To stain a certain area, the obstructing material was cleaned 
away and rinsed clean with running water. Pouring off all the 
water, two or three drops of the stain were dropped on the 
moist parts. The stain in no case was allowed to remain on 
the tissues over thirty seconds. As a general rule, the surplus 
stain was immediately washed off with running water. 

The various parts of the larva will be discussed in the 
following order :— . 

A. External Anatomy :—Head, Thorax, and Abdomen. 

B. Internal Anatomy :—Adipose Tissue, Digestive System, 
Silk Glands, Salivary Glands, Respiratory System, Muscular 
System, Circulatory System, Reproductive Organs, Wing Buds, 
and Nervous System. 


A. External Anatomy. 


The larva of Protoparce carolina when mature is approxi- 
mately 9-enr. in’ length and 12-15 mm. in diameter: » It hasia 
distinct greenish cast with diagonal lines of dark brown, pig- 
mental blotches, which extend from the dorso-caudal part of 
each abdominal segment ventro-cephalad. The body is divided 
into three regions, head, thorax, and abdomen. 

Heap (Figs. 1, 2 and 3).—The head is the smallest division 
of the body. It is a non-wrinkled, yellowish-white region, 
which from a lateral or ventral aspect is oval in outline, while 
from a cephalic view, it is spherical. On the median portion 
of the cephalic aspect, there exists a distinct inverted Y-shaped 
suture (e), the epicranial suture, which divides the fixed parts 
of the head into three regions. Connected with the ventral 
part of the region included within the arms of the Y, are the 
mouth parts. The large areas laterad of the epicranial suture 
have on their ventral aspects the antennz and simple-eyes. 

Eyes—The simple eyes (0) consist of two groups of six 
ocelli, five of which are arranged in a semicircle with the sixth 
on the median part of the diameter of the circle. These groups 


248 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


viewed from the cephalic aspect, are on the ventro-lateral 
regions of the head. 

Antenne.—Mesad and slightly ventrad of the ocelli are 
located the three-segmented antennz (at). Each consists of a 
conical-shaped basal segment bearing on its distal end two 
similar, cylindrical segments. On the distal end of the third 
segment, two unequal sete are borne, the mesal one being 
the longer. 

Front.—The triangular area included within the arms of 
the Y, is the front (/). 

Clypeus.—The clypeus (cl) is attached to the ventral edge 
of the front and forms a transverse bar, bearing a single seta 
on each lateral end. 

Labrum.—At the apex of the clypeus, there is borne a 
bilobed area (/r), which has on its ventral edge a deep notch, 
which makes the labrum bilobed. On the lateral and ventral 
parts of these lobes are borne seta. Three large setz for each 
lobe seems to be the constant number in the various specimens 
examined, while there is a’ variation in the number of small 
setae on the depressed region above the notch. 

Mandibles.—The two stout mandibles (md) meet in a zigzag 
line caudad of the labrum. The zigzag line is due to the inter- 
locking of the four dark, tooth-like projections which occur on 
the mesal edge of the laterally opening mandibles. The man- 
dibles are connected to the head proper at the lateral margins 
of the labrum and maxille. Each mandible bears on its distal 
median portion a single seta. 

Maxille.—Directly caudad of the proximal portion of the 
mandibles are two globular maxilla (mx), each of which bears 
ventrally a three-segmented, tapering palpus. The distal seg- 
ment of the palpus is very small. 

Labium.—Mesad of the two maxille, there is a wedge- 
shaped labium (/b), which gives rise to a tubular projection at 
its caudo-distal edge. 

Spinneret.—This tubular projection (2), which extends 
caudad and ventrad, is the spinneret, from which the silk 
is exuded. 

THORAX.—The thorax, being the second region of the body, 
is adjacent to the head and consists of three segments as follows: 

Prothorax (Fig. 1).—The prothorax is the cephalic segment 
of the thorax and is comparatively smooth and not transversely 


1912] Anatomy of Tomato-worm Larva 249 


wrinkled on its dorsal aspect. It bears on its ventral side a 
pair of true legs. On the caudal part of the lateral surface of 
the prothorax can be seen an oval spiracle. 

Mesothorax and Metathorax (Fig. 1)—The mesothorax and 
metathorax are very similar, consequently the description of 
either will answer for both. Six, transverse furrows cut the 
dorsal surface of each segment and a pair of true legs is found on 
the ventral aspect of each. These two segments bear no 
spiracles. 

Legs (Figs. 1/g and 5).—The three pairs of legs on the thorax 
are approximately alike. On all these legs numerous small 
setz are borne. A leg consists of the following parts. At the 
base of each leg is a widened, oval, furrowed area, which con- 
stitutes the coxa (co) of the leg. The trochanter (tr), a wedge- 
shaped, darkened sclerite, exists on the ventro-mesal margin of 
the coxa adjacent to the following segment of the leg, the femur. 
The femur (fe) is the large, cylindrical segment distad of the 
trochanter. The tibia (tz) follows the femur and bends slightly 
mesad. The distal segment of the leg is a small, cone-shaped 
tarsus (fa), which bears on its distal end, minus an intervening 
‘suture, a single, dark-hooked claw (ca). 

ABDOMEN (Fig. 1).—The abdomen is by far the largest 
portion of the larva, for it consists of eight, possibly nine, large 
segments. Some writers consider the eighth segment, as it is 
here called, as made up of two segments. The proleg (a. pl) of 
the last segment in this case would be attached to the ninth, 
while the anal horn (ah) would be borne on the caudo-dorsal 
part of the eighth segment. In the abdominal segments one to 
seven, a distinct similarity exists. However the abdominal 
segments three, four, five and six, give rise to pairs of prolegs (pl). 

Fourth Abdominal Segment (Fig. 1) —Taking the fourth ab- 
dominal segment as a typical segment, one finds it is composed 
of eight, distinct, transverse, ridges on its dorsal and dorso- 
lateral aspects. Numerous pigmental areas can be found in the 
furrows. The most striking pigmental arrangement is the 
diagonal line of spots running from the dorso-caudal angle of 
the segment toward the ventro-cephalic portion. The large, 
oval spiracles (s) are located on the lateral aspects of the seg- 
ments in the ventral and cephalic portion. These oval, dark- 
ened areas (Fig. 6, s) on magnification appear to be made up of 
a fine network of dark chitin and also show an indefinite, 


250 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


median, dorso-ventral slit, which opens into the trachea. The 
prolegs (p/) on the ventral aspect of this segment, are a pair of 
fleshy appendages, which bear on their distal margins a convex, 
double row of black hooks, which point mesad (Fig. 4). 

Eighth Abdominal Segment (Fig. 1).—The last segment of 
the abdomen is somewhat elongated and not so excessively cut 
by transverse furrows as the preceding segments of the abdomen. 
At the middle of the dorsal surface of the.segment, a spine-like 
anal horn (ah) arises. From this point the segment is cut off 
obliquely at an angle of 45°. At the dorsal edge of this sloping 
portion the triangular anal plate (ap) is located. The anus (a) 
is situated ventrad of the anal plate. The anal prolegs (a. pl), 
resemble in most details the prolegs of the fourth abdominal 
segment. However their size is a trifle larger and the relation 
of their connection with the ventral surface of the segment is 
somewhat different. The spiracle (s) of this segment may be 
seen in its usual position. 


B. Internal Anatomy. 


ADIPOSE TISSUE. 


On opening a larva, the first thing noted is the abundance 
of fat, or adipose tissue (Fig. 10). Adipose tissue, as seen 
throughout the body, is the white, flocculent, lobulated, ribbon- 
like material surrounding and adjacent to the various organs in 
the body cavity. This fat tissue is stored up for future meta- 
morphosis. Sections and mounts of adipose tissue stained with 
eosin show (Fig. 10) its oily nature. The large spherical, fat 
cells in their crowded, massed condition assume a polygonal 
form. Internally, the cells are filled with oily globules of fat 
and possess also a dark-staining, centrally located nucleus. To 
rid the larva of this fat, one needs carefully to rub and tease 
it loose. 

ALIMENTARY CANAL, 

Extending from the mouth to the anal opening of the larva, 
there is a long, straight, locally constricted tube, which in the 
abdominal region occupies the greater portion of the body 
cavity. This is the alimentary canal, or digestive tract. On 
opening a larva from the dorsal aspect (Fig. 7), the following 
structures may be observed :— 

Pharynx (Figs. 7, 8, and 18).—The pharynx () is the small- 
est part of the digestive tract and is located at the extreme 


1912] Anatomy of Tomato-worm Larva 251 


cephalic end within the head. It proceeds from the ventrally- 
located, mouth opening, dorsad and caudad till it enlarges into 
a region called the cesophagus. The more or less distinct 
flexure in the pharynx occurs for the most part caudad of the 
two head ganglia. The abruptness of this flexure depends 
in great part upon the position of the head. The pharynx as 
represented in the figures has been straightened. Arising from 
the pharynx are bundles of muscles that attach themselves to 
the head capsule. 

(Esophagus—As the pharynx begins to widen caudad of 
the flexure within the head, the cesophagus (0e) here begins and 
extends caudad to the ventriculus (ve), which is in the cephalic 
region of the metathorax. This trumpet-shaped piece has a 
finely, transversely striated ectal surface. 

Ventriculus —The ventriculus (ve), is a long, straight, large, 
transversely folded tube, which extends from the caudal end 
of the cesophagus to the caudal portion of the sixth abdominal 
segment. The transverse, folded, outer covering of the ven- 
triculus is divided into six areas by means of six fine, longitud- 
inal bands of muscles, which extend the full length of the 
ventriculus. The six bands have the following positions. One 
band is dorsal along the meson, one ventral along the meson, 
two dorso-lateral, and two ventro-lateral. 

Gastric Ceca.—Located at the dorso-cephalic end of the 
ventriculus, between the terminations of the muscle bands, 
there are four groups of small, white, rounded bodies (ce), the 
gastric ceca. 

Small Intestine.—Caudad of the smooth, slightly converging, 
caudal end of the ventriculus, there is a distinct constriction, 
which is immediately followed by a small ring-shaped area, the 
small intestine (s.7.) On the ectal surface of the small intestine, 
pits exist through which trachez and muscles fibres-enter. From 
the ventral aspect, two small bladders may be seen, which 
enter the small intestine at its latero-cephalic portions. 

Large Intestine—The smallest constriction in the caudal 
region of the alimentary tract, which is just caudad of the small 
intestine, is the beginning of the large intestine (J. 7.). Imme- 
diately following this middle constriction there is a flaring 
shoulder, which again becomes constricted caudad, but not 
to as great an extent as the constriction just described. Two 
more small, shoulder-like areas follow this constriction, the 


252 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


anterior one being very slight. This constitutes the large 
intestine. The above shape and form holds true only when the 
intestine is completely empty and relaxed. Excreta within 
will cause the large intestine and rectum, which follows, to 
assume various shapes. 

Suspensory Muscle of the Large Intestine —These two muscles 
(s. m.) extend from the ventral side of the cephalic margin of 
the caudal enlargement of the large intestine to the latero- 
ventral portion of the transverse conjuctiva, between the sixth 
and seventh abdominal segments. These two cord-like muscles 
can be best seen from the ventral aspect. 

Rectum.—The rectum (re) is the caudal termination of the 
alimentary canal and occupies the caudal portion of the seventh 
abdominal segment and the entire portion of the eighth. The 
rectum is the largest in diameter of all the portions of the 
alimentary canal. On the dorsal surface of the rectum, there 
are located two prominent, longitudinal bands of muscles that 
converge at the cephalic end of the rectum and connect at their 
caudal end to the body wall. By means of the contraction of 
the rectum, the characteristic form is given to the excreta of 
lepidopterous larva. 

Trachee of the Alimentary Canal. (Fig. 7, t)—The tracheze 
of the oesophagus and pharynx are very small and their arrange- 
ment is difficult to trace. From the adjacent first six abdominal 
spiracles there is a fan-like arrangement of tracheal branches 
which enter the lateral, folded area of the ventriculus. These 
tracheee support the ventriculus and supply it profusely with 
air. Tracheze from the seventh abdominal segment lead to the 
large and small intestine and the cephalic area of the rectum. 
However, the rectum obtains most of its oxygen by means of the 
trachez coming from the eighth abdominal segment. 


URINARY SYSTEM. 


The urinary system (Figs. 7 and 9) of Protoparce carolina is 
composed of two bladders, right and left, and their respective 
tubules. Fig. 9 shows a bladder (6) and how it enters the 
anterior part of the small intestine on the ventro-lateral portion. 
It has been pulled out of its normal position in order to show 
the place of attachment of the bladder with the small intestine. 
It turns back on itself, as in Fig. 7, and thus conceals its place 
of entrance. Leading cephalad from the small, delicate, white 


1912] Anatomy of Tomato-worm Larva 253 


bladder, there is a common duct, which splits immediately 
and gives rise to two branches; one continues cephalad on the 
ventral side (v. m. t.), while the other passes dorsad and divides 
into two branches (d. m. t.), both of which proceed cephalad 
along the dorso-lateral part of the ventriculus. Tracing a 
ventral Malphigian tubule, we find that it extends cephalad in a 
nearly straight line, adjacent to the ventro-lateral portion of 
the ventriculus to the second abdominal segment. At this 
point it turns abruptly back and continues caudad and parallel 
with itself until it reaches approximately the seventh abdominal 
segment, where it becomes very convoluted and soon loses itself 
in the mass of convoluted, terminal, Malphigian tubules and 
adipose tissue. The pairs of dorsal tubules proceed cephalad 
and parallel into the second and third abdominal segments... 
The mesal tubule of the pair within the third abdominal seg- 
ment, turns mesad and caudad, while the lateral tubule turns 
laterad and caudad within the second abdominal segment. 
After turning, both tubules proceed caudad and parallel with 
their cephalad-extending portion until they reach the sixth 
abdominal segment, where they turn laterad and continue into 
the seventh abdominal segment soon to become highly convo- 
luted and intertwined with the ventral, terminal tubules and 
adipose tissue. The tubules are easily detected not only from 
their position, but from their form. They appear like long, 
white, knotted strings. The proximal portion of a tubule is 
more or less flattened and consists of scattered, white, globular 
nodules. Asa tubule proceeds distad, the nodules become more 
frequent until finally at the terminal part of a tubule, as it 
enters the seventh abdominal segment, the tubule consists of a 
series of closely packed, irregularly arranged nodules. It was 
impossible to determine the termination of a tubule on account 
of the intertwining of the tubules, their delicate consistence, 
and the ever present adipose tissue. 


SILK GLANDS. 


Running along each side of the lateral portions of the ven- 
triculus (Fig. 7, sg) and imbedded in the adipose tissue of the 
lateral body wall, are two opaque, smooth, yellowish-white 
cords. These two cords are the silk glands. They extend 
from the base of the spinneret on the labium into the seventh 
abdominal segment. The right and left silk glands of this larva 


254 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


are practically of the same size thoughout their length. How- 
ever, the cephalic end from the metathoracic region to the point 
of attachment to the spinneret is much smaller and serves 
probably only as a conducting tube. These conducting tubes 
can be traced into the head until they reach the chitinous 
projections on the caudal margin of the head, around which they 
bend at right angles and unite on the meson. Farther than this 
the duct was not traced. As one traces, caudad from the 
metathoracic region, a silk gland proper, one sees the beginning 
of the coiled or rather convoluted portion of this organ. Within 
the fifth and sixth abdominal segments the convolutions are 
most abundant. The gland terminates in the mass of Mal- 
phigian tubules and adipose tissue within the seventh abdom- 
inal segment. 
SALIVARY GLANDS. 


The two salivary glands (Fig. 7, s/) appear as delicate, white, 
nodulated, twisted tubes on each side of the pharynx and 
cesophagus. They extend from the anterior portion of the head 
to the region of the metathorax and here end within a flattened 
mass of adipose tissue on the ventral wall of the thorax marking 
the line of division between the mesothorax and the metathorax. 
Tracing a gland into the head, it follows along the space between 
the muscles and the lateral margin of the pharynx to the margin 
of the tendon of the adductor muscle of the mandible, where 
it becomes much reduced in size. 


RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 


In the discussion of external anatomy, it was noted that 
there were nine spiracles, eight of which were abdominal and 
one thoracic. Opening a larva from the ventral side and 
removing the alimentary canal and a part of the adipose tissue, 
a system of more or less transparent, white, smooth tubes, 
similar to Fig. 11, reveals itself. To follow the trachez with 
most satisfactory results, one should open a freshly killed larva 
and immerse the same in water. In this case the tubes would 
be filled with air and appear as glistening, silver cords. 

Arising from each spiracle, there is an immense, bush-like 
mass of trachee, that branch into many fine tubes, which in 
most cases extend to the various parts, such as muscles, nerves, 
alimentary canal, legs, heart, etc., of the same body segment. 
This holds true of the abdominal segments only. All the 


bo 
Or 
Or 


1912] Anatomy of Tomato-worm Larva 


spiracles of each side open into the main, longitudinal trachea 
which extends between the spiracles and is amply long to allow 
for expansion of the body segments. A unique fact, to note in 
regard to these connecting trachez, is that each gives rise to 
small lateral branches varying from two to six or morein number. 

In examining specimens for transverse tracheal connections 
between spiracles of the same segment, none were found on the 
dorsal aspect except from the thoracic spiracle and the eighth 
abdominal spiracle. If other dorsal cross trachee exist, they 
must be very minute and delicate, for they were carefully 
sought. In the case of the eighth abdominal segment, only one 
minute dorsal cross trachea was found (Fig. 11), while in the 
prothoracic region, two distinct, cross tracheze were observed, 
the cephalic one being the larger and giving rise to two pairs 
of trachez, which proceed cephalad and ventrad into the — 
anterior portion of the head. The caudal cross trachea of the 
two gives rise to four or five minute pairs of trachee, which 
diverge in various directions. It should be mentioned, that 
the tracheal system varied considerably in minor details in 
different specimens. Looking on the ventral aspect for cross 
trachee, it was found that a small cross trachea existed near 
each ganglion of the nervous system (Fig. 13) except the supra- 
oesophageal ganglion, which is located dorsad and cephalad of 
the pharynx. ‘The cross trachez adjacent to the metathoracic 
and mesothoracic ganglia seemed to originate from branches 
of the connecting trachez between the first and second spiracles 
of the body. In all cases, with one exception, the cross tracheze 
lie ventrad of the nerve cord and in the abdominal region 
caudad of the ganglia. The one exception is the cross trachea 
that lies adjacent to the suboesophageal ganglion. In this case 
the trachea is dorsad of the commissure (H. 2g.). Each cross 
trachea on the ventral aspect gives rise to a pair of trachez that 
supplies the adjacent ganglion. 


MUSCULAR SYSTEM. 


In the gross treatment of the muscular system (Fig. 12) of 
this larva only the more prominent bands of muscles will be 
mentioned. The muscular system of the larva is segmentally 
arranged. The muscle fibres are confined in their extent to a 
single segment and furthermore the muscular arrangement is 
similar in each segment on the whole. This is especially true 


a 


256 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


with the abdominal segments. Consequently the description 
of a single segment will answer as a type of all the segments. 
The muscles of the thorax are more complex, due to the muscles 
of the legs. 

Great Dorso-Recti Muscles (g. d-r.m.).—The broad area of 
white, opaque muscles lying to the right and left of the heart are 
the great dorso-recti muscles. Upon a superficial examination 
of the ends of the muscles at the conjunctiva, one might be 
led to think that the muscles were continuous, except for a 
slight depression. But as a matter of fact, they are contiguous 
and separated by a narrow, hyaline, cuticular line at the point 
of the depression. These particular muscles attach themselves 
to the cephalic side of the transverse conjunctiva. 

Small Dorso-Recti Muscles (s. d-r. m.).—Laterad of the 
lateral margin of the great dorso-recti muscles, the small dorso- 
recti muscles are located. This band of muscles consists of 
three to five small fibres that are fastened to the caudal margin 
of the transverse conjunctiva. Laterad of this bundle of muscles 
an area exists, which is free of longitudinal muscles but contains 
the spiracles and their accompanying trachee. 

Great Ventro-Rectt Muscles (g. v-r. m.). If the larvais spread 
out as in Fig. 12, the large band of muscles laterad of the free 
area consists of the great ventro-recti muscles. This group is 
ventrad of the spiracles. These muscles attach themselves to 
the cephalic aspect of the transverse conjunctiva. 

Small Ventro-Recti Muscles (s. v-r. m.).—These muscles are 
located mesad of the great ventro-recti muscles along the ventral 
area of the larva adjacent to the nervous system. They are 
attached to the caudal side of the transverse conjunctiva. All 
these muscles are supplied by trachee. 

Dorso-Ventral Muscles (d. v. m.).—The dorso-ventral muscles 
are the two groups of short muscles that extend dorso-ventrad 
across the free area existing between the great ventro-recti 
muscles and the small dorso-recti muscles, one group at the 
cephalic end of the segment and the other at the caudal end. 
Two fibres, the cephalic group, cross immediately cephalad of 
the spiracle and mesad of the longitudinal trachea between the 
abdominal spiracles and mesad of the small dorso-recti muscles. 
The other remaining fibres disappear dorsally in the cephalic 
part of the segment as the two already described fibres but 
ventrally they cross at an angle the transverse conjunctiva 


1912] Anatomy of Tomato-worm Larva 257 


and disappear from view in the extreme caudal part of the 
preceding abdominal segment. Other muscles besides those 
thus far discussed are present in each body segment. By care- 
fully lifting the longitudinal fibres, one finds other bands of 
muscles running at an angle to those named above. This is 
indicated in Fig. 12, (x), where in the caudo-dorsal angle of the 
free part about the spiracles in each segment one sees the ends 
of such diagonal bands. 


CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 


Dorsad of the alimentary canal is a long slender tube 
(Fig. 12) embedded to some depth in a mesal cavity of adipose 
tissue between the right and left bands of the great dorso-recti 
muscles. This tube, which comprises the whole of the enclosed 
circulatory system, extends from the eighth abdominal segment 
to and within the head. The enlarged part of this tube, 
extending from the eighth abdominal segment into the meta- 
thoracic region, is the pulsating organ, the heart. 

Heart.—The heart (h) is a very delicate, flattened, muscular 
tube closed at the caudal end and presumably opening in each 
segment by a system of valves. Owing to the lack of fresh and 
living material the valves of the heart were not studied. After 
injecting some colored fluid into fresh specimens, the valves 
should readily show themselves. 

Wings of the Heart.—Within the area of the first to the fifth 
abdominal segments, four pairs of laterally extending fan-like 
rays of tendons (w. h.) are seen. The tendons extend from the 
ventro-lateral edges of the heart and converge at the point 
where the three anterior dorso-ventral muscles penetrate 
between the great dorso-recti muscles and the small dorso-recti 
muscles. The wings are composed of connective tissue and 
muscle fibres, connecting themselves to the body wall beneath 
the small dorso-recti muscles. The function of the wings of the 
heart is probably to protect the heart from the peristaltic move- 
ments of the alimentary canal. Between successive fans the heart 
proper is distinctly constricted. In these regions without 
much doubt the valves of the heart are located. The caudal 
part of the heart, extending from the midportion of the fifth 
abdominal segment to the caudal end, is supported by scattered, 
irregularly arranged tendons on the ventral surface, that attach 
themselves to the nearby body wall. 


258 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


Aorta.—The cephalic extension of the heart, the aorta (ao), 
starting within the metathoracic region and passing into the 
head, is a much smaller and smoother muscular tube. It runs 
close to the dorsal surface of the cesophagus and the pharynx 
and finally terminates with a slight dilation after it has passed 
beneath the supra-cesophageal ganglion (Fig. 8 and 18). This 
location of the outlet allows a constant and abundant supply of 
fresh blood within the head region. The mouth-like opening 
of the aorta is held in its characteristic position by means of 
tendons that connect themselves to the head capsule (Fig. 8). 

The heart, like the other organs of the body, is well supplied 
with air tubes. The arrangement of the heart-tracheze is shown 
in the fifth abdominal segment (Fig. 12). 


REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. 


After examining numerous specimens for gonads, two white, 
opaque, ovate bodies (Fig. 12, 7) were found on each side adja- 
cent to the heart in the fifth abdominal segment. Difficulty 
was experienced in locating these organs on account of their 
close similarity to adipose tissue and their being embedded in 
the same. It was impossible to determine the sex of the glands 
on account of the limited material at hand. From the fifth 
abdominal spiracle, trachez arise that supply the reproductive 
organs. 

WING BUDS. 

The wing buds (f. 0. and h. 6.) are the histoblasts, imaginal 
discs, or imaginal buds of the future wings of the adult insect. 
They are formed as invaginations of the hypodermis, to which 
they are attached. They are small, kidney-shaped bodies 
located in the dorso-lateral portions of the mesothorax and 
metathorax. If a larva is cut along the ventral meson, the 
wing buds will be seen about midway between the meson and 
the outer cut body wall. Two trachez enter the wing buds at 
their base, one into the caudal portion and the other into the 
cephalic portion. 

NERVOUS SYSTEM. 

The nervous system (Fig. 13) of Protoparce carolina consists 
of a long, white cord, knotted at segmental intervals, which 
extends for the most part along the meso-ventral portion of the 
body. This ventrally located, simple nervous system is made 
up of three parts: ganglia, commissures, and nerves. .The 


1912] Anatomy of Tomato-worm Larva 259 


enlarged, oval knots, found in each segment of the body, are the 
ganglia. Only one ganglion exists in each body segment outside 
of the head and the seventh and eighth abdominal segments. 
The cords running between the ganglia, which in some cases are 
double or partially so, are the commissures. The nerves are 
the branches of various sizes extending from each ganglion and 
in some cases from the commissures. These fine threads 
permeate all parts of the body. The nervous system will be 
discussed under the following divisions: Abdominal Ganglia, 
Thoracic Ganglia, Head Ganglia, and Sympathetic Systems of 
the Head. 

ABDOMINAL GANGLIA (Fig. 14 and 15).—The abdominal gan- 
glia are the simplest in type. The distinct similarity between 
the first six abdominal ganglia makes it possible for one descrip- 
tion to answer for all. The seventh and eighth abdominal 
ganglia will be discussed under a separate heading. 

First Six Abdominal Ganglia (Fig. 15, A. 1g).—The first six 
abdominal ganglia are located in the middle or cephalic part of 
each abdominal segment and consist of the following parts :— 

Lateral Nerves —The lateral nerves (/) are the two branches, 
which arise from the cephalic part of the lateral margins of the 
ganglia and innervate the latero-dorsal portion of the body. 

Ventral Nerves——Directly caudad and slightly ventrad of 
the lateral nerves, the ventral nerves (v) arise and extend 
caudo-laterad to innervate the ventral area of the body segments 
Near the point of entrance of the ventral nerves, a pair of small 
nerve-like trachez enter the ganglia. These two trachez, one 
on each side, are derived from the transverse trachez located 
in each abdominal segment ventrad of the nerve cord. The 
trachez can be distinguished from the nerves by staining with 
Delafield’s hematoxylin as heretofore advocated. A stained 
trachea is more deeply colored than a nerve and also shows its 
distinct ringed nature on high magnification. 

Ventral Sympathetic System (Fig. 15, m. and ¢t. n.)—Extend- 
ing between the ganglia there is a single, large, white cord, the 
commissure. Just before.the commissure enters the cephalic 
end of a ganglion, it divides into two cords or is furrowed on the 
dorsal surface. The ventral sympathetic nerves arise from the 
cephalic end of this fork. With some of the ganglia, this 
forking or splitting of the commissure is not very great but can 
in each case be detected. 


260 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


Median and Transverse Nerves—The median nerve (m) 
arises from the commissure at the cephalic end of this inverted 
V-shaped split and extends caudad for a short distance. At its 
caudal end near the ganglion, it forks and gives rise to two 
transverse nerves (¢. 1.), that extend in opposite lateral direc- 
tions and more or less parallel with the lateral nerves. In the 
short distance in which the transverse and lateral nerves are 
parallel, the transverse nerves give rise to a web of nerve fibres 
(px), which connect with the lateral nerves and the ganglion. 
Beyond this web or plexus, the transverse nerves diverge from 
the lateral nerves in a cephalo-lateral direction. 

Ganglia Seventh Abdominal Segment. (Fig. 14, A. 7 and 8 g). 
—Within the seventh abdominal segment, is a double ganglion, 
or rather two ganglia, but no visible commissure connects the 
two because of the close approximation of the ganglia. This 
modification brings about a change in the nerves. 

Seventh Abdominal Ganglion.—The seventh abdominal gan- 
glion is comparable to the ganglia of the first six abdominal 
segments. It gives rise to nerves arranged in the same manner 
and does not need further description. 

Eighth Abdominal Ganglion.—The elimination of the com- 
missure between the seventh and eighth ganglia has not only 
brought the ganglia together but has lengthened as well as 
changed the place of origin of the nerves from the ganglion. 

Lateral Nerves——The comparatively large lateral nerves (/) 
arise not from the lateral margin of the ganglion but from its 
dorso-caudal end and extend with a slight divergence far into 
the eighth abdominal segment before branching. 

Ventral Nerves.—Ventrad and slightly laterad of the lateral 
nerves, there arises a small pair of ventral nerves (v), which also 
extend into the eighth abdominal segment before branching. 
Adjacent to these ventral nerves the accompanying trachee, 
which resemble nerves closely enter the ganglion. The ventral 
trachea of the eighth abdominal segment, however, still exists 
in its normal position within the eighth segment. This elongates 
to a great extent the pair of trachez that arise from it to supply 
the eighth abdominal ganglion. 

Ventral Sympathetic System (Fig. 14, m. and ¢t. n.).—The 
fusing of the seventh and eighth abdominal ganglia causes the 
sympathetic system apparently to arise from the dorso-caudal 
end of the seventh abdominal ganglion. 


1912] Anatomy of Tomato-worm Larva 261 


Median and Transverse Nerves.—The median nerve (m) 
arises from the mid-dorsal area of the double ganglion. It is 
very short. On teasing apart the two ganglia, the median nerve 
remains attached to the caudal end of the seventh abdominal 
segment. It immediately gives rise to its pair of transverse 
nerves (¢. .), which extend caudo-laterad into the eighth 
abdominal segment more or less parallel to and laterad of the 
pair of lateral nerves. However, no plexus exists between the 
transverse and lateral nerves of this ganglion, as was noted in 
the other segments. 

THORACIC GANGLIA (Fig, 17, > le and 7. 29 Fig: 16, 
T. 3g).—The thoracic ganglia are three in number, the meso- 
thoracic and metathoracic ganglia are similar in form. 

Mesothoracic and Metathoracic Ganglia (T. 2g and T. 3¢g).— 
The mesothoracic and metathoracic ganglia are slightly larger 
than the abdominal ganglia and are not as far apart. Extending 
from the caudal ends of all the thoracic ganglia, there is a large 
commissure (Fig. 17) which, in case of the prothoracic and 
mesothoracic, proceeds but a short distance and then forks and 
forms the diamond-shaped area in which the ventral sympa- 
thetic nerves are located. In both cases, the diamond-shaped 
area between the metathoracic and mesothoracic and between 
the mesothoracic and prothoracic ganglia occupies about 
two-thirds of the distance between the ganglia. 

Lateral Nerves——The lateral nerves (/) proceed from the 
gangha at their latero-cephalic part and are adjacent to the 
lateral edges of the commissures. The lateral nerves extend 
in a latero-cephalic direction. 

Connective Nerves—The connective nerves (c. n.) arise 
from the lateral edges of the commissure and extend in a caudal 
direction. In the case of the diamond-shaped area between the 
mesothoracic and metathoracic ganglia, the connective nerves 
arise midway between the anterior and posterior angles of the 
diamond. While, with the diamond-shaped area between the 
prothoracic and mesothoracic ganglia, the commissure gives 
rise to its connective nerves very much nearer the mesothoracic 
ganglion than to the anterior end of the opening. The con- 
nective nerves proceed a short distance caudad, then turn 
laterad and somewhat cephalad, and soon fuse with the lateral 
nerves laterad of their connection with the commissure. Before 
fusing with the lateral nerves, the connective nerves give rise 


262 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


to a branch that extends cephalad and somewhat parallel with 
the lateral nerves. This branch soon forks, one branch extends 
laterad across the lateral nerve, the other branch cephalo- 
laterad and parallel with the lateral nerve. 

Ventral Nerves ——In the mesothoracic and metathoracic 
ganglia, the ventral nerves (v) arise from the lateral margin of 
each ganglion in a plane ventrad of the lateral nerves. The 
metathoracic, ventral nerves extend cephalo-laterad, while the 
ventral nerves of the mesothoracic ganglion project directly 
laterad. In both cases the ventral nerves innervate the ventral 
portion of the body. At the point of entrance of the ventral 
nerves, one finds the usual trachee that supply the ganglion 
with air. 

Ventral Sympathetic System (Fig. 16, T. 3g, Fig. 17, T. 2g.)— 
With the mesothoracic and metathoracic ganglia, the ventral 
sympathetic system consists of a median nerve and transverse 
nerves. 

Median and Transverse Nerves——The median nerves (m) 
arise from the commissure in the cephalic angle of the diamond- 
shaped areas and in both cases are of considerable length 
before the fork. The mesothoracic median nerve is longer than 
the metathoracic median nerve. In both cases the transverse 
nerves (¢. 2.), after arising from the caudal end of the median 
nerve, proceed in such a direction as to cross the commissure at 
the point near where the connective nerves arise. After cross- 
ing the commissure, they tend to take, as usual a course parallel 
to the lateral nerves. The web or plexus (fx) of nerves in 
these two ganglia is very distinct; this is especially true in the 
metathoracic ganglion. The plexus occurs principally in the 
triangular area between the commissures, the lateral nerves, 
the transverse, and the connective nerves. In Fig. 17 (7. 1g, 
T. 2g), one may note a dark line drawn from the median portion 
of the prothoracic ganglion caudad. The true connection and 
relation of this nerve-like thread was not determined. 

PROTHORACIC GANGLION (Fig. 17, J. 1g).—The prothoracic 
ganglion is very similar in form and in the arrangement of its 
nerves to the abdominal ganglia. As heretofore mentioned, 
the commissure, which projects caudad from the prothoracic 
ganglion, is simple and large. The ganglion cephalad of the 
prothoracic ganglion is the subcesophageal ganglion and is 
located only a very short distance from the prothoracic ganglion. 


1912] Anatomy of Tomato-worm Larva 263 


The commissure extending between these two ganglia fail to 
unite before entering the caudal end of the subcesophageal 
ganglia; consequently the two ganglia are connected by two 
distinct parallel strands. 

Lateral Nerves——The lateral nerves (/) are the two branches 
which arise from the cephalic part of the lateral margins of the 
ganglion. These nerves soon divide into many small branches 
and innervate the lateral areas of the prothorax. 

Ventral Nerves——The ventral nerves (v) project from the 
caudo-lateral margin and are accompanied by the usual pair of 
trachee. In this ganglion however, the ventral nerve of each 
side is not single but is composed of two small branches. 

Ventral Sympathetic System.—With the prothoracic gan- 
glion, the customary median and transverse nerves are wanting 
but the following new arrangement exists :— 

Subconnective Nerve (Fig. 17, T. 1g).—Dorsad and cephalad 
of the prothoracic ganglion, the large subconnective nerves 
(sn) exist, which cross the commissure. Within the region 
adjacent to the ganglion, a plexus or web of nerves (px) extends 
between the subconnective nerve, the ganglion, and the prox- 
imal ends of the lateral nerves. 

GANGLIA OF THE HEapD (Fig. 17, H. 1g and H. 2g, Fig. 18).— 
In the alimentary tract as it extends to the mouth by means of 
the pharynx, there is to be noted a distinct flexure in the head. 
The two head-ganglia are located slightly distad of this flexure. 
The corresponding flexure in the nervous system is located 
between the subcesophageal and prothoracic ganglia. The two 
head-ganglia rest on the pharynx but on opposite sides (Fig. 18). 
The more distal ganglion, the supracesophageal (sp), is cephalad 
of the pharynx and entad of the front of the head capsule. The 
subcesophageal ganglion (sz) is caudad of the pharynx and 
connected to the supracesophageal by means of two commis- 
sures, which together with the two ganglia form a complete 
ring about the pharynx. 

Suboesophageal Ganglion (Fig. 17 and 18, sw).—The sub- 
cesophageal ganglion is located caudad of the pharynx and ina 
plane ventrad of the supracesophageal. It gives rise to the 
following nerves :— 

Crura Cerebrt.—The crura cerebri (c. c.) arise from the 
cephalo-ventral portion of the lateral margin of the suboeso- 
phageal ganglion very close to the pharynx. This pair of large 


264 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


cords arising from the lateral margins help to complete the circle 
about the pharynx by connecting themselves to the latero- 
caudal portions of the supracesophageal ganglion. 

Mandibular Nerves —Adjacent to the crura cerebri and 
extending in a caudo-mesal direction, there arises a pair of 
nerves (md. 1b. n.), which are of approximately the same size as 
the crura cerebri. These nerves extend ventrad and divide 
into two nerves of unequal size; the larger nerve (md. n.) 
proceeds cephalad and ventrad and innervates the mandible. 

Labial Nerves.—The labial nerves (/b. 1.) arise from the mesal 
side of the mandibular-labia! nerve (md. 1b. n.). They extend 
ventro-caudad and innervate the labium. 

Maxillary Nerves —Caudad and adjacent to the mandibular 
nerves, the maxillary nerves (mx. n.) arise. They are smaller 
and soon branch and innervate the manxille. 

Unidentified Nerves —Caudad and slightly dorsad of the 
maxillary nerves, there arises on each side a nerve of consider- 
ble size (gz), which extends laterad into the muscles of the head 
toward the salivary ducts but I have been unable to determine 
what they innervate. 

Ventral Nerves —From the mid-lateral area of the ganglion, 
the ventral nerves (v) project accompanied by their accustomary 
tracheee. In this ganglion a light stain brings out very success- 
fully the branches of the trachez (¢) as they radiate over the 
surface of the ganglion. The ventral nerves in this case project 
dorso-caudad into the caudal part of the head. 

Supraesophageal Ganglion (Fig. 17 and 18, sp).—The 
supracesophageal ganglion (sp) is the largest ganglion of the 
nervous system and is located on the cephalic surface of the 
pharynx. The transverse diameter of the ganglion is about 
twice that of the ventro-dorsal diameter. The ganglion is 
constricted along the meson into two lobes. The following 
nerves arise from this ganglion :— 

Crura Cerebri—The two large crura cerebri (c. c.) that 
proceed from the subcesophageal ganglion in a dorso-cephalic 
direction, connect with the supracesophageal ganglion on the 
latero-dorsal margins. The two trunks are comparable to the 
commissures that extend between the ganglia 1n other regions of 
the body. Just dorsad of where the crura cerebri arise from the 
supracesophageal ganglion, a large trachea enters the ganglion 
on each side of the head. These trachez, a short distance from 


1912] Anatomy of Tomato-worm Larva 265 


the ganglion, fork, one branch extending ventrad and the other 
more or less dorsad. These particular tracheze arise from 
branches that lead into the head from the spiracle located in the 
prothorax. 

Subesophageal Commissures—The subcesophageal commis- 
sures (s. c.) are the branches that arise from the ventral side of 
the crura cerebri near the supracesophageal ganglion. These 
two branches encircle the pharynx. On the caudal part of this 
semicircle two small branches occur which extend dorsad and 
innervate the large muscle fibres of the pharynx. These semi- 
circular nerves have received the name of commissures, but a 
comparison with other ganglia shows that they are not the true 
commissures. The crura cerebri should be called the commis- 
sures. It is probable that the so-called subcesophageal com- 
missures are nothing more than connective nerves that have 
united to form a semicircle about the pharynx. The following 
nerves arise from the supracesophageal ganglion :— 

Optic Nerves —The small optic nerves (0. 1.) arise the most 
cephalad of any of the nerves from the supracesophageal ganglion 
and without branching extend to the groups of ocelli on each 
side of the head where they break up into small branches and 
supply each ocellus. 

Antennal Nerves —The antennal nerves (at. n.) are of about 
the same size as the optic nerves and arise from the ganglion 
caudad of and adjacent to the optic nerves, and extend cephalad 
and ventrad. Not far from the ganglion, they fork and form 
two branches, one of which innervates the area at the base of 
the antenna and the other the antenna itself. 

Clypeo-Labral Nerves—The pair of clypeo-labral nerves 
(cl. Ir. n.) are the most caudal pair of the nerves arising from 
this region of the supracesophageal ganglion. Each clypeo-. 
labral nerve gives rise to several cephalo-mesal extending nerves 
and one caudo-lateral branch. The latter branch, arises from 
the clypeo-labral nerve in a plane slightly ventrad of the frontal 
ganglion and terminates in an enlarged ganglion-like structure 
on the labral aspect of the pharynx. This ganglion-like struc- 
ture gives rise to several small nerves. The first cephalo-mesal 
branch from the clypeo-labral nerve is very short and arises in 
a plane slightly dorsad of the frontal ganglion. The succeeding 
or second cephalo-mesal nerve from the clypeo-labral nerve 
connects with the Y-shaped branch given off from the frontal 


266 Annals Entomological Society of America  [Vol. V, 


ganglion. In different specimens examined variations often 
occurred in respect to the exact origin of these nerves. For 
example, it was found that in some cases this second cephalo- 
mesal nerve arose at times ventrad of the caudo-lateral branch, 
while in the majority of cases it arose from the clypeo-labral 
nerve dorsad of the caudo-lateral branch. Further ventrad on 
the clypeo-labral nerves two or three other cephalo-mesal nerves 
project and innervate the cephalic area of the pharynx. 

SYMPATHETIC SYSTEMS OF THE HEAD (Fig. 17 and 18).— 
Two sympathetic systems exist in connection with the supra- 
cespohageal ganglion. The vagus system is an unpaired system 
while the sympathetic system located laterad and dorsad of the 
pharynx is paired. 

Vagus or Unpaired Sympathetic System (Fig. 17 and 18).— 
The vagus system originates from the ventro-lateral part of the 
supracesophageal ganglion near the clypeo-labral nerve and 
consists of the following parts:— 

Arched Nerves.—The pair of arched nerves (a7) is one of the 
pairs of nerves which arise from the ventro-lateral area of the 
supracesophageal ganglion and project ventrad on each side 
of the head adjacent to and somewhat cephalad of the clypeo- 
labral pair of nerves. They extend a short distance ventrad in 
a curved line then turn mesad and unite on the meson ventrad 
of the supracesophageal ganglion and form a small ganglion. 

Frontal Ganglion.—The enlarged, fused, mesal part of the 
arched nerves is the frontal ganglion (f. g.). It rests on the 
pharynx and is located caudad beneath the mouth-like opening 
of the aorta (Fig. 8). Nerves entrad and dorsad extending 
arise from this ganglion. 

Frontal Nerve-—The nerve extending ventrad from the 
frontal ganglion is the frontal nerve (f.7.). It is very short and 
soon divides into two branches which proceed latero-ventrad 
for a short distance and then turn directly ventrad. At the 
point where they turn ventrad, the second cephalo-mesal 
branch arising from the clypeo-labral nerve fuses with them. 

Recurrent Nerve.—The nerve extending dorsad on the meson 
from the frontal ganglion is the recurrent nerve (7. n.). It 
extends in its dorso-caudal course between the aorta and the 
pharynx and cesophagus (Figs. 8 and 18). As it continues its 
course between these organs, it follows the flexure of the pharynx 
so that it extends caudad as well as dorsad. In its course along 


1912] © Anatomy of Tomato-worm Larva 267 


the cephalic and dorsal surface of the pharynx and oesophagus, 
it gives rise to paired and unpaired laterad extending branches 
which innervate the cephalic and dorsal parts of the pharynx 
and cesophagus respectively and probably also the aorta. As 
the recurrent nerve approaches the caudal end of the cesopha- 
gus, it divides into two branches, which pass around the side 
of the cesophagus. 

Vagus Ganglion (Fig. 7, v. g.).—At the point of the forking 
of the recurrent nerve near the ventriculus, a minute ganglion 
exists, the vagus ganglion (v. g.). 

Stomogastric Nerves (Fig. 7, st.) —The branches that proceed 
from the vagus ganglion on each side are the stomogastric 
nerves (st). These nerves curve laterad around the oesophagus 
_ and innervate its caudal portion. 

Paired Sympathetic System (Fig. 17 and 18).—On each side 
of the pharynx dorsad of the supracesophageal ganglion, a 
sympathetic system exists, composed of two distinct nerves 
and two ganglia. 

Lateral Nerve.—Just dorsad and slightly mesad of the large 
trachea that enters the supracespohageal ganglion is the point 
of origin of the very small lateral nerve (J). This nerve con- 
tinues dorsad and slightly caudad till it ends in an enlarged, 
irregular, ovate-shaped ganglion on the lateral aspect of the 
pharynx cephalad of the subcesophageal ganglion. Running 
parallel with this nerve is a minute treachea which resembles a 
nerve very closely and is easily mistaken for one. This trachea 
is not indicated in Fig. 18. Often the lateral nerve, before 
entering the anterior, lateral ganglion, gives rise to a small 
branch which either connects directly with the ganglion or 
with the fronto-lateral nerve. 

Anterior Lateral Ganglion.—The ganglion in which the lat- 
eral nerve ends, is the anterior lateral ganglion (a. /. g.). This 
ganglion gives rise on its caudal and cephalic ends to two or 
three nerves of various sizes which extend caudad between the 
muscles of the pharynx. On its dorsal margin, it gives rise toa 
lateral commissure (/. c.) which connects with the posterior lat- 
eral ganglion. 

Fronto-Lateral Nerve -—The fronto-lateral nerve (f. /.) arises 
from the cephalic end of the anterior lateral ganglion adjacent 
to and cephalad of the point where the lateral nerve enters. The 
fronto-lateral nerve continues ventrad to the caudo-lateral 


268 Annals Entomological Society of America  [Vol. V, 


aspect of the supracesophageal ganglion and connects with the 
ganglion by means of a short stub and then continues ventrad 
into the head for a considerable distance. 

Lateral Commissure.—The lateral commissure (J. c.) is a 
short nerve that arises from the middle of the dorsal surface of 
the anterior lateral ganglion and unites with a larger ganglion 
dorsad and caudad of the anterior lateral ganglion. This 
commissure gives rise to a nerve which extends ventrad. 

Posterior Lateral Ganglion—The posterior lateral ganglion 
(p. 1. g). is larger than the anterior lateral ganglion and is 
located dorsad and somewhat caudad of it. It likewise gives 
rise to several nerves at its caudal and cephalic ends. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 
PLATE XIX. 


Fig. 1. Lateral aspect of an entire larva of Protoparce carolina. 

Fig. 2.. Cephalic aspect of the head. 

Fig. 3. Ventral aspect of the head. 

Fig. 4. Ventral aspect of an abdominal proleg. 

Fig. 5. Cephalic aspect of a thoracic leg. 

Fig. 6. Spiracle, enlarged. 

Fig. 7. <A larva opened from the dorsal aspect showing the digestive tract. On 


the left the salivary glands and the trachee are represented which 
enter the canal, while on the right the malphigian tubules and silk 
glands are shown. 

Fig. 8. Dorsal aspect of the pharynx, enlarged. 

Fig. 9. Enlarged ventral aspect of the region of the alimentary canal, showing 
where the bladder: of the malphigian tubule is attached. 

Fig. 10. Cells of the adipose tissue, enlarged. 


PLATE XX. 


Fig. 11. A larva opened from the ventral aspect showing the respiratory system. 
Fig. 12. A larva opened from the ventral aspect showing the muscular system, 
circulatory system, reproductive organs, and wing buds. 


PLATE X XI. 


Fig. 13. A larva opened from the dorsal aspect showing the entire nervous 
system. 

Fig. 14. Dorsal aspect of the seventh and eighth abdominal ganglia. 

Fig. 15. Dorsal aspect of the first abdominal ganglion. 

Fig. 16. Dorsal aspect of the metathoracic ganglion. 

Fig. 17. Dorsal aspect of the mesothoracic ganglion (7. 2g), prothoracic ganglion 
(T. 1g), subcesophageal ganglion (H. 2g), and the supracesophageal 
ganglion (H. 1g). 

Fig. 18. Lateral aspect of the pharynx showing the nerves of the supracesoph- 
ageal and subcesophageal ganglia. 


1912] 


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Anatomy of Tomato-worm Larva 


269 


LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. 


Abdomen. 

Abdominal segments one to 
eight. 

Anus. 

Adipose tissue. 

Anal horn. 

Anterior lateral ganglion. 

Aorta. 

Anal plate. 

Anal proleg. 

Arched nerve. 

Antenna. 

Antennal nerve. 

Bladder ofmalphigiantubule. 

Commissure. 

Crura cerebri. 

Claw. 

Czeca. 

Clypeus. 

Clypeo-labral nerve. 

Connective nerve. 

Coxa. 

Dorsal malphigian tubule. 

Dorso-ventral nerve. 

Epicranial suture. 

Front. 

Mesothoracic wing bud. 

Femur. 

Frontal ganglion. 

Frontal nerve. 

Ganglion. 


. Great dorso-recti muscles. 
. Great ventro-recti muscles. 


Head. 

Heart. 
Metathoracie wing bud. 
Spinneret. 

Lateral nerve. 
Labium. 

Labial nerve. 
Lateral commissure. 
Leg. 

Large intestine. 
Labrum. 

Median nerve. 


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Mandible. 


. Mandibular-labial nerve. 


Mandibular nerve. 
Malphigian tubule. 

Maxilla. 

Maxillary nerve. 

Ocelli. 

Csophagus. 

Optic nerve. 

Pharynx. 

Proleg. 

Posterior lateral ganglion. 
Pharyngeal muscle. 

Plexus. 

Reproductive organ. 
Rectum. 

Recurrent nerve. 

Rectal muscle. 

Spiracle. 

Subcesonhageal commissure. 


. Small dorso-recti muscles. 


Silk gland. 

Small intestine. 

Salivary gland. 

Suspensory muscle. 
Subconnective nerve. 
Supracesophageal ganglion. 
Stomogastric nerve. 
Subcesophageal ganglion. 


. Small ventro-recti muscles. 


Thorax. 

Thorax segments, prothorax, 
mesothoraxandmetathorax 

Trachea. 

Tarsus. 

Tibia. 

Transverse nerve. 

Trochanter. 

Ventral nerve. 

Ventriculus. 

Vagus ganglion. 

Ventral Malphigian tubule. 

Wings of the heart. 

Unidentified muscle. 

Unidentified nerve. 


Vou. V, PLate XIX 


ANG 


ANNALS E. 


iteanel TU 


sl “iN 


onto 
nw iwi 


ea i 


mo 


A. Peterson. 


ANNALS E. S. A. 


A. Peterson. 


E 


AY 


ip 
i Qi 


t 


Ses 


LEER EEE Gf Pee 
g.d.rm\lps. vr: V 


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ANNALS E. S. A. Vou. V, PLATE XXI. 


A. Peterson. 


OBSERVATIONS ON THE ECOLOGY OF DRAGON-FLY 
NYMPHS: REACTIONS TO LIGHT AND CONTACT.* 


By C. F. Curtis RiILEy, 


CONTENTS. 
I. Introductory. 
II. Methods. 
III. Responses in Natural Habitat. 
VI. Enemies. 
VE Hood: 
VI. Response to Intense Artificial Light. 
VII. Movement Away from the Light Not a Response to Temperature. 
VIII. Response to Contact. 
IX. Formation of Groups. 
X. Inhibition of the Photic Response. 
XI. Change of Bodily States. 
XII. Disintegration of Groups. 
XIII. Indefiniteness and Change of Photic Response. 
XIV. Response to Less Intense Articfiial Light. 
XV. Response to Daylight. 
XVI. Summary and Conclusion. 


INTRODUCTORY. 


The greater part of this work was completed several years 
ago. Publication has been delayed through various causes; 
chiefly because it had been the purpose of the writer to incor- 
porate other experiments in the paper. The present communi- 
cation is really an abstract of a more detailed piece of research 
which is practically completed, except for certain minor matters. 

The research was undertaken at the suggestion of Professor 
©. J. Holmes. The writer desires at this point to express his 
appreciation of Doctor Holmes’s kindly criticisms and also of his 
stimulating interest in the work of those associated with him. 
Thanks are also due to Doctor C. C. Adams for free access 
to his library and for many helpful suggestions. 

The work was done upon certain forms of Agrionid nymphs. 
Many hundreds of different individuals were used in the 
experiments. It proved to be impracticable to identify the 
forms as the work progressed. A representative series of the 
nymphs were sent away for determination and, unfortunately, 
were lost in the mail. No essential differences have been found 
in the reactions of the different species, other than those of 
differences in degree, as evidenced in a few cases by relative 
inertness and activity. 


cs Contributions from the Zodlogical Laboratory of the University of Illinois, 
under the Direction of Henry B. Ward, No. 20. 


273 


274 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


The insects were collected in the vicinity of Ann Arbor, Michi- 
gan, from various ponds, lakes, and marshy ground along the 
margins of streams. The Three Sister Lakes formed an excel- 
lent environment for collecting the nymphs. A large number 
of the organisms were taken in a pool, directly below the mill- 
dam, formed by the overflow of the Huron River, at Ann Arbor. 


METHODS. 


The experiments were performed in a dark room kept at a 
temperature of about 22°C. The intense artificial light was 
from the electric arc of a Thomson projection lantern. For 
the weaker artificial light, a 16 c. p. electric incandescent light was 
used. Experiments were also performed with diffused daylight, 
its source being a south window 5m. distant from the dark 
room. The light entered through a small circular opening in 
the side of the dark room. The nymphs were placed in a glass 
trough with parallel sides which was half filled with tap-water. 
The trough was then placed on a table top, painted black. The 
table was so situated that the glass vessel lay in the beam of 
light, entering through the circular opening, with its long axis 
practically parallel with the rays of light. 


RESPONSES IN NATURAL HABITAT. 


In their natural habitat, Agrionid nymphs react strongly to 
contact. They are found clinging tightly to the stems, branches, 
and leaves of Elodea and Ceratophyllum. This is an indication 
of their decided thigmotactic proclivities. They tend to place 
as much as possible of the external parts of their bodies in con- 
tact with a solid surface. This is accomplished by clinging to 
the aquatic plants, in such a manner that the long axes of their 
bodies lie parallel to the long axes of the stems and the branches. 
The nymphs frequently assume a somewhat different position, 
with the long axes of their bodies rather oblique to the long 
axes of the stems and branches. The creatures are frequently 
found with their bodies closely applied to the Elodea and 
Ceratophyllum at the points where the branches are given off— 
that is, in the forks formed by the stem of the main plant and 
the lateral branches. They are also found on both plants in 
the angles formed by the whorls of leaves arranged around the 
stem. Pearl (1903, pp. 560-562) records similar observations 
in his work on Planarians. This writer has given the name 


1912] Ecology of Dragon-fly Nymphs 205 


goniotaxis to such responses. In an interesting paper on the 
death-feigning of Belostoma, Severin and Severin (1911la, p. 38) 
have described how this insect also reacts to the contact of 
aquatic vegetation. 

The dragon-fly nymphs lie in wait for their prey on these 
aquatic plants. They are effectually concealed in such posi- 
tions. The diameter of their bodies is about that of the thicker 
stems, and the creatures he so quietly that they are easily over- 
looked. Then also their colors are much like those of the vege- 
tation—browns and greens predominating. Facts of somewhat 
similar nature have been recorded by Holmes (1905, pp. 308-809) 
in his observations on Ranatra. In collecting the dragon-fly 
nymphs, the writer often rakes some of the plant material out 
of the water. The animals are then picked from the Elodea and 
Ceratophyllum. It is not at all an uncommon thing for many of 
them to be overlooked; because after the plants have been taken 
to the laboratory and placed in an aquarium jar containing 
water, the nymphs can be seen swimming about freely or resting 
on the bottom. Having been disturbed in transit, they fre- 
quently leave their positions on the aquatic vegetation. The 
reason that some of them are so easily overlooked is due to 
three facts. First, they remain very quietly in their positions 
—though some of them are seen crawling over the vegetation 
after it has been shaken from the net; second, their shape and 
color resembles that of the plants on which they live; and third, 
they frequently feign death. The writer believes that the 
instinct of death-feigning is of much importance in the ecology 
of the animal. Itisaform of response which is certainly often 
highly protective. Many workers have frequently observed 
the death-feigning reaction among insects and to some extent 
the rdle which it plays in their lives. Among these observers 
may be mentioned the names of DeGeer, Fabre, Darwin 
(1884), Romanes (1884), and Whitman (1899). More recently 
papers by Holmes (1906) and Severin and Severin (1911la) have 
been written. Both of these deal with the death-feigning 
responses from a careful experimental point of view and are 
extremely valuable pieces of research. That the larve, nymphs, 
and imagoes of many aquatic insects evidence this interesting 
form of behavior is well brought out by these workers. This 
is especially the case in the paper by Severin and Severin 
(191 1a, p. 36). 


276 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


Agrionid nymphs are found in quiet waters at a depth 
varying from 10-80 cm. deep. So they live in an environment 
where the light is dim, a sort of twilight, certainly not.a bright 
light. Then frequently there are reeds, sedges, cat-tails, pond- 
lilies, arrowheads, and other aquatic plants which form shadows, 
so modifying the action of the sun’s rays. It is not at all 
uncommon to find willows and alders shading the pools which 
serve as the living places for dragon-fly nymphs. The “‘selec- 
tion’’ of such a habitat is influenced, to a considerable extent, 
by the natural responses of the animals. They react negatively 
to bright light and respond positively to contact. The labor- 
atory experiments largely bear out these environmental obser- 
vations. 


ENEMIES. 


Before considering the reactions of Agrionid nymphs to 
photic stimuli, it seems worth while to discuss briefly their 
food and enemies. While no extensive notes were taken on 
either of these subjects, yet some observations were recorded 
which indicate that the facts discussed in the last three para- 
graphs have a more or less direct bearing upon the relations of 
the nymphs to their food and enemies. In the states of Michi- 
gan and Minnesota, the two gamy little fishes, the common 
sun-fish, Lepomis gibbosus, and the yellow perch, Perca flaves- 
cens, are very abundant. Both of these species have frequently 
been taken by the writer in considerably numbers. It was 
often noticed that among other insects, found in the digestive 
tract, Odonate nymphs were present and many of them were 
Agrionid nymphs. It is very likely that Agrionid nymphs 
form a large portion of the diet of many other species of 
fish. In fact, Forbes (1888, pp. 485-524) found that the 
nymphs of Odonata formed a very important article of food in 
the case of the following fish: the common perch, Perca flaves- 
cens, the pirate perch, Aphredoderus sayanus, the crappie, 
Pomoxis annularis, and the grass pickerel, Hsox vermiculatus. 
In the case of each of the three first named fishes, it was found 
that dragon-fly nymphs formed 10-13 per cent. of their food; 
and in the case of the grass pickerel, they formed 25 per cent. 
of the food. Needham (1898, p. 86) states that he has seen 
dragon-fly nymphs taken in numbers from the stomachs of the 
Great Blue and Green Herons. Aaron (Lamborn, 1890, p. 50) 


1912] Ecology of Dragon-fly Nymphs Bik 


states that Ranatra, Notonecta, and Belostoma all prey upon 
the young nymphs of dragon-flies. From the context, one 
infers that Aaron’s statement is based upon out-of-door obser- 
vations. 

Incidental observations were made upon the enemies of the 
dragon-fly nymphs when kept in confinement. In one aquar- 
ium, there were a number of the Agrionid nymphs and three 
Belostomas. In another aquarium, there were several of the 
nymphs and one Ranatra. It was found that both of these 
aquatic bugs preyed on the dragon-fly nymphs. At least 
three definite records were obtained with reference to Belos- 
toma and two with reference to Ranatra. The nymph is seized 
by means of the first pair of legs—in the case of both Belos- 
toma and Ranatra—and after the bug has placed its prey in a 
convenient positon, the “bill-like’’ mouth parts are pushed 
into the softer portions of the body, and the juices sucked out. 
Bueno (1908, p. 285) gives a good description of the method 
used by Ranatra in catching its prey. The behavior of Belos- 
toma, when engaged in obtaining food is interestingly described 
by Severin and Severin (1911, pp. 101-102). Other naturalists 
have observed that many insects are enemies of dragon-fly 
nymphs while in confinement. Severin and Severin (1911, 
pp. 102-104) state that Belostoma and Nepa are both enemies 
of dragon-fly nymphs and prey upon them. Weed (1889, pp. 
11-12) has noticed that in his aquaria the most important 
element of food of Belostoma, consisted of the nymphs of the 
larger dragon-flies. 

FOOD. 

The Agrionid nymphs are largely predaceous in their manner 
of feeding. They feed upon small Crustaceans and the nymphs 
of certain other small forms, particularly upon the nymphs of 
May-flies. It is a task of considerable difficulty and one 
requiring much patience to observe these organisms feeding in 
their natural habitat. The writer has observed, that in cap- 
tivity, they feed upon each other, especially is this true, when 
the food supply is not abundant. Three dozen specimens were 
placed in an aquarium jar, no food being added, and at the end 
of three months there were two.nymphs alive in the jar. One 
can readily see the nymph in the very act of seizing its food, in 
an aquarium jar. The prey is seized by the lobes of the labium, 
this organ being thrust forward with great rapidity. The 


278 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


Agrionid nymphs usually remain obscured among the vegetation, 
where they seize the prey which approaches them. However, 
the writer has frequently observed them to move a distance of 
30 or 40 mm. toward their prey. The general movements 
remind one very much of those of a cat stealing upon a bird. 
The body crouches low, almost touching the substratum. The 
animal moves forward slowly, with bent legs, until it is close to 
its victim, then the lower lip is suddenly darted forward and 
the prey is captured. They will also feed upon freshly killed 
Physa, and small pieces of fresh beef. 

Needham and Hart (1901, p. 17) make the following state- 
ment regarding the food of dragon-fly nymphs. ‘‘ The nymphs 
are all predatory in habit. Most species remain in ambush, 
aided by coverings of sand, mud, silt, and algal growths, and 
by their own protective coloring, until their prey wanders 
within reach. Anax junius and a few others choose their prey. 
All capture it with a marvellously sudden extension of the 
labium, bringing it into the grasp of the formidable lateral lobes. 
Almost all kinds of small aquatic animals appear on the bill of 
fare of the group as a whole. The Agrionide have a seeming 
preference for Entomostraca and May-fly nymphs. The vege- 
tation-inhabiting species have the most varied diet, including 
especially back-swimmers (otonecta) and water-boatmen (Cor- 
asa), small crustaceans, such as Asellus and Allorchestes, thin- 
shelled mollusks, like Physa, coleopterous and dipterous larve, 
and even the younger or weaker members of their own order. 
Anax takes even the thicker-shelled.univalves, like Amnzicola. 
The deep-water Epicordulia feeds principally on small mollusks, 
such as Amnicola and Physa, as well as on other life of the 
bottom. The Aeschnide, especially Anax, are most omnivor- 
ous creatures. The larger odonate nymphs eat very young 
fish, and in some cases appear to have caused a sweeping destruc- 
tion of large numbers of them.”’ 


RESPONSE TO INTENSE ARTIFICIAL LIGHT. 


There is a considerable amount of literature treating upon 
the photic responses of insects. The papers of Loeb (1905) are 
perhaps the most widely quoted. These have recently been 
translated and published. Little work has been done on the 
reactions of dragon-fly nymphs to hight and contact. Plateau 
(1888) experimented with dragon-flies, but his observations are 


1912] Ecology of Dragon-fly Nymphs 279 


from a different viewpoint—“‘ visual perception of movement’’— 
than that presented in the present paper. Further, Plateau’s 
work was done with the imagoes and not with the nymphs. 
Some research has been carried on by Sondheim (1901) in con- 
nection with damsel-fly nymphs, regarding the power of asso- 
ciating certain appearances with food. Radl (1903) is the only 
author, of which the writer is aware, who has published any 
observations of this nature upon dragon-fly nymphs. Atten-_ 
~tion should also be called to the very interesting work of von 
Uexktll. One of his investigations in a series of Studies on 
Tonus was on the dragon-fly (1908). 

Agrionid nymphs react strongly to the light from the 
electric arc of a Thomson projection lantern, swimming away 
from the source of illumination. Experiments were performed 
with separate individuals and‘also with a number of nymphs in 
the glass trough at the same time. After placing the vessel, 
containing the specimens, in the beam of light entering the dark 
room, it is seen that they swim away rapidly from the light to 
the far end of the dish—to the end farthest from the source of 
illumination. If the position of the trough is now reversed— 
the far end being placed in such a position that it is in the beam 
of light and facing its source—the creatures again swim away 
from the light. This experiment was repeated many times. 
Fresh nymphs were used from time to time.* At each experi- 
ment the animals swim away from the source of light and tend 
to congregate at the end of the glass trough most distant from 
the lantern. 


MOVEMENT AWAY FROM THE LIGHT NOT A RESPONSE TO 
TEMPERATURE. 


An observer of my experiments, who was at the time engaged 
upon some temperature studies of hydra, believed that the 
reactions described were responses to heat. That such was not 
the case was readily demonstated. A cell containing distilled 
water was placed in front of the projection lantern. The 
animals respond to the light in the manner previously stated. 
and swim to the far end of the glass trough. A second cell was 
placed immediately in front of the first, so that the beam of 


: *The specimens were taken from aquaria standing in a moderate light at some 
distance from a south window. Such nymphs had not been subjected to the kind 
of stimuli used in the experiments. Of course, this does not mean that no stimuli 
had been acting upon them, for stimuli constantly impinge upon all animals. 


280 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


light now passed through a wall of water approximately 15 cm. 
in thickness. My records show that, in a period of 30 minutes, 
the increase in temperature is very small. The dragon-fly 
nymphs react negatively to the light, as they did before either of 
the two cells were placed in position. This shows their movement 
to be a response to light, and not a reaction to temperature. 


RESPONSE TO CONTACT. 


When experiments are performed with a number of individ- 
uals in the glass trough, it is found that their movements are 
often very much modified. As they swim away from the source 
of illumination, they frequently come in contact with the sides 
of the vessel and with other individuals. This contact, in 
many instances, impedes the movement away from the light, 
and causes the nymphs to become practically motionless. This 
is the result of the contact stimulus. They usually assume a 
position with the long axes of their bodies parallel to each other 
and in close contact, although this relation may be modified 
considerably. Another response, which the writer designates 
as the ‘“‘clasping response,’’ quickly follows. The nymphs 
clasp each other closely around the thorax and abdomen. The 
preliminary contact of their bodies causes locomotion to cease, 
being an example of true thigmotaxis. Then as the full surface 
of the body of one is applied to the body of another the “‘clasping 


7” 


response’’ results. 
FORMATION OF GROUPS. 


The reactions above described often result in the formation 
of groups of nymphs. In this manner one large cluster may be 
formed, or a number of smaller ones. These collections may be 
formed at various points in the glass trough, but seldom at the 
end next to the source of light. They frequently form first at 
the end of the vessel farthest from the source of illumination. 
They may, however, form at other points nearer the light. As 
many as forty and fifty individuals, clinging together, are not 
infrequently counted in one cluster. The origin and perma- 
nence of the groups are due to the contact and clasping reactions. 
As various individuals swim away from the light, they may come 
in contact with other individuals, thus eliciting the thigmotactic 
response. Locomotion ceases and, as a greater bodily surface 
is applied in the case of the various nymphs, the “‘clasping 
response”’ is invoked, causing the creatures to hold each other 
tightly by means of their thoracic appendages. 


1912] Ecology of Dragon-fly Nymphs 281 


INHIBITION OF PHOTIC RESPONSE. 


It is evident from the above observations that the reactions 
to light may be largely overcome by the response to contact. 
The efforts of the nymphs to swim away from the light are 
inhibited by thigmotaxis. The thigmotactic tendencies are 
evidenced by the organisms forming rather closely grouped 
aggregations. Various authors have called attention to some- 
what similar facts. Formerly, comparatively little importance 
seems to have been attached to such observations, at least, 
among insects. More recently, however, certain workers 
have been impressed with phenomena of this nature. Holmes 
(1905, pp. 324-325) in his experiments with Ranatra has ob- 
served that, “‘The phototactic responses of Ranatra which 
usually occur with such regularity and precision are sometimes 
checked when the insect is engaged in performing some other 
finchiOnee - -  o. Vhtoris to,gortoward the light) are tre- 
quently inhibited by contact stimuli. When several individ- 
uals are put into a dish of water near a window they commonly 
cease, after a time, to swim towards the light and form a cluster 
in which they lie at all possible angles to the direction of the 
rays. The same writer (1905, p. 320) also describes how 
Ranatras group themselves into ‘‘a dense bunch at the negative 
end ’’of the dish. Again, Holmes (1905, p. 323) while working 
with the same aquatic forms, states that, ‘‘In cool water there 
is a marked tendency to form a dense cluster in the negative 
end of the dish.’’ Severin and Severin (1911, pp. 100-101) 
in connection with some work on the thigmotactic responses of 
Belostoma flumineum Say make the following statement: 
‘“‘Again, it was not unusual to find two or more Belostomas or 
somewhat larger clusters clinging together at the surface or 
bottom of the water, a characteristic which is also noticed with 
Lethocerus (=Belostoma Aucct.) americanum, Benacus griseus, 
Nepa apiculata, Ranatra americana, and Ranatra kirkaldyi. This 
habit is probably a manisfestation of their thigmotactic re- 
sponse.’’ This tendency to cluster together has frequently 
been observed by the writer in the case of Gerris remigis Say. 


CHANGES OF BODILY CONDITIONS. 


Much very valuable work has been done upon changes of 
bodily condition, especially among the Protozoa, as for example 
the researches of Putter (1900), Moore (1903), and particularly 


282 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vel Ve 


Jennings (1906, pp. 92-102). The following interesting quotation 
(pp. 92-94) is taken from the latter’s observations upon Para- 
mecia: ‘“‘If the animal is at rest against a mass of vegetable mat- 
ter or a bit of paper under the action of contact stimulus and it is 
then struck with the tip of a-glass rod, we find that at first it may 
not. react to*the latter stimulus at alky*-* 2" -* eFinally 
a strong blow on the anterior end causes the animal to leave 
the solid and give the typical avoiding reaction. *. * * * 
If specimens showing the contact reaction are heated, it is 
found that they do not react to the heat until a higher temper- 
ature is reached than that necessary to cause a definite reaction 
in free-swimming specimens. * -* * * On the other hand, 
both heat and cold interfere with the contact reaction. Para- 
mecia much above or below the usual temperature do not settle 
against solids with which they come in contact, but respond 
instead by a pronounced avoiding reaction. * * * * Speci- 
mens in contact with a solid react less readily to chemicals than 
do free specimens. * * * * Qn the other hand, immersion 
ue strong chemicals prevents the positive contact reaction 

ie Sie eral e contact reaction may completely prevent 
the reaction to gravity.”’ 

The inhibition of one stimulus by another is a somewhat 
puzzling matter. Why should a dragon-fly nymph reacting 
negatively to light, as it comes in contact with another nymph, 
-cease this function and display its thigmotactic proclivities? 
The stimulus from the electric arc of a projection lantern is so 
strong that we might expect the organism to continue to react 
to the light rather than to respond to contact. However, this 
is not the case for the stimul are sufficiently powerful to over- 
come the response to light. The explanation seems to le with 
certain changes which take place within the animal. The 
external conditions are the same—the stimuli from the electric 
arc are still present—but the nymphs no longer react; the organ- 
isms now respond to contact stimuli. (However, some of the 
nymphs continue to react to the light.) One form of response 
gives way to another. This is probably due to certain changes 
in the bodily state of the organisms. We are unable to witness 
these changes as they occur within the animals themselves, 
but they can be inferred from the difference in the external 
response. Jennings (1904, p. 120), in connection with his 
discussion of the reactions of Stentors, has stated that, ‘‘We 


1912] Ecology of Dragon-fly Nymphs 283 


must conclude then that contact with solids so alters the physio- 
logical condition of the organisms that they no longer react to the 
other stimuli.’”’ This change in the internal condition of dragon- 
fly nymphs must take place very rapidly, for as soon as an 
organism—that is swimming along under the influence of photic 
stimuli from the projection lantern—comes in contact with other 
nymphs, locomotion stops, and the animal responds to contact 
stimuli. If the electric arc should be turned off—thus doing 
away with photic stimuli—it would not be surprising to see the 
nymphs react in a different manner. Such a change is undoubt- 
edly physiological, and must be largely explained by the new 
external stimuli acting upon the organism. Moreover, it may 
be possible that the stimuli from the electric arc have so modi- 
fied the animal’s internal condition that it responds to contact 
stimuli more readily than if it had not previously been sub- 
jected to photic influence. As Jennings (1906, p. 96) has well 
brought out in his work upon Paramecia, ‘‘The essential 
factor in the interference is a physiological one. When reacting 
to the contact stimulus, the animal is less easily affected by 
other stimuli, and when reacting to the other stimuli, it is less 
easily affected by the contact stimulus. Since the two stimuli 
in question require behavior of opposite character, it is indeed 
inevitable that one should give way to the other, or at least 
modify the behavior toward it; both cannot receive the usual 
reaction.”’ Mast (1911, p. 287) in his discussion of ‘‘ the effect 
of internal changes’’ makes the following interesting statement: 
““As a matter of fact, all reactions are directly controlled by 
internal forces which are in turn influenced by external factors.”’ 
Jennings (1904, pp. 109-127) and (1906, pp. 283-313) has 
written full and elaborate discussions concerning ‘‘ physiological 
states."’ Both of which are extremely interesting and sug- 
gestive. 


DISINTEGRATION OF GROUPS. 


Holmes (1905, p. 308) has found that Ranatras form a 
cluster in an aquarium. ‘‘In this way they may lie for hours 
in an almost motionless state.’’ While somewhat similar 
conditions may be observed in the case of dragon-fly nymphs, 
the periods of quiet are very much shorter and the disintegra- 
tion of the groups occurs from time to time. This is brought 
about by mechanical—contact—stimuli and response to the 


284 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vor ae 


strong electric ight. At irregular intervals the nymphs in the 
cluster make “‘spontaneous’’ movements—or at least movements 
that are often difficult to interpret from any external cause, though 
some of them may be due to the continued action of the electric 
arc—and such movements act as mechanical—contact—stimuli 
on other members of the group. This naturally tends to cause 
the animals to change their relative positions to some extent; and 
no matter how slight a change in position this may be, there is, 
for a short space of time, a slackening of the grip of the append- 
ages. At such moments an opportunity is presented for photic 
stimuli to act upon the nymphs, and they frequently break 
away from the aggregation, responding with the negative reac- 
fon to tisht.© This is more readily understood if ~ © realize 
that the organisms are probably in a different pry Gological 
state than they were when the group was first formed—a state 
which now results in a response to the photic stimuli, and not 
to thigmotactic stimuli. The “‘spontaneous”’ or other slight 
movements of the animals in the closely packed masses are of 
great importance in initiating the breaking up of the clusters. 
Holmes (1095, p. 323) has observed in his experiments with 
Ranatra that the groups are more apt to be broken up as the 
insects become more active. The dragon-fly nymphs in the 
peripheral portion of the clusters are more likely to swim away 
first, while those in the central part are the last to leave the 
collections, as it is more difficult for the electric light to affect 
them in such a position. They are largely shut off from the 
light because of the nymphs surrounding them, besides being 
more largely influenced by contact stimuli. Holmes (1905, p. 
308) states that in these clusters formed by Ranaitra, the insects. 
‘are often so closely aggregated and so tangled together that 
those which are near the center of the group experience much 
difficulty in disengaging themselves.”’ 

We have noticed that dragon-fly nymphs respond nega- 
tively to photic stimuli. It has also been shown that they are 
positively thigmotactic. Their negative response to light often 
brings them against the sides of the experimentation dish and 
against each other. This contact invokes thigmotaxis, and the 
animals become grouped together. Mechanical—contact— 
stimuli plus the influence of the strong electric light inhibits the 
contact reactions for the time being, and the aggregation is broken 
up, the organisms swimming away from each other in response to 


1912] Ecology of Dragon-fly Nymphs 285 


their phototactic proclivities. Later on the nymphs may 
again form a group which in turn will be dispersed. Observa- 
tions very similar to these have been recorded by Holmes 
(1901, p. 212) upon Gammarus locusta. When these Crus- 
taceans are exposed to light, they swim away from the Cerato- 
phyllum, in the dish of water, to which they were clinging. 
They move rapidly to the negative end of the vessel, where they 
dart actively about, as if attempting to get farther away from 
the light. If these movements bring the animals in contact 
with the Ceratophyllum again, there they remain. If there are 
no objects in the water, the contact response is not invoked, and 
the organisms are found at the negative end of the dish. If 
thait aro objects in the water, the Amphiopods react to contact 
stimuli * 2never their chance movements bring them against 
a solid suiiace. The creatures remain in such a position until 
the phototactic impulse again causes them to swim away. 


INDEFINITENESS AND CHANGE OF PHOTIC RESPONSE. 


Sometimes, immediately following the breaking up of the 
aggregation of dragon-fly nymphs, the movements of the 
animals appear to lack definiteness. They swim away from the 
groups at various angles to the rays of light. While most of 
them sooner or later move toward the negative end of the glass 
trough, there are some whose reactions are indifferent, and a 
few evidence a tendency to positiveness in their responses to the 
light. This again the writer attributes to a change in the 
internal condition of the creatures, induced perhaps either by 
thigmotaxis or by the effect of the light from the projection 
lantern. Holmes (1905, pp. 318-325) has performed some very 
interesting experiments with Ranatra along similar lines. The 
insect is usually strongly positive in its responses to light; but 
this worker has been able to cause the animal to become nega- 
tively phototactic through the agency of contact stimuli. This 
change in the photic response, he was able to bring about many 
times. On one occasion the Ranatras were exposed to the light 
from a window for more than an hour and half, and it was 
found at the end of that time that all the specimens had become 
negatively phototactic. Previously they had all reacted posi- 
tively to the light, yet they had become negative in their 
reactions although the intensity of the light had increased. He 
has also demonstrated that the negative phototaxis of these 


_ 


286 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


animals may be held in check by contact stimuli, as stated in 
the following quotation (1905, p. 325): ‘‘Contact stimuli not 
only inhibit positive phototaxis, but they produce a negative 
reaction as we have already seen; the latter tendency, however, 
is often held in check by the same cause by which it is brought 
about.”’ 


RESPONSE TO LESS INTENSE ARTIFICIAL LIGHT. 


My experiments on dragon-fly nymphs with a 16 c. p. 
incandescent light show that the animals respond negatively, 
their movements taking them to the end of the glass trough 
farthest from the source of illumination. Frequently the 
organisms walk from one end of the vessel to the other in a 
rather leisurely fashion. In such cases the swimming mode of 
locomotion seems to be inhibited. The reactions are often 
lacking in promptness and precision as the following experi- 
ments will show: 


Experiment A. The nymph is placed, by means of a camel’s hair 
brush, in the glass trough facing the light. The creature is slightly 
nearer to the left than it is to the right side of the vessel. Immediately 
the animal turns slowly half way around. This movementis slow. Now, 
the anterior pair of legs come in contact with the side of the dish. It 
walks entirely onto the side of the trough. At the same time it contin- 
ues the turning movement, until the head points away from the light. 
It walks slowly along the side for half the length of the vessel. The 
nymph stops for 5 seconds. Again it moves forward until within 
4 cm. of the end of the trough. It stops and performs cleaning reactions. 
In a few seconds, the animal walks slowly to the end of the trough. 

Experiment B. The nymph is placed in the center of the glass dish, 
at the end near the source of light. It remains stationary for 7 seconds. 
The animal then turns slowly to the right until in a position oblique to 
the direction of the rays. It again remains quiet for 3 seconds. It 
turns slowly further to the right and at the same time moves slightly 
toward the right side of the vessel. The front legs come in contact with 
the glass side and the nymph stops for 4 seconds. The creature turns 
very slowly until it is in a position at right angles to the rays of light. 
As it turns, 1t walks slowly up the side of the dish. It remains here for 
5 seconds in a position perpendicular to the floor of the trough. The 
animal turns slowly, the long axis of its body becoming parallel with 
the rays of light. It moves away from the light for a distance of 5 cm. 
It then stops for 2 seconds. It again moves forward for a distance of 
5 em. The nymph now stops for 8 seconds. It moves forward slowly 
for 2 cm. It stops for 2 seconds and then goes ahead a distance of 
4cm. The creature remains quiet for 3 seconds, after which it walks 
forward for 1 cm. It again stops; this time for a period of 16 seconds 
and performs cleaning reactions. It then moves slowly to the end of 


1912] Ecology of Dragon-fly Nymphs 287 


the dish, passing the concave corner, and comes to rest at the end of the 
trough at right angles to the rays of light. 

Experiment C. The nymph is placed in the glass dish at the end 
toward the light. It turns slowly toward the left until the body is at 
right angles to the rays of light. It remains in this position for 2 seconds. 
The animal turns further to the left. Its body is now oblique to the 
rays of light. It moves obliquely forward 1 cm. The nymph turns to 
the left so that its body is now parallel with the rays of light. It swims 
forward 8 cm. and then stops, resting on the bottom of the vessel. It 
remains stationary 6 seconds. Then it walks forward 4 cm. It stops 
for 3 seconds with its body slightly oblique to the light rays. The 
animal walks forward 6 cm. and then comes in contact with the side of 
the dish. It remains in a resting position for 25 seconds. It walks 
along the side of the vessel for 4 cm. and then reaches the water. It 
walks forward for 2 cm. and then stops, performing cleaning reactions. 
After remaining quiet for 20 seconds, it swims to the end of the dish. 


The responses of the nymphs as indicated in these experi- 
ments are suggestive of those described by Holmes (1902, 
p. 212) for Gammarus and Amphithée. This observer states 
that, “If a single individual be watched it will be seen to strug- 
gle for a time, to move away from the light; it will then rest, for 
a longer or shorter period, only to resume its struggle later.”’ 
The writer performed a large number of experiments similar to 
those described as A, B, and C. In each case different nymphs 
were used. It is evident that such photic responses are con- 
spicuously lacking in the factors of directness and precision. 
While the three experiments described are more or less similar 
in details, it is obvious that there are differences. The nymphs 
appear to possess some individuality. The movements are 
not so stereotyped, but that they allow of considerable mod- 
ification. 

A number of experiments were performed in which the same 
nymph was exposed to the light from the incandescent lamp. 
Usually there were ten trials in a series, and the same individual 
was used throughout each series. In referring to the details of 
my experiments, they indicate, in a general way at least, that 
in the first few trials of the series, the reactions to light were 
fairly definite—the animal moving away from the source of 
illumination. The animals frequently responded by the swim- 
ming movement. Toward the end of the series, there were 
more pauses as the organisms traveled from one end of the dish 
to the other. The cleaning reactions were performed from 
time to time as the nymph rested, and walking was the prin- 
cipal method of locomotion. 


288 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


RESPONSES TO DAYLIGHT. 


Daylight was used as the source of stimulation for a large 
series of experiments. Many observations were recorded upon 
a great many different dragon-fly nymphs. In general it may 
be said that there was no evidence of orientation to the direction 
of the rays, and there seemed to be little indication of response 
to the light intensity, and the light was certainly brighter at the 
opening into the dark room than it was some distance away, 
within the dark room. The animals seemed to be generally 
indifferent to the light. At times, a few organisms indicated a 
tendency toward the positive reaction, but such facts are not 
uncommon in any experiments with light. Unless the dragon- 
fly nymphs are nothing more than reflex machines, it is to be 
expected that there will be some physiological variation in the 
internal condition of the different individuals even under the 
effect of the same stimuli. There are usually a few animals 
which appear to vary in their responses from the majority at 
any given time. 

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION. 


The Agrionid nymphs discussed in this paper were col- 
lected in the vicinity of Ann Arbor, Michigan. In their natural 
habitat they respond strongly to contact. They are fre- 
quently found clinging to Elodea and Ceratophyllum, and are 
generally in close contact with these plants. They are also 
found in the angles formed by the various parts of the plants. 
The nymphs are obscured in such positions because of certain 
resemblances in color and form between themselves and the 
plants to which they cling. These factors are probably pro- 
tective, as is the death-feigning instinct which 1s so well devel- 
oped in these insects. In the vicinity of Ann Arbor, Michigan, 
Agrionid nymphs were taken in abundance in still waters, at 
varying depths from 10—80 cm. They are not generally 
found in bright light, but are more abundant in habitats shaded 
by aquatic vegetation and treés. The fact that they inhabit 
such situations 1s probably due to their negative response to 
strong light and to their positive response to contact. Two 
common enemies of these dragon-fly nymphs are the two 
species of fishes Lepomis gibbosus and Perca flavescens. The 
aquatic bugs Ranatra and Belostoma destroy large numbers of 
nymphs, when kept in confinement. Agrionid nymphs are 


1912] Ecology of Dragon-fly Nymphs 289 


predaceous insects. They feed upon small Crustaceans and 
the nymphs of May-flies. When kept in the aquarium, they 
prey upon each other. They also feed readily upon freshly 
killed Physa and small pieces of fresh beef. The nymphs 
usually wait for their prey to approach them before seizing it, 
but they may move a distance of 30—40 mm. toward it. The 
food is seized by the lobes of the labium as this organ is suddenly 
darted toward the prey. 

Agrionid nymphs respond negatively to the light from a 
Thompson projection lantern. They swim away from the 
source of illumination. This occurs both in the case of single 
individuals and also when a number of specimens are in a 
glass trough at the same time. If the position of the trough is 
reversed, the nymphs again swim away from the light. This 
sort of response continues even when the experiment is repeated 
a number of times. The movement away from the light is a 
photic response, and not a reaction to temperature.  Fre- 
quently, when a number of specimens are placed in the glass 
trough, the response to light is modified by contact with the 
sides of the dish and with other individuals. This contact 
causes the nymphs to become more or less motionless, and to 
remain in close contact with each other, with their bodies more 
or less parallel. Such responses are examples of their thigmo- 
tactic proclivities. They also exhibit a ‘‘clasping response,” 
seizing each other around the thorax and abdomen by means 
of their thoracic appendages. The thigmotactic and ‘‘clasping 
responses’ result in the grouping of the nymphs in clusters. 
These groups tend to form at the end of the trough farthest 
from the source of light, although they also occur at other 
points. Sometimes there are as many as fifty individuals in a 
group. The origin and permanence of the groups are due to 
the contact and ‘‘clasping responses.’”’ The response of 
Agrionid nymphs to photic stimuli may be overcome by the 
response to contact stimuli; there is an inhibition of the one by 
the other. The explanation of this phenomenon seems to rest 
in part at least, with certain changes—bodily conditions— 
which take place within the animal concerned. In many 
instances such changes probably occur rapidly. The clusters 
of nymphs break up from time to time. The disintegration 
seems to be due to several causes. The “‘spontaneous’’ move- 
ments of the insects in the groups are a factor in this. Such 


290 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


mechanical—contact—stimul bring about changes in the 
relative positions of some of the individuals in the various 
groups. At such times there is a slackening of the grip of the 
appendages, so permitting photic stimuli to be more effective. 
The disintegration of the groups, then, is due to mechanical— 
contact—stimuli plus the stimuli of the powerful electric light. 
Immediately after the disintegration of a group, there appears 
to be a lack of definiteness in the responses of the nymphs to the 
electric light. They swim away from the cluster at various 
angles to the rays of light. While the majority of them even- 
tually arrive at the end of the trough farthest from the source 
of light, certain individuals exhibit a tendency to positiveness 
in their photic responses. This result may be due to a change 
in bodily condition, induced, possibly, either by thigmotaxis or 
by the effect of photic stimuli. Agrionid nymphs respond 
negatively to a 16 c. p. incandescent light, swimming away to 
the end of the trough farthest from the source of illumination. 
When responding to such photic stimuli, the insects frequently 
walk from one end of the trough to the other. The swimming 
reaction appears to be inhibited. The responses often lack 
promptness and precision. When the same individual is used 
in a series of experiments, the responses in the first few trials 
prove to be fairly definite, the animal swimming away from 
the source of illumination. Toward the end of the series there 
are pauses as the animal moves from one end of the trough to 
the other, and cleaning reactions are performed. When diffuse 
daylight is used as a source of illumination, the nymphs exhibit 
practically no response either to light intensity, or to the direc- 
tion of the rays. A large majority of the insects appear indif- 
ferent to the light. A few individuals tend to exhibit a positive 
response to photic stimuli of this nature. 

It seems possible to the writer that the behavior of Agrionid 
nymphs with respect to light and contact, may not be entirely 
of a reflex, mechanical nature. Such reactions are not always 
precise and definite; sometimes they are considerably modified. 
May they not, as Holmes (1905, pp. 337-349) has shown with 
respect to Ranatra, possess some of the concomitants of the 
‘““nleasure-pain’’ type of reaction? This form of response has 
been excellently discussed by Holmes (1910), (1911), and 
(191la), in several suggestive papers. The thigmotactic and 
photic reactions of these dragon-fly nymphs appear to be bene- 


1912] Ecology of Dragon-fly Nymphs 291 


ficial. Such responses not only aid in concealment from 
enemies, but also assist in obtaining food. Beneficial reactions 
are frequently “‘pleasureable’’; at least they are not usually 
‘painful’. On the other hand injurious responses are often 
““painful’’; certainly they are not “pleasant’”’. The nymphs 
are guided fairly well if they follow their “‘likes’’ and “‘dislikes”’, 
if such terms may be used. Spencer (1885) has maintained, 
and Holmes (1910) and (191la) has discussed the probability 
that the connection between “pleasure” and “pain’’ has 
arisen through natural selection. If this should prove to be 
true with respect to other animal groups, there seems no reason 
why it should not apply to Agrionid nymphs. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


Aaron, C. B. 1890. The Dipterous Enemies of Man, pp. 28-68. New York. (An 
essay in Lamborn, R. H., Dragon-Flies vs. Mosquitoes.) 

Bueno, J. R. dela Torre. 1903. Notes on the Stridulation and Habits of Ranatra 
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Darwin, C. 1884. A Posthumous Essay on Instinct, pp. 353-384. New York. 
(Appendix in Romanes, G. J. Mental Evolution in Animals.) 


De Geer, C. 1752-1778. Memoires pour servir a 1’ Histoire des Insectes. I-VI. 


Fabre, J. H. _ 1879-1906? (Sixieme-dixieme série sans date.) Souvenirs Entomol- 
ogiques Etudes sur 1’ Instinct et les Moeurs des Insectes. lre-10e. Série. Paris. 

Forbes, S. A. 1888. On the Food Relations of Fresh-Water Fishes: A Summary 
and Discussion. Bulletin Illinois State Laboratory Natural History, Vol. II, 
Art. VIII, pp. 475-538. 

Holmes, S. J. 1901. Phototaxis in the Amphipoda. American Journal of 
Physiology, Vol. V, No. IV, pp. 211-234. 

1905. The Reactions of Ranatra to Light. Journal of Comparative Neurology 
and Psychology, Vol. XV, No. 4, pp. 305-349. 

1906. Death-Feigning in Ranatra. Journal of Comparative Neurology and 
Psychology. Vol. XVI, No. 3, pp. 200-216. 

1910. Pleasure, Pain and the Beginnings of Intelligence. Journal of Compar- 
ative Neurology and Psychology; Vol. XX, No. 2, pp. 145-164. 

1911. The Beginnings of Intelligence. Science, New Series, Vol. XXXIII, 
No. 848, pp. 473-480. 

191la. The Evolution of Animal Intelligence. 296, pp. New York. 

Jennings, H. S. 1904. Contributions to the Study of the Behavior of Lower 
Organisms: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 16. 256 pp. 
Washington. 

1906. Behavior of the Lower Organisms. 366 pp. New York. 


Loeb, J. 1905. Studies in General Physiology. Part I, 423 pp. Chicago. 

Mast, S.O. 1911. Light and the Behavior of Organisms. 410 pp. New York. 

Moore, A. 1903. Some Facts Concerning the Geotropic Gatherings of Par- 
amecia. American Journal of Physiology. Vol. 9, pp. 238-244. 

Needham, J.G. 1898. Birds vs. Dragon-flies. The Osprey, Vol. II, pp. 85-86. 

Needham, J. G. and Hart, C. A. 1901. The Dragon-Flies (Odonata) of Illinois, 
Part 1. Petaluride, Aeschnidez, and Gomphide. Bulletin Illinois State Lab- 
oratory of Natural History, Vol. VI, Art. 1, pp. 1-94. 


292 _ Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


Pearl, R. 1903. The Movements and Reactions of Fresh-Water Planarians. A 
Study in Animal Behavior. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 
Vol. 46, pp. 509-714. 

Plateau, F. 1888. Recherches expérimentales sur la vision chez les Arthropodes 
(cinquiéme partie). Bulletins de L’Académie Royale des Sciences, des 
Letteres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, cinquante-huitiéme année, 3me 
Serie, t. 16, pp. 395-457. 

Putter, A. 1900. Studien tber Thigmotaxis bei Protistein. Archiv fir Anat- 
omie and Physiologie, Physiologische Abteilung, Supplementband 1900, 
pp. 243-302. 

Radl, E. 1903. Untersuchungen tber den Phototropismus der Tiere. 188 pp- 
Leipzig. 

Romanes, J. G. 1884. Mental Evolution in Animals. 411 pp. New York. 

Severin, H. H. P., and Severin, H. C. 1911. Habits of Belostoma (=Zaitha) 
flumineum Say and Nepa apiculata Uhler, with Observations on other Closely 
Related Aquatic Hemiptera. Journal of the New York Entomological 
Society, Vol. XIX, No. 2, pp. 99-108. 

19lla. An experimental Study of the Death-Feigning of Belostoma (=Zaitha 
Aucct.) flumineum Say and Nepa apiculata Uhler. Behavior Monographs, 
Vol. 1, No. 3, Serial No. 3, pp. 47. Cambridge. 

Sondheim, M. 1901. Wahrnehmungsvermogen einer Libellenlarve. Biolo- 
gisches Centralblatt, Bd. X XI, Nr. 1, pp. 317-319. 

Spencer, H. 1885. Principles of Psychology. 2d ed. Vol. I, 642 pp. New York. 

Uexkull, J. V. 1908. Studien uber den Tonus. V. Die Libellen. Zeitschrift fur 
Biologie, Bd. L, pp. 168-202. 

Weed, C. M. 1889. Studies in Pond Life. Bulletin Ohio Agricultural Exper- 
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Whitman, C. O. 1889. Animal Behavior. Biological Lectures from the Marine 
Biological Laboratory. Wood's Holl, 1898, pp. 285-348. Boston. 


Ecological Laboratory, University of Illinois, January 6, 1912. 


DECEMBER, 1912. 


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Davis, J. J.—Notes on the Life History of the Leafy Dimorph of the Box- i 

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ANNALS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, 
Biological Building, State Univ., Columbus, Ohio. 


ANNALS 


OF 


The Entomological Society of America 


Volume V DEG EMBER. .9 2 Number 4 


THE NORTH AMERICAN DIGGER WASPS OF THE 
SUBFAMILY SCOLIINAE.* 


Oscar C. BARTLETT, B. Sc. 


INTRODUCTION. 


This contribution to our knowledge of the sub-family 
Scoliinze (digger wasps) found in North America, Central 
America and the West Indies, is the result of work done at the 
Massachusetts Agricultural College under the direct supervi- 
sion of Doctor H. T. Fernald, and forms a portion of a thesis 
for the degree of doctor of philosophy. In it, an attempt has 
been made to place before those interested, a paper in which 
our present knowledge of these wasps is systematically arranged 
and the identification of the species facilitated. 

There are given here the descriptions of nineteen species and 
two genera, while four unknown species and one unidentified 
subspecies are listed at the end. Of the above mentioned 
species three are new. ‘The type of each genus has been given 
in the historical sketch and so far as is known, the location of all 
the types has been stated in each specific description. When- 
ever the writer thought it necessary, translations from the orig- 
inal descriptions or direct copies have been made. In each 
case full credit has been given to the original writer. 

Several workers have published descriptions of members of 
this subfamily in various publications and many have from one 
to several references to the group, showing the scattered char- 
acter of the information. Works which the writer has found 
most important are: Saussure and Sichel, Catalogus Spec- 
ierum Generis Scolia, 1864; Burmeister, Bemerkungen tiber 
Bau u. Gesechlechtsunterscheide Gattung Scolia, Abh. Nat. 
Gesell. Halle, 1854; Saussure, Desc. esp. nouv. Scolia, Ann. 


*A portion of a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massa- 
chusetts Agricultural College. 


293 


294 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


Ent. Soc. France, (3), 1858; Saussure, Quelques Scolies de 
Basse-Californie, Ann. Ent. Soc. France, (4), 1863; Cresson’s 
descriptions in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society 
of Philadelphia and in the Transactions of the American Ento- 
mological Society; Cameron’s descriptions in the Biologia 
Centrali-Americana; the writings of Say, and the Catalogue 
of the Hymenoptera of the British Museum by F. Smith. 

All terms used are fully explained in Smith’s Glossary of 
Entomology. Cresson’s system of nomenclature for the wing 
venation is used. 

I am under many obligations to those who have assisted me 
in making this paper more complete, either by lending speci- 
mens to Professor H. T. Fernald that I might use them for 
study, or by giving me counsel at times when such was needed, 
especially Dr. Guy C. Crampton, 5. A. Rohwer of the National 
Museum; E. T. Cresson, Jr.; and to Dr. H. Skinner for the 
privilege of study at the American Entomological Society at 
Philadelphia. JI wish to thank Mr. W. S. Regan who so kindly 
spent valuable time while studying at New York, Brooklyn, 
Philadelphia and Washington, in securing for me material to 
‘work upon. It was my good fortune to have studied a part of 
the time under Professor. Charles H. Fernald whose aid and 
assistance I greatly appreciate. 

To Doctor H:. T. Fernald I wish to express my gratitude 
for the many ways he has encouraged and guided me in my 
work and for the aid so willingly given at all times. 


COLLECTIONS. 


The work in this paper is based upon the collections of the 
National Museum together with the collections made by mem- 
bers of the Bureau of Entomology in Texas in connection with 
the Southern Field Crop investigations directed by W. D. Hun- 
ter; and the excellent collection at the American Entomological 
Society at Philadelphia. The American Museum at New 
York and the Brooklyn Museum at Brooklyn contain valuable 
material. Besides these, the collections at the Alabama Poly- 
technic Institute and the Rhode Island Agricultural College 
are worthy of mention. 


Norte.—Since finishing this paper the writer has seen an article on this group 
by Mr. N. Banks (New Scolioidea, Can. Ent., XLIV, p. 197, 1912). Although 
arriving too late for consideration in this paper, it does not appear probable that 
it would involve any changes in it. 


1912] North American Scoliine 295 


HISTORY 


The genus Scolia was established by Fabricius in 1775. In 
1802 Latreille established the family Scoliites, including the 
genera Sapyga and Scolia. In 1810 Latreille designated 
Scolia quadripunctata as the type of the genus Scolia. In 1817 
Leach established a tribe Scolides containing two families, the 
Tiphida and Scolida. In the latter family he made two divi- 
sions to which he gave no names, placing in the first division the 
genera Myzine and Meria and in the second division the genus 
Scolia, while he placed Sapyga in a separate tribe, the Sapygides. 
Westwood in 1839 changed Leach’s tribe Scolides to the family 
Scolide including under this the subfamily Scoliides and men- 
tioning the genus Tiphia but not Scolia, apparently because 
Scolia did not occur in Great Britain. For his second sub- 
family he adopted Leach’s tribe Sapygides thus bringing 
together under the family Scoliide Leach’s tribe III Scolides, 
and tribe IV Sapygides. He does not appear to have recog- 
nized Leach’s families Tiphida and Scolida. 

Cresson, 1887, included under the family Scoliide, Tiphia, 
Paratiphia, Myzine and Scolia, placing the Sapygide as a 
separate family. 

Ashmead, 1903, removed everything from the Scoliide 
except Scolia and Elis and a few genera so closely related to 
these that they have frequently been regarded as only subge- 
nera. He also made two subfamiles the Scoliine and Elidinz 
(now Campsomerine). Here Ashmead designated the type 
of Scolia as Scolia flavifrons Fab. evidently following Bingham 
who (Fauna Brit. India: Hymen., Vol. I, p 89) had already 
designated that species as the type of the genus. 

May 26, 1911, S. A. Rohwer, in No. 1837 of the Proceedings 
of the U. S. Nat. Museum Vol. XL, pages 551-587 calls atten- 
tion to Latreille’s paper in 1810 and writes as follows: 

“Family Scoliide, genus Scolia Fab. Type Scolia quadri- 
punctata Fab. Latreille 1810. Mr. C. Schrottky has contended 
that the type of the genus Scolia Fab. is Scolia atrata Fab. 
Scolia atrata was the first species included and according to the 
system used by Saussure and Sichel, belongs to Elis. In stat- 
ing that the type of Scolia is atrata Fab., Schrottky adheres to 
the antiquated first species rule. This adherence is unfor- 
tunate as the idea has been entirely done away with by most 


296 Annals Entomological Society of America [VotV; 


systematists in all groups of animals, as well as being ruled 
against by the International Congress of Zoological Nomen- 
elature.” 

The genus Scolia as originally defined by Fabricius included 
10 species. The eighth species, Scolia quadripunctata Fab., was 
chosen as the type by Latreille in 1810. No older designation 
of type for this genus is known to the writer, therefore Scolia 
quadripunctata Fab. is considered the type of the genus Scolia. 
From this it is evident that the designation of Scolia flavifrons 
as type of the genus cannot hold. 

Saussure and Sichel divided genus Scolia into the subgenera 
Triscolia and Discolia. As already stated Scolia flavifrons was 
selected by Bingham as the type and belonged to the subgenus 
Triscolia. The type Scolia quadripunctata selected by Latreille 
belongs to the subgenus Discolia however and upon raising 
these subgenera to generic rank, Discolia becomes a synonym 
of Scolia while Triscolia, regarded by Ashmead as a synonym 
of Scolia because flavifrons which he selected for the type 
belonged in that section, necessarily is restored from a synonym 
to a valid genus. Triscolia was established by Saussure and 
Sichel and under it were placed twenty-five species, none of 
which was designated as the type. So far as the writer has 
observed the only species of this list which has been designated 
as the type since, is Scolia flavifrons Fab. which was done by 
Bingham as already indicated. Accordingly therefore the 
subfamily Scoliinz may be considered so far as North America 
forms are concerned, as including the genus Scolia with Scola 
guadripunctata Fab. as its type, and the genus Triscolia. As 
the latter had the species flavifrons designated as its type when 
it was supposed that it was a synonym of Scolia, it would seem 
desirable to retain this same species as the type now that it 
has become an established genus. Scolia flavifrons Fab. is 
therefore here designated as the type of the genus Triscolia, 
no earlier designation for this genus having been observed. 

The above is the history of this group that the writer wishes 
to adhere to, yet Schrottky in the Deutsch Ent. Zeitschr 1910, 
Heft II, page 196 says that Triscolia of Saussure and Sichel 
should become Ascoli of Guerin. In tracing Ascoli back to the 
reference, (Guerin, Duperry: Voy. Coquille. Zool. II, 1830, 
page 247,) I find it indeed true that this is the first reference to 
the insects included in the group Triscolia, that is so far as can 


1912} North American Scoliine 297 


be ascertained by a study of the work concerned, for the fac- 
tors which were used to separate the sections of Guerin’s groups 
when compared with the important writers on Scolia become 
hard to discern. The following is a translation of Guerin’s 
classification leading to Ascoli: 


I. Superior wings with four cubital cells. 

(The writer’s three closed cubital cells.) 
Il. All the cubital cells reach to the radial cell. 

A. Two recurrent nervures. (Cosila). 

B. One recurrent nervure. S. G. Ascoli. 

As an explaining phrase Guerin writes beneath division 

B “Nous n’en connaissons pas encore.’’ Of course he does 
not give any examples as he has under his other divisions in his 
tables. Under these conditions the writer is not yet prepared 
to use the term Ascoli. If it should ever be adopted the writer 
sees no reason why Scolia flavifrons Fab. could not still remain 


the type under this older name. 


HABITS. 


Having never been able to study this group of insects in the 
field the writer has been obliged to depend on other writings 
on Scolia for information as to their habits. Westwood says 
that the genus Scolia comprises many species, inhabiting the 
hottest regions of the globe. Dufour states that Scolia hor- 
torum abounds in the very hottest situations and that it is 
very fond of revelling in strong scented flowers. A correspond- 
ent of the Entomological Magazine (Vol. III, p. 436) states 
that Scolia bicincta Fab. makes its burrows in sand banks, to 
the depth of eighteen inches, with a very wide mouth; in 
digging into one a female had entered he found a large locust, 
L. lineola, which is probably its prey. The males of this genus 
are usually taken singly on flowers, but the males of Scolia 
interrupta and four-punctata, which are extremely sluggish, 
are found crowding on the ears of grass near the seaside, where 
they pass the night. Latreille thought that Scolia punctata 
was parasitic upon some of the bees which build in old wood, 
and Shuckard states he caught S. punctata entering into the 
cells of Osmia bicormis. Robineau Desvoidy has proved this 
fact, having found cocoons of S. punctata in the cells of Osmia 
helicicola, in which situation he observed the metamorphosis of 
this species without however, having detected the female in 
her operations. Riley in the sixth report of the Missouri 


298 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


State Entomologist says that Scolia flavifrons attaches its egg 
to the venter of the larva of a common European lamelicorn 
beetle larva. Ashmead, Can. Ent. 35, states: “So far asus 
known the species are parasitic upon the larve of ground 
beetles belonging to the family Scarabeide and probably also 
upon other ground inhabiting beetle larve.”’ 

The following is a translation from Burmeister (Naturf. 
Ges. Halle): To see strange insects emerge from ant heaps is 
always surprising to the entomologist; he has every reason to 
assume that, if this is repeated often, then a normal condition 
exists. This is true of Scolia campestris of Brazil. I am there- 
fore inclined to the opinion the Scolia campestris lives in the 
inside of the ant hills as larvae and probably feeds as a parasite 
on the larve of the Atta cephalotes. 

Such observations as the above would seem to imply that 
the insects belonging to the family Scoliude are parasitic on 
larve of a great many insects and that they are solitary, never 
living together in numbers in the same nest. The males are 
very apt to frequent highly scented flowers and a great many 
that the writer has examined show this, because the body, 
usually quite hairy, is well covered with pollen grains in many 
cases. So little data has been submitted on the habits and life 
of this group that an investigation of them should prove worth 
while and very interesting. 


EXTERNAL ANATOMY. 


HEAD. Viewed from in front the hypognathous head is 
subcircular but apparently elongated beneath by the projecting 
mandibles. At the sides are the somewhat kidney shaped eyes, 
made so by a deep emargination just above the middle of the 
inner borders which leaves the lower lobe much larger. In 
the male the emargination is well up toward the top of the 
head causing the lower lobe to be comparatively much larger 
than in the female. 

Clypeus. ‘The clypeus extends downward from the bases 
of the antenne, its edge between these points being emarginated. 
Laterally it extends nearly to the eyes, the suture curving 
downward somewhat, and is separated from the eye by a narrow 
extension downward of the frons. Its lower margin varies 
from a broad gentle curve to nearly a straight line in some cases 
and this margin is liable to be reflexed. In the male the clypeus 


1912] North American Scolune 299 


is more triangular in outline, with the base of the triangle 
below. Except for a small area in the center it is punctured 
everywhere, the punctures gradually becoming deeper and 
closer from the central space outward. It is more or less 
covered with short stiff hairs but the whole surface has a 
shining appearance. 

Frons. The frons extends upward from the base of the 
~ clypeus to the ocelli where it joins the vertex though no suture 
is present. 

There is a downward projection on each side of the clypeus 
to the base of the mandible, narrow in the male and wide in the 
female. A transverse suture extends just behind the ocelli 
and then in some cases a little forward and outward toward the 
eyes. The antenne are inserted in the frons close to its lower 
border, beneath two strongly developed oblique ridges, these 
insertions being slightly farther apart than the distance of 
either from the compound eye. The frons is more or less 
deeply punctured and hairy, particularly so between and 
around the base of the antenne. The hair may become worn 
away to very short stubs, apparently a result of the digging 
habits of the insect. 

Ocell14. The anterior ocellus is the larger. Behind the 
ocelli the head gradually rises to its highest point. It is rather 
sparsely punctured near the ocelli but behind its highest point 
its punctures become quite close again. This portion of the 
head may be termed the vertex but no sutures are present 
separating it either from the cheeks at the sides, the frons in 
front of the ocelli, or the occiput behind. The hinder part of 
the head behind the vertex and cheeks bears a narrow semi- 
circular ridge within which is the articulation with the thorax. 
The back of the head close to the ridge is thickly clothed with 
rather long, stiff hairs. 

Cheek. The portion of the head behind the compound 
eye is called the cheek. Viewed from the side it is widest 
behind the top of the eye. For a short distance downward it 
is of about the same width and then narrows very rapidly to 
- the base of the mandibles. It is punctured and hairy more or 
less everywhere. 

Labrum. A short distance above the lower edge on the 
inside of the clypeus the labrum is attached. In preserved 
specimens it is bent backward at right angles to the clypeus, 


300 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


covering the cavity which holds the folded sucking mouth 
parts. With the large mandibles closed over it the labrum is 
not accessible for study except by dissection. There has 
therefore been no attempt made to use its characters for classi- 
fication. 

Mandibles. Each mandible is a fairly long and strong hook 
decidedly suggesting rapacious habits. The front surface has 
a deep longitudinal furrow at its inner border while the hind 
surface is set with stiff outstanding bristles, extending from a 
deep furrow at its outer border. Between these two and on the 
front surface is a third shallow furrow which runs the whole 
length of the mandible. A study of many individuals shows a 
variation in the structure and relative proportions of the man- 
dibles, they probably being worn and modified by the digging 
habits of this*group.. Im the female the middle of themnuner 
margin sometimes shows tiny blunt projections (hardly long 
enough to be called teeth) varying in size with the different 
species and in the same individual. The male mandible is 
more delicate than the female. Its inner middle margin shows 
three well defined teeth besides the sharp end tooth. The 
surface of the mandibles is smooth and shining. 

The maxillary palpus 1s composed of six segments and the 
labial palpus has three segments. 

The other mouth parts cannot be studied except after 
dissection and therefore are not readily available for analytical 
work. For this reason they are not considered here. 

Antenne. In the male these are long, almost cylindrical 
and almost straight. The basal portion of the first segment or 
scape is a small spherical bulb which has every appearance of 
being a separate segment. This is not the general opinion 
however so it is here considered a part of the scape. The distal 
portion of the segment is long and very near a perfect cylinder. 
It narrows quickly at either end to articulate with the bulb 
and the pedicle. The pedicle is small and cup-shaped, its 
smaller end toward the body. These segments are smooth 
and shining. The filament consists of eleven cylindrical 
segments, very little thickened in the middle and only separated 
from each other by a fine seam. Asa whole it is stout gradually 
increasing in diameter to near its end, then gradually reducing. 
The segments of the filament are considerably longer than their 
diameter and are dull, not reflecting the light. 


1912] North American Scoline 301 


In the female the antennz are more condensed, being 
thicker and shorter. The scape is large, stout, elongate- 
ovate, with its greatest diameter near its outer end. The second 
segment is similar to that of the male but articulates somewhat 
obliquely with the scape which tends to turn the outer part of 
the antenna backward. The ten segments of the filament 
with the exception of the last are no longer than their diameter 
and articulate with each other quite obliquely. Their surface 
in general is dull though the first segment or two may be some- 
what glistening. The outline of the filament as a whole resem- 
bles that of the male. 

THORAX. The pronotum aside from the portion forming 
the upper side of the neck extends to the tegule, below: which 
it projects a little farther backward. From this point its edge 
then runs forward and downward, forming a curve to the base 
of the fore coxe. Between the tegule its margin is deeply 
excavated to accomodate the front of the mesonotum. The 
front margin of the prosternum on the neck is considerably 
posterior to that of the pronotum making the articulation with 
the head quite oblique. A Y-shaped groove a short distance 
behind its anterior margin separates what may be considered 
the neck portion of this plate from a swollen lateral lobe on 
each side, at the hind end of which the fore coxa articulates. 

The surface of the pronotum is more or less coarsely punc- 
tured and provided with hairs except along a strip where its 
neck and vertical portions meet. The sternum is everywhere 
similarly punctured but the hairs along the Y-shaped groove 
are much smaller and decumbent. 

The mesonotum is a broad convex plate, very near a regular 
hexagon in outline, lying between the wings and extends 
forward to the prothorax, and to the tegule at the sides. From 
the middle of the anterior edge a groove extends backward 
varying in length and distinctness. From a point just inside 
of the place where the edge of the scutellum joins the mesono- 
tum a pair of grooves pass forward from its posterior margin 
parallel to each other. These grooves varying in length, 
depth and width are probably the parapsidal grooves. The 
mesonotum is coarsely but somewhat sparsely punctured 
except near its center which is smooth. Just behind the meso- 
notum lies the scutellum. It is more or less deeply punctured 
and hairy, and is a transverse plate with its central portion 


302 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V,. 


raised about as high as the mesonotum. Its sides are abruptly 
bent downward along a line beginning at the parasidal grooves 
and extending backward and toward the center of the body 
giving this portion the form of a trapezoid whose basal angles 
are equal, with its longest base toward the anterior end of the 
body. The lateral, sharply depressed portion of the scutellum 
narrows quickly as it passes outward and downward and the 
hind wing arises from just behind its outer end while the fore 
wing arises somewhat lateral to its outer end which extends 
forward somewhat below the hinder corners of the notum. 

The mesothoracic pluron is large and lies below the wings. 
The whole surface of this plate is gradually raised to a rounded 
ridge which runs downward and backward through its middle 
and is more or less hairy and coarsely punctured. The anterior 
margin of this plate is indicated by a curved suture running 
downward and slightly forward to the base of the fore coxa 
while its posterior margin is indicated by a suture starting just 
in front of the margin of the posterior wing and running down- 
ward and backward to the highest point of the mesocoxa in 
front of which it forms the anterior edge of the coxal cavity. 
This plate fuses beneath with the mesosternum, no suture being 
present to separate the plates. The anterior margin of the 
mesosternum is formed by the contiguous fore coxe and its 
posterior margin is in part formed by the inner sides of the 
mesocoxal cavities and in part by a free edge between them, 
the two mesocoxal cavities being suddenly separated. The 
intercoxal margin of the mesosternum varies from a nearly 
straight to a more or less curved line with a notch in the middle. 
A longitudinal median line varying in distinctness divides the 
mesosternum into two equal parts. The mesosternum is more 
or less coarsely punctured and haired. 

The postscutellum which lies just behind the scutellum is a. 
similar plate but a little narrower. Its central portion is raised 
to about the same height as the central portion of the scutellum 
and becomes narrow behind and then broadens somewhat, 
close to its hinder margin. Its sides beginning on a line with 
the sides of the scutellum are abruptly bent downward to: 
correspond with the similar portions of the latter plate and its. 
margins running downward and forward nearly parallel, end 
at the base of the posterior wing. The plate is more or less. 
coarsely punctured and haired. 


1912] North American Scoliine 303 


The metapleuron extends downward and backward from the 
base of the posterior wings. Half-way between the base of the 
wings and the base of the metacoxa the plate narrows and appears 
to be separated into two parts by a transverse furrow. The 
upper part is very near the shape of a triangle, with one side, 
the hinder one, rounded. The lower part continues downward 
and backward between the edges of the median segment behind 
and the mesopleuron in front forming the posterior part of the 
mesocoxal cavity, the upper and anterior parts of the metacoxal 
cavity and passing between the two coxal cavities to unite with 
the metasternum though there is no trace of the suture between 
these two plates. Both parts of the metapleuron are more or 
less coarsely punctured and hairy. The metasternum extends 
backward from the mesosternum between the meso and meta 
coxee, its sides in part forming the ventral edges of the coxal 
cavities and the apparent posterior margin is free. This part 
of the metasternum is only sparsely punctured and covered 
with hairs while its shape varies. It has a median groove 
extending forward from the apparent hinder margin for a 
varying distance. This apparent hinder margin is not the real 
one, however, the plate turning backward on itself for a short 
distance, then bending at right angles and passing dorsalward, 
thus forming a backward projecting flange. The vertical por- 
tion is bilobed and at its dorsal magrin (the real posterior 
margin of the plate) articulates with the sternal plate of the 
petiolar segment. This flange is covered with coarse punc- 
tures and long coarse hair. 

MEDIAN SEGMENT. The median segment is really the first 
segment of the abdomen which has become closely connected 
‘with the thorax and has often been considered one of the seg- 
ments of this division. It is followed by the petiole, a con- 
stricted portion which extends backward and suddenly enlarges 
to the regular size of the abdominal segments. For any mor- 
phological consideration this arrangement should be remembered 
but for convenience in this paper the petiole with its enlarged 
portion is considered the first segment of the abdomen. 

Viewed from above the median segment appears to be 
composed of a central portion and a lateral portion on each 
side, the separation of these parts being indicated by a depressed 
line or shallow groove arising at the front margin of the plate 
nearly opposite the point where the central elevated part of the 


304 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


postscutellum joins the side portion and becomes depressed. 
These two lines converge as they pass backward and continue 
to the sides of the base of the petiole. The central portion of 
the median segment extends backward a distance about equal 
to the length of the scutellum then sharply bends downward to 
the petiole, its two surfaces forming nearly a right angle. Both 
of these surfaces bear coarse punctures and hairs. A short 
distance behind the upper posterior corner of the metapleuron 
a long narrow, nearly vertical, spiracle occurs near the anterior 
margin of the latter portion of the median segment. The 
groove separating the metepisternum from the metepinuron 
appears to continue upward and backward into the side of the 
median segment, passing below the spiracle and extending a 
short distance behind it. From a point near the lower end of 
the spiracle this lateral portion appears to become sharply 
compressed into a dorsal, nearly horizontal and a lateral surface, 
the latter being so bent inward that the sides of the insect in 
this region actually overhang. These lateral portions extend 
somewhat farther back than does the central portion so that 
the posterior end of the median segment as a whole has its 
lateral corners projecting farther backward. At its lower 
hinder edge the median segment articulates above with the 
dorsum of the petiolar segment. The surface of the lateral 
portions is more or less coarsely punctured and haired. 

ABDOMEN. The abdomen has six visible segments in the 
female and seven in the male which excepting the first and the 
sixth, seem to have no structures of importance. The part of 
the abdomen behind the petiolar segment viewed either from 
above or below enlarges for a short distance then gradually 
narrows in a regular curve, to where a pair of spines project 
from the surface of the last segment. The sternum of the 
second segment shows a distinct anterior face where it bends 
abruptly downward from its articulation with the posterior 
lower margin of the petiolar sternum, thus giving the middle 
portion of the abdomen its greatest vertical diameter. Behind 
the second segment the distance apart of the dorsal and ventral 
plates gradually decreases. The surface of each segment is 
more or less coarsely punctured and hairy and close to the 
posterior margin of each the punctures are more numerous. 
From these punctures project stiff hairs overlapping the anter- 
ior edge of the next segment beyond, to form a fringe. All 
the hairs are quite decumbent particularly those above. 


1912] North American Scoliine 305 


In proportion to the rest of the insect the abdomen as a 
whole is heavy causing it to sag downward and gives the insect 
a clumsy appearance especially the female. 

First segment of the abdomen. ‘The narrow part of the first 
segment of the abdomen known as the petiole, viewed from above 
is about one-third as wide as the median segment or of the 
widest portion of this segment itself while the vertical diameter 
of this part is about two-thirds its width. It continues back- 
ward from the base of the median segment for a very short 
distance then rises sharply and gradually broadening, to a point 
about the level of the top of the median segment. It then 
bends backward to form the dorsal surface of the hinder non- 
petiolar portion of this segment. The ventral part of this 
segment is divided into two portions. The first is a small, 
convex, somewhat oblong area with rounded corners and a 
posterior median shallow notch, the whole much resembling 
in form the labrum of some Acridide. Its surface is finely and 
closely punctured and is well covered with long hair. 

The posterior portion of this sclerite is markedly triangular, 
all its margins being concaved. The posterior angles are quite 
sharp but the anterior one where it joins the front section first 
described is about the width of the petiole. The posterior 
margin has a rather dense fringe of short backward directed 
hairs. The surface of this portion of the sclerite is rather 
sparsely covered with punctures and hairs. 

A somewhat triangular projection forward and outward 
from the anterior corner of the second dorsal abdominal plate 
seems to wedge itself between the hinder corners of the notum 
and sternum of the first segment and a line arising near the base 
of the projection on the notum of the first segment and running 
obliquely downward and forward to meet the lateral margin of 
this plate at the hinder edge of the first section of the sternum 
already described may perhaps represent the former line of 
separation between the notum and pleuron in this segment: if 
so the pleuron is now the lateral margin and an actual part 
of the notum. 

Last segment of the male. The terminal segment of the male 
requires a separate description. In this sex the lateral margins 
of the dorsal sclerite overlap the corresponding margins of the 
sternal sclerite from the base of the segment backward to the 
point where a lateral spine protrudes from between the two 


306 Annals Entomological Society of America [Viola 


plates of the segment. From this point backward there is no 
lateral portion to the plate it being entirely dorsal and with its 
margin rather oval in outline varying somewhat perhaps 
in some species. 

The base of the ventral segment at its sides is concealed by 
the lateral margins of the dorsal plate. Its lateral margins are 
nearly parallel almost to the end of the segment, the hinder 
margin being very broadly and bluntly acuminate. Along the 
median line of the plate extends a distinct ridge. 

Between these two plates projects the end of a third, only 
the outer portion of which is strongly chitinized. Its sides are 
approximately parallel and at the hinder end it bears three 
spines one in the center and one at each corner. The median 
spine is larger and stouter than the lateral ones and extends 
backward some little distance into the body of the plate forming 
a distinct central ridge on the under surface. The body of the 
plate as a whole is somewhat convex from side to side beneath. 
The homology of this three spined plate has not been worked 
out by the writer but as the reproductive organs are just above it, 
it would seem not impossible that it is the ventral plate of 
another segment partly drawn within the one described as 
terminal and of which the dorsal portion has either been lost or 
at least has not been observed in the course of this work. 

Last segment of the female. ‘The lateral margins of the last 
dorsal sclerite in the female are considerably prolonged ven- 
trally over the corresponding margin of the sternum of this 
segment thus concealing the latter. The edge of this portion 
extends backward and upward to the base of the spine near the 
margin on the’ventral plate (to be described later) above which 
it turns backward and gradually inward to form the hinder 
margin. The outline of this portion varies greatly in different 
species. On the side of the dorsal plate near its base and close 
to the edge of its dorsal surface a ridge arises extending back- 
ward and finally ending above the more or less spine-like 
structure of the ventral plate. This ridge varies in form in 
different species. 

The last ventral plate in the female is quite convex from side 
to side and its lateral margins turn inward almost horizontally, 
the two edges nearly meeting at the nearest point. This 
inflexed portion of each side is concealed by the dorsal plate 
only the hinder margin which varies in outline in different 


1912] North American Scoluine 307 


species, being visible. At the side of the visible portion of the 
plate close to the margin of the dorsal sclerite is a projection 
more or less of the form of a spine but sometimes shorter and with 
a blunt end. It projects outward and backward from the 
general surface of the body at this point and its antero-posterior 
location on the plate varies somewhat in different species. 

“Wincs. The wings of this group as far as observed are 
generally fuliginous with a bluish, purplish, or even somewhat 
greenish reflection. Ina few cases the wings are nearly hyaline 
but then are liable to have a yellow tinge and more or less well 
developed fuliginous areas particularly toward the apex, and at 
these places the reflection appears. 

In this paper wing areas entirely enclosed by veins are 
termed closed cells while those not entirely enclosed by veins 
and extending to the margin are regarded as incomplete or 
open cells. At the base of the wing are three rather long 
closed narrow cells. These passing backward from the costal 
margin are respectively, the costal, median and submedian 
cells. Between the latter and the hinder margins is an open 
anal cell. Between the outer end of the costal cell and apex of 
the wing are two closed cells, the one next to the costal occupy- 
ing the place where the stigma is usually found and which may 
therefore be called the stigmal-cell. Itis quite narrow. Exter- 
nal to this is the much larger radial cell and extending from the 
latter to the apex, is a large open cell. Behind the stigmal cell 
lies the first cubital, lying behind the outer end of the costal 
cell and at the outer anterior corner of the median cell while 
its outer end is behind the inner portion of the radial cell. 
Behind the greater part of the first cubital and the radial cells 
lies the second cubital and in some cases, is a small closed cell, 
the third cubital between the outer end of the second cubital 
and the apex of the wing. The area sometimes occupied by the 
third cubital cell is sometimes thrown into the open cell already 
referred to which extends to the apex of the wing, there being 
no third cubital present in such cases. Behind the outer part 
of the median, the base of the first cubital and the base of 
the second cubital cells, lies the first discoidal and at the outer 
end of the submedian and behind the basal half of the first 
discoidal lies the second discoidal cell. External to the second 
discoidal cell and behind the outer parts of the first discoidal 
and second cubital cells lies the third discoidal cell, combined 


308 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


with the second apical cell which is open at its outer end, no 
cross vein separating these two being present in the American 
members of this subfamily. Behind this cell is a space extend- 
ing to the hinder margin, the first apical cell. © 

There is a variation in the number of cubital and discoidal 
cells and upon this variation depends the separation of the 
group into genera. There also seems to be a variation in the 
shape of the radial and cubital cells which may be of some 
specific value. The radial cell differs in the different sexes and 
there seems to be an area more or less confined to the costal, 
median, stigmal, first cubital and radial cells which is usually 
covered with hairs. The region beyond the closed cells is very 
finely striate with parallel lines. This fact alone would serve 
to separate this subfamily from two of its nearest allies, the 
Myzinide and Tiphiide if other structures were not available. 

The veins which appear in the front wing of this group are 
the costal, subcostal, externo-medial, anal, basal, first, second 
and third transverse cubital, transverse medial, discoidal, 
cubital, first recurrent and subdiscoidal veins. Their arrange- 
ment and relation to each other are shown by figure. Either 
the presence or absence of a third transverse cubital nervure 
causing either the presence or absence of a third closed cubital 
cell is a generic character as before stated. 

The fact that there is but one recurrent nervure is of sub- 
family value separating the Scoliine from the Campsomerine, 
the other subfamily of this family Scolide. 

Along the central portion of the hinder margin of the anter- 
ior wings just internal to a nearly central notch of this margin 
on the anal cell is a fold known as the frenal fold, in which the 
frenal hooks of the hind wing catch so that the two wings may 
act together. 

There seems to be nothing of systematic importance in the 
structure of the hind wing. About one-third of the distance 
from the base of the wing on the posterior border there is a 
deep narrow sinus and at about the center of the anterior 
border are the frenal hooks spoken of above. Except for a very 
few hairs mostly near the costal border the hind wing is naked. 

TEGULA. The tegula is a small three sided, very convex, 
plate lying over the base of the fore wing, separating it from the: 
dorsal plate of the prothorax in front and from the mesonotum 
above. The surface of the tegula is usually smooth and shining: 


1912] North American Scoliine 309 


except near its base where it shows a few punctures and hairs. 
Beneath the base of each wing there is only one principal long 
narrow plate, called the subalar by Crampton in a treatise on 
the thorax of insects in 1909. Above the base of each, just 
behind the tegulz are located two plates which probably repre- 
sent detached portions of the basal parts of the veins of the 
wings. 

LeGs. The legs of this subfamily are not long but are 
stoutly built, the general structure being reenforced by spines 
and hairs of unusual length and thickness especially in the 
female. The front legs of the female are especially developed 
probably to aid in digging in the earth. 

The coxa, trochanter and femur of the front leg have no 
Spines in either sex. The femur of the middle leg in the female 
however bears on the outer side of its outer end, one or some- 
times two small spines and at the same place on the hind femur 
a transverse row of similar spines. In the male the mid femur 
has, in rare cases, such a spine at the above location and the 
posterior femur always bears a row of short spines at the same 
place. The other segments of the legs are more or less covered 
with rows or else isolated stout spines especially in the female. 
The front legs in both sexes are always the shortest and the 
parts beyond the femur in the female are somewhat flattened. 
The size and length of the legs increases from in front backward 
and the length of the first tarsal segment in the three pairs of 
tarsi from front to rear is very nearly in a ratio of one, two and 
four in both sexes. 

In the front leg the tibia is much shorter than the femur; in 
the middle leg it is but little shorter; while in the hind leg the 
two segments are about equal in length. 

The mid coxe are always far apart, (a character used to 
separate the Scoliidz from the other closely allied families) and 
are small globular or subconical in form. The fore and hind 
coxe are quite large, of about the same size and conical. The 
former are contiguous but the latter are widely separated. 

At the top of the last tarsal segment is a pair of simple claws, 
(a character used to separate Scoliide from the Myzinide). 
Between these claws is a good sized pulvillus. 

At the end of the tibia there are always several spines and 
at the end of the middle tibia is always a spine much larger and 
longer than the others, while at the end of the hind tibia there 


310 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


are always two such spines of about equal length and much 
larger and longer than the others. 

All the segments of the legs are more or less covered with 
coarse punctures and long hairs. 

The three pairs of trochanters are well developed and are 
longer at the outer end where they articulate with the femur 
which also enlarges outward to where it articulates with the 
tibia. The fore tibia has at its end just beneath its anterior 
edge a large, curved, much modified spine which in connection 
with a corresponding modification at the base of the first tarsal 
segment, acts as a cleaning apparatus. Beginning at the base 
of this enlarged spine on the tibia and extending backward 
along the anterior margin is an area of short, fine hairs set close 
together to form a pad-like structure. This is not so strongly 
developed in the male but there is a sericeous appearance in its 
place. Beneath the hind margin near the outer end three stout 
spines usually project and a row of short stout spines projects 
from beneath the edge of the end. 

There are five tarsal segments. The first and fifth are much 
longer than the others and in the female the tarsal segments of 
the fore leg are somewhat flattened. Their posterior edges 
bear a row of long stout spines and their ends and anterior 
edges have a row of similar spines except the part of this edge 
of the first segment which is opposed to the large modified spine 
of the tibiz. Here the edge is sharply concave and has short, 
blunt, tooth-like projections. On the ventral surface of the 
same segment, behind this concave edge and near its base, a 
row of long stiff hairs projects downward. 

The dorsal surfaces of the mid and hind tibiz are set with 
longitudinal rows of stout spines. The mid and hind tarsal 
segments except the last, are cylindrical and bear irregularly 
set spines. Their ends are encircled by a row of stout spines. 

The relative size of the segments of the legs increases from 
front to rear and there are no spines on their ventral surfaces. 

SEX DIFFERENCES. Most of the differences of sex have been 
mentioned above. Some of the more conspicuous are restated 
as follows: In comparison with the female, the male is much 
more slender and always smaller. The outline of the clypeus 
is much different; the antenne of the female have twelve seg- 
ments which are short, blunt and recurved while those of the 
male have thirteen segments and are long, slender and usually 


1912} North American Scoliine 311 


straight. The female abdomen has at its end a sting while the 
male has three sharp spines. The segments of the fore tarsi in 
the female are flattened somewhat while those of the male are 
cylindrical. Legs of the male have fewer spines and hairs than 
those of the female which present a very bushy appearance. 
The abdomen of the female has six segments and that of the 
male seven. 


GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 


The insects of this group occur in all the continents of the 
world but are most abundant in tropical regions. There the 
specimens are usually very large and although in the greater 
number of cases the ground color is very dark or black, there are 
spots, bands, etc., of the brighter colors. 

Specimens of this group become more and more rare as the 
climate becomes colder. Apparently the Upper Austral zone 
marks their northern limit with perhaps the exception of 
occasional stragglers into the Transition zone. 

Within the territory this paper attempts to cover, namely 
North America, the species of the subfamily Campsomerinz 
seem to far outnumber those of the Scoliine. 


Subfamily ScoLiinz Ashmead. 

SCOLIA: Fabs oysr. entem. LAr), p..o00, 0. LIL. 

ScoMeErTz: Latr., Hist. Nat: Ins., 1805, Vol. XT, p. 270. 

SCOMDA: Leach, Edinb. Encyl., 1812. 

SCOLIDES: ‘Leach, Encyl. Brit., 1817. 

SCOLIDA: Leach, Edinb. Encyl., 1817. 

SCOLIITES: Newm., Ent. Mag. II, 1834. 

SCOLIIDA: Westw., Intr. Class. Ins., 1840, Vol. I, p. 82. 

SCOLIIDES: Westw., Intr. Class. Ins., 1840, Vol. I, p. 82 

SCOLIA: Burm., Abh. Naturf. Ges. Halle, 1853. 

SCOLIA: Sauss. and Sichel, Cat. Spec. ‘Gen. Scolia, 1864, 
p. 14, genera Scolia and Elis. 

SCOLIA: Cresson, Syn. of Hymen. of Amer. north of Mex., 
1887, p. 108. 

SCOLLA:: Bingham, Fauna Brit. India; Hym., Vol. I; 1897. 

ScOLIID2: Ashmead,’Can. Ent., Vol. XX XV, 1903, p. 7. 

ScoLiunz#: Ashmead, Can. Ent., Vol. XX XV, 1903, p. 7, (sub- 

families Scoliine and Elidinz). 

LIACOSIN#: Schrottky, Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr., 1910, Heft. II, 
p. 196. 

SCOLIIDA: Rohwer, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Vol. XL, p. 552,1911. 


312 Annals Entomological Society of America  [Vol. V, 


SYNOPTIC TABLES FROM VESPOIDEA TO SUBFAMILY SCOLIINA& 


The writer has used portions of Ashmead’s tables published 
in the Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, Vol. XXIII, 
and in The Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XX XV. 


Abdomen sessile or petiolate, with the first ventral segment distinctly sep- 
arated from the second by a more or less deep constriction or 
transverse furrow; legs most frequently fossorial....................... 1 


1. Middle coxze contiguous or nearly so. 
Cosilide, Rhopalosomide, Thynnide, Myrmoside, Mutillide. 
Middlescoxce distantarisualye wider apatites. seein hiss eunn teeing 2. 


2. Stigma of front wing not well developed, at most only slightly developed, 
either very small or linear; eyes most frequently emarginate within; 
soabe Koll reMontsss. yrahslal, Wyo) homo WOES coocubonoc ous den oaoneobtouenobeons 3. 
Stigma of front wing well developed, ovate or subovate; eyes entire, never 
emarginate within; pygidium in male entire, the hypopygium terminating 


in a sharp aculeus, which curves upward............. slice pene Tiphude. 
3. Pygidium in male entire or at most with only a slight sinus; the hypopygium 
EnGing NeGhTee spines sclawS SUD Le ae Mller eke nee Scolude 4. 


Pygidium in male deeply emarginate at apex, the hypopygium terminating 

in a sharp thorn or aculeus, which curves upward and rests in the 
emarginationol the pygidaum: claws clettan.ce.. cee seme eee Myzinide. 

4. Front wings with only one recurrent nervure; if with two the second 

recurrent is incompletely formed, and bends backward so as to unite 

with the first; the second cubital cell receiving only one recurrent 


1 GLSn GN (BUGS Raw ut Ra ey OR SUE BA I Laas Cee AM A te Bex eM ic horas ta uche Subfamily Scoline. 
Front wings with two complete recurrent nervures, both of which are 
HEceived Dy bhe second cubital (celle. pra seein Subfamily Elidine. 


TABLE OF SPECIES.—SC€OLIINA. 


i> Poretwine withithreelclosed cubitalicells® Rasssaes ee eee Triscolia. 2. 
Pore wins withetwo closed: cilbitalacellS taser areca Scolia. 3. 

2. Black; abdominal segments beyond the second, reddish brown; wings 
with slight greenish reflection................-...- T. fervida Burm. (315) 


Entirely reddish brown; wings with a strong green metallic reflection... 
T. badia Sauss. (314) 


3. » Body entirely! without color markings .'~. [993.15 aerial ne ere eee 4, 
Body not entirely withouticolor markings ieb scr 9. hanes eee ceoe ee 6. 
4. Second abdominal segment more or less tubercular beneath............... 5. 


Second abdominal segment not more or less tubercular beneath........ 
S. monticola Cam. (330) 


5. Body entirely black, hairy and densely punctured. Wings dark fuliginous. 


A darker area along the costal border....... S. guttata azteca Sauss.. (3826) 

Body entirely dark brown, smooth and shining; wings light fuliginous 
PAIR OU PIOUS nt <5 ire ical ote oie are eee S. cubensis n. sp. (818) 
62 =Bodyawithsyellow markings s. crassa eer cere ee een etc een cee eee eee is 


Body without yellow. markings, head and thorax black, segments of the 
abdomen beyond the second, ferruginous..S. dubia hematodes Burm. (320) 


Second abdominal segment more or less tuberculate beneath............. 8. 
Second abdominal segment not more or less tuberculate beneath......... 9: 


8. Wings with metallic color reflections, blue and purple, larger hind 
tibial spur less than one-half the length of the first tarsal joint..... 

S. guttata guttata n. subsp. (325) 
Wings without metallic reflections, shiny brown, length of the longest 
hind tibial spur about one-half the length of the first tarsal joint.... 

S. fuscipennis n. sp. (324) 


~ 


1912] North American Scoluine 313 


OM Vecntemortierabaomen allpolackwapruetaet Ginstneoiracs At sree tae ol swan 10 
Venter of the abdomen ferruginous or partly so.:....,................... 11 

10. Head all black, body covered with black hair. Free edge of the clypeus 
ABRe MM AT UCUIVC son. s oy AUN re ee Tae eectelel sslare eis S. bicincta Fabr. (316) 


Head with yellow marks behind the eyes, body covered with grey hair. 
Free edge of the clypeus very near a straight line with the lateral 
edges meeting this edge close to the perpendicular. S. vintschgaui D. T. (336) 


11. Thorax all black, dorsum of third abdominal segment has two oval 


VCMlOMESHOUSK:...,0 5.2: Soneetarta ittberereer Rima eleryre ai: S. dubia dubia Say. (319) 
us oraxeta Ol aul sinlaic lc: «<a ae ne ror eran etiam tee he amet or ee hr Wyk Rie at tors Shs 12. 

12. Venter of abdomen all ferruginous, body covered with greyish white hairs, 
Branennior, Sihedayelhye wie qblevaObIS 5 a5 dom do cnaoao dso S. fulviventris n. sp. (323) 


Venter of abdomen not all ferruginous, maybe black or yellow ferruginous. 13. 
13. Thorax covered with yellowish grey hait; antenna black. S. consors Sauss. (317) 


Thorax not covered with yellowish grey hair. (Yellow or darker)........ 14 
i Wises tuliginous: throughoubs. ac. 55:4 gnats oe S. nobilitata Fabr. (832) 
Win Scan Otel oimouss GhhoUushOtit mmeeer eke ater cies clei cl eisaiet iam cme aia 15. 


15. Ventral abdominal segments beyond the second, dark ferruginous 
slightly mottled with yellow; dorsal segments 3, 4, 5, 6, yellow except 


the anterior edges slightly ferruginous......... S. otomita Sauss. (333) 

Ventral abdominal segments beyond the second, not dark ferruginous 
hovel atonreanavoxrel (eral, Wald aleni<el KON, ao hile Grok ERRNO CMR OL ech A ae cole 16. 

16. Head all black except yellow marks behind the eyes and along the inside 
edgesioi thellowermlObesios the leyesamemeerr ei iii aie Sane I?/e 

Head, except yellow marks behind the eyes and along the inside edges of 
GhenlowerloMesten Ob alle nlackpey ys wacteleneiste sepa te else sehele ee sie ieee muaewe 18. 

17. The dorsum of the abdomen has no yellow on it, except on the third seg- 
ment which has two oval yellow spots....... S. inconstans Cress. (327) 

The dorsum of the abdomen beyond the first segment, more or less 
IMATE anvits Maye llOWerd sce vc iecsecnss o> eae S. flavocostalis Cress. (321) 

18. Top of head behind the lower ocellus and body color of the thorax 
a Clare e IN peers sn (aeoeicy fe oie eee | whe ai ae sits S. lecontei Cress. (329) 

Top of head behind the lower ocellus and body color of the thorax 
RET AACT INO LI Ste tert, tape ey ere tan cuctauntyonaet ag ception oe S. ridingsii Cress. (834) 

DESCRIPTIONS. 


The lists of references to these insects given by Saussure and 
Sichel and especially by Dalla Torre are so full that it has not 
seemed necessary to copy them here. It has therefore been my 
intention only to make the American references complete by 
publishing any that were not in Dalla Torre’s Catalogue: 


Genus Triscolia. Saussure and Sichel. 
Genus Triscolia. SAUSSURE and SICHEL, Cat. Spec. Gen. Scolia, 1864, p. 14. 


Generic characters: Three closed cubital cells. 
Type: Scolia flavifrons Fab. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


Ascoli GUERIN, Duperry, Voy. Coquille, Zool. II, 2, 1830, p. 247. 
Triscolia Sauss. and SICHEL, Cat. Spec. Gen. Scolia, 1864, p. 14. (subgenus). 
Scolia BinGHaAM, Fauna. Brit. India, Hymen., Vol. I, 1897. 

Scolia ASHMEAD, Synopsis, Can. Ent., 1903, p. 7, (subgenus). 

Ascoli ScurottKy, Deutsch, Ent. Zeitschr., 1910, Heft. II, p. 196. 


314 Annals Entomological Society of America  [Vol. V, 


Triscolia badia (Saussure). 
Scolia badia SAuSS. Am. Soc. Entom. France (4), III, 18638, p. 17 2 @. 


The location of the type is unknown to the writer. 


Saussure and Sichel have recorded the female of this species as 31 
mm. in length and the male as 18 mm. in length. The specimens that 
the writer has personally examined vary, the females ranging from 22 
to 26 inches in length. Only one male was examined. It measured 
19 mm. in length. 

The body of the species is reddish brown except for a few parts which 
are black or have black markings. The wings are uniformly fuliginous 
with metallic reflections, green at some angles, blue at others and pur- 
plish at others. The nervures are dull black. This species is one of 
the largest found in the group. 

The specimens which the writer has examined agree well with 
Saussure’s description of the species and also with a good illustration 
published in Saussure and Sichel’s Catalogue, plate IX, except for a few 
details. In the female the antenna, except more or less of the scape, is 
black as is also the end and more or less of the margin of the mandible. 
The small inner plate at the base of the fore wings behind the tegula is 
also black. In addition a number of the thoracic sclerites frequently 
show a slight tendency toward blackish at their margins and this also 
is the case with the lateral and hinder margins of the last ventral abdom- 
inal plate. The tips of the claws are also nearly black. The coarse 
hairs clothing the body are orange yellow, lighter than the color of the 
plate from which they arise. 

In the male the antennz are entirely black except the underside of 
the scape which is dull ferruginous. The head from the insertion of the 
antennee upward is black except for the emargination of the eyes and a 
narrow light band behind the eyes which widens below. The tips and 
inner and outer margins of the mandibles are dark reddish brown. The. 
mesonotum is black except at its extreme lateral margins. The anterior 
face of the propleuron is also dark tending toward black and the bases 
of the femora each have a more or less blackening. The posterior plate 
at the base of the fore wing behind the tegule and the three spines at 
the base of the abdomen are also black. 


Saussure and Sichel record this species as from Lower 
California. The specimens which the writer has examined are 
also labelled Lower California. 

This is the only species occurring in the territory covered by 
this paper in which the body is practically all ferruginous. 


1912] North American Scoliine 315 


Triscolia fervida (Burmeister). 


Scolia fervida Burm., Abh. Naturf. Ges. Halle, I, p. 4, 1853, p. 20, n. 12 9 
Am.: Texas, Mexico. 


The location of the type is unknown to the writer. 


Burmeister has recorded this insect as from 14 to 16 lines long, 
while Saussure and Sichel have recorded the length as from 35 to 40 mm. 
The females which the writer has examined vary in size from 20 to 28 
mm. in length and the males from 15 to 21 mm. 

The body of this species is black except the segments of the abdomen 
behind the second. These are dark reddish brown with very little 
variation. The wings are uniformly fuliginous with intense metallic 
reflections, green at some angles, deep blue at some and purplish at 
others. The nervures are black. This species is one of the largest in 
this subfamily. 

The typical examples are described by Burmeister as all black 
except the part of the abdomen beyond the second segment which he 
describes as red, red brown, or rufous. Saussure and Sichel describe a 
variation in which the posterior part of the second segment is also rufous. 

The specimens that the writer has personally examined agree quite 
well with Burmeister’s typical description and also agree with a good 
figure published in Vol. II of Cameron’s Biologia, plate 12, figure 17, 
except that the posterior part of the second segment was always reddish 
brown or rufous, more evident on its under surface, and the parts 
described as black by Burmeister have a slight tendency when observed 
under the lens toward a rufous tinge. The edge of the clypeus, emargin- 
ation of the eyes, edges of the mandibles, the legs especially the end 
segments and the spines are usually quite rufous. The edges of the 
segments of the abdomen described as rufous have a tendency toward 
darker, sometimes blackish coloring. 


Burmeister records the habitat of this species as Mexico: 
Saussure and Sichel as: Mexico and Texas. The writer has seen 
specimens from Mexico, Arizona, Texas and New Mexico. 


Genus Scolia Fabricius. 
Scolia FaB., Syst. Ent., 1775, p. 355, n. 11. 


Generic character: Two closed cubital cells. 
Type: Scolia quadripunctata Fab. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
Scolia  Fas., Syst. Ent., 1775, p. 355, n. 11. 
Scolia LatR., Considerations generales sur l’ordre Naturael des Crustaces, 
Arachnides et Insects, 1810. 
Lacost GUERIN, Duperry, Voy. Coquille, Zool. II, 1830, p. 246. 
Discolia SAUSSURE and SICHEL, Cat. Spec. Gen. Scolia, 1864, p. 14 (subgenus). 
Lacost ScuHrotrkKy, Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr., 1910, Heft. II, p. 196. 


316 Annals Entomological Society of America  [Vol. V, 


Scolia bicincta Fabricius. 
Scolia bicincta FaB., Syst. Ent., 1775, p. 356, n. 6. 


Location of the type not known to the writer. 


Saussure and Sichel have recorded size for the species as ranging 
between 20 and 25 mm. in length. In the specimens that the writer has 
personally examined the females range between 15 and 18 mm. in length 
and the males between 12 and 16 mm. 

The body of this species is black except for yellowish white markings 
on the abdomen varying somewhat in different specimens. The wings 
are uniformly fuliginous with metallic reflections, blue at some angles, 
purplish at others. The nervures are black. This is a medium sized 
species. 

The typical examples of this species are described by Fabricius as 
being black with two broad ferruginous bands at the base of the second 
and third segments of the abdomen. There are variations from this 
however. Burmeister in his work describes the spots as yellowish 
white instead of ferruginous and describes a specimen which has white 
markings on the first segment of the abdomen and the band on the third 
segment broken into spots. 

Saussure and Sichel in their catalogue describe several specimens 
differing from the typical form. One of these has a yellowish white spot 
on the first abdominal segment, another has the bands interrupted 
forming spots and another has a yellowish band on the first segment and 
two yellowish white spots on the ventral part of the second segment. 

The specimens that the writer has personally examined agree quite 
well with Fabricius’ description except a few specimens which have the 
usual bands interrupted, forming spots; a few which have a narrow band 
of yellowish white across the dorsum of the first abdominal segment, 
others which have a small yellowish white mark on the postscutellum 
and some which have two oval spots on the ventral part of the second 
abdominal segment and two very small yellowish white marks on the 
dorsum of the fourth segment. 


This species is recorded by Saussure and Sichel from boreal 
America. The writer has seen specimens that were collected 
from points that show its distribution in the United States from 
Texas to Massachusetts. Probably it does not occur much 
farther north than the latter state. 

The Insect Book by L. O. Howard (plate I, No. 3), gives a 
good illustration of this species. 


1912] North American Scoliine ole, 


Scolia consors Saussure. 


Scolia consors Saussure, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (4), III, 1863, p. 18, # 
Scolia amena. CRESSON, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., IV, 1865, p. 447, No. 3. 7 


The type of amena is at the American Entomological 
Society rooms at Philadelphia. 

Cresson describes the species as follows: 

““Scolia amoena, n. sp. 

“Black; orbits, two spots on prothorax, postscutellum, two large 
marks on third segment.of abdomen, a broad band on the fourth and a 
narrow line on the fifth, yellow; most of legs, sides of first and second 
abdominal segments and most of the venter dull rufous; wings sub- 
hyaline, the costa fuscous. 

*“Male.—Black, clothed with short pale pubescence, rather sparsely 
punctured; orbits, narrow behind, yellowish, indistinct; mandibles 
rufous at base, antennze as long as the head and thorax, entirely dull 
black. Thorax: two small triangular spots on the prothorax in front, 
and a transverse line on the postscutellum, yellowish; metathorax 
immaculate, very abrupt behind and concave; tegule piceous. Wings 
‘subhyaline, the costa broadly fuscous. Legs piceous, with palish 
pubescence; all the femora more or less rufous. Abdomen robust, 
black, sparsely punctured, shining, somewhat iridescent; sides of the 
first and second dorsal segments and the whole of the second ventral, 
rufous; two large, irregular, almost confluent, yellow marks on the fourth 
‘segment above; a broad, yellow band on the fourth segment, scalloped 
anteriorly, and on the fifth segment a narrow transverse yellow line; 
apical segment piceous, with three very short, subacute teeth. Length 
7 lines; expanse of wings 12 lines. 

‘“One specimen. A very handsomely ornamented species.” 


The writer has carefully examined the type specimen at Philadel- 
phia and has also examined one other specimen at the same place. This 
last varies from the above description somewhat. The orbits of the 
eyes are not all yellow but there is a broad yellow mark starting within 
the lower part of the emargination of the eyes and extending downward 
along the border of the lower lobe; there is also a narrow streak of the 
same color behind the eye. The yellow on the postscutellum is a band 
instead of a line. The tegule are ferruginous. The coxe are black and 
ferruginous in varying proportions. 

The trochanters, bases of the femora and the tarsi are blackish 
ferruginous. The rest of the legs are light ferruginous with the broad 
faces of the femora lightest. The dorsum of the first segment of the 
abdomen has a ferruginous band and its under side is ferruginous 
behind. The front face of the venter of the second segment is black 
and the venters of the segments from the fourth backward with the 
dorsum of the last two segments are obscure ferruginous. The wings 


318 Annals Entomological Society of America  [Vol. V,. 


are fusco-hyaline with a darker area along the costal margin including 
the costal end of the median, stigmal, first cubital, and radial cells and 
continuing beyond the cellular area nearly to the tips of the wings. The 
part of this darkened area within the cells is faintly yellowish, that 
beyond is smoky. The wings have slight purplish metallic reflections 
when held at certain angles. The nervures are dark ferruginous. The 
specimen is quite coarsely covered with whitish hairs except the dorsum 
of the last three segments of the abdomen where they are yellowish. 


The above specimen, a male, was taken in Lower California 
and is now in the collection of the American Entomological 
Society at Philadelphia. 

The type specimen was taken in Colorado. 

These two specimens agree very well with Saussure’s. 
description of consors and the writer thinks that they will 
probably prove to be the same species. Because so little 
material could be examined, further collecting and study should 
prove or disprove the above conclusion. If the writer is. 
justified in the above statement then the name amoena should 
fall and consors take its place. The specimens in the Philadelphia 
collection have been placed under the name consors. The writer 
does not know who is responsible for this. 


Scolia cubensis. New species. 


Type, a female from Cuba now in the collection of the 
American Entomological Society at Philadelphia, and the only 
specimen I have seen. 

The specimen measures twenty-three mm. in length. 


The body color is dark brown, almost nigro-ferruginous. The wings. 
are uniformly brownish-fuliginous with metallic reflections blue at some 
angles, purplish at others. The nervures are brown. The specimen as 
a whole has a glistening appearance and is remarkably free from punc- 
tures or hairs. Most of the hairs present are deep red brown, and the 
punctures are shallow. : 

The head is more triangular than those of the other species of this. 
subfamily and the eyes are comparatively much smaller. In other 
species they extend from very close to the base of the mandibles to quite 
near the top of the head: here they start well up from the base of the 
mandibles and reach only about 2-3 of the distance to the top of the 
head. Viewed from the side they take up only about one-third of the 
usual space. 


1912] North American Scoliine 319 


The anterior lateral margins of the clypeus are set with short bristle- 
like yellow hair arising from an area which is obscurely yellow. The 
outside of the antenna beyond the third segment is quite ferruginous 
and the prothorax in front is rather thickly punctured and covered with 
long brownish hairs. The rest of the body except the venter of pro- 
thorax, pronotum, ridge of the mesopleuron, legs, and front face of the 
dorsum of the first segment of the abdomen is remarkably free from 
punctures and hairs, the top of the head, centre of the mesonotum and 
the central portion of the scutellum and postscutellum being particu- 
larly free. The abdomen as a whole has a slender appearance being 
narrow and long. At the point where the second segment of the abdo- 
men beneath bends abruptly upward to meet the first segment and on 
either side of the mid line of the body there is a slight tubercular ten- 
dency. The larger spine at the end of the hind tibia is a great deal less 
than half the length of the first tarsal joint. 


The writer has seen no other specimen like the above and no 
description that he has been able to find agrees with it. He has 
therefore described the form as a new species. He believes 
that when the male is studied it will be found to have distinct 
rounded tubercles on the ventral surface of the second abdominal 
segment where the segment bends upward to meet the first. 
This last is because of the slight tubercular tendency spoken of 
above in the female studied and in all species observed by the 
writer having these tubercles the male always has them well 
developed, the females only slightly or not at all. 


Scolia dubia dubia Say. 
Scolia dubia. Say, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., I, p. 4, 1837, p. 364, n. 2. 


The type of this species is not in existence. 


Say has recorded the length of the species as four-fifths of an inch, 
Saussure and Sichel record the females as 22 to 25 mm. and the males as 
15 to 23 mm. in length. The length of the specimens that the writer 
has had the opportunity to personally examine vary in the female from 
15 to 22 mm. in length and the males from 13 to 19 mm. 

Except for slight variations, the body of this species is black to the 
end of the second segment of the abdomen and the rest of the abdomen 
is reddish brown. ‘The third segment of the abdomen has on each side 
of its dorsal surface, an ovate yellow spot. The wings are uniformly 
fuliginous, with metallic reflections, blue at some angles, delicately 
‘purple at others. The nervures are black. 


320 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


The typical examples of this species are described by Say in the 
Boston Journal of Natural History, Vol. I, page 363. The body is 
black; head and thorax immaculate; wings dark violet blue; cubital cells 
two, with no appearance of more than one recurrent nervure; abdomen, 
first and second segments black; remaining segments ferruginous, more 
hairy than the others; the third segment, however, more or less tinged 
with blackish and with two transversely oval, a little oblique, bright 
yellow spots. 

The specimens that the writer has personally examined agree quite 
well with the above description except that there is a strong tendency 
for variation in three directions. In one direction the specimens have 
the first two segments quite ferruginous. In another the whole abdomen 
is very black, only the edges of the segments beyond the second being 
ferruginous. In the other specimen the yellow spots gradually diminish 
until they entirely disappear. Smith in his Catalogue of Hymenopter- 
ous Insects of the British Museum describes a variety in which the yellow 
spots are obsolete. It is probable that this form without spots is the 
one that has been described by Burmeister as a separate species haema- 
todes. The writer thinks that this form should be regarded as a sub- 
species of dubia. This would cause the name dubia to become Scolia 
dubia dubia; and hematodes, Scolia dubia haematodes. 


Saussure and Sichel have recorded this species as found in 
North America; Carolina, Louisiana, Maryland, Tennessee, 
and Mexico. The writer has seen specimens from Mexico, 
Texas, Arizona, Georgia, Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, New 
York, and Massachusetts. Probably this species does not 
exist farther north than the last named state. 

The Insect Book by L. O. Howard, plate I, fig. 7, gives a 
cut of this species. 


Scolia dubia hematodes Burmeister. 
Scolia hematodes BurM., Abh. naturf. ges. Halle, I., p. 4, 1853, p. 33, n. 49.2 07 
The location of the type is unknown to the writer. 


Burmeister describes the species as follows: Black, hairy, abdom- 
inal segments 3 to 6 rufous, wings nigro-cyanis. The length 7 to 8— 
1144 90 —Mexico. 

This insect looks like and is colored and haired like Scolia dubia 
except that the two yellow spots on the third abdominal segment are 
wanting. As a whole, it is much smaller than dubia. 

The writer has seen a large number of specimens that agree with this 
description except that one male specimen he has before him, has the 


sclerites of the abdomen black or slightly ferruginous and only the hairs 


# 


1912] North American Scoliine 321 


which clothe those segments from the second back are rufous. The 
venter of the second abdominal segment is usually rufous except in the 
darker specimens. 


The length of the female ranges between 15 and 22 mm. and 
the males between 10 and 18 mm. 

This species is fully accounted for under the variations in 
the description of Scolia dubia dubia, which see for further 
information on the subject. 

The specimens I have seen were taken in Mexico, Texas, 
California, and Arizona. 


Scolia flavocostalis Cresson. 
? Scolia tricincta SAY West. Quart. Reporter, II, 1823, p. 74. 
Scolia flavocostalis. Cress., Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., I, 1868, p. 377, no. 6, & 
The type is in the collection of the American Entomological 
Society at Philadelphia. 
Cresson describes the species as follows: 


“ Scolia (Discolia) flavocostalis, n. sp. 

‘““Male.—Black, deeply and rather closely punctured, clothed with 
long, golden pubescence; a spot on the anterior orbits, below the emar- 
gination of the eyes, and a narrow line on lower half of posterior orbits, 
yellow; mandibles bright fulvous, black at tips; antennz entirely 
black, robust; a spot on each side of prothorax anteriorly and another 
on postscutellum, yellow; scutellum with large, scattered punctures; 
tegulee fulvous; wings hyaline, with an opaline reflection, costa broadly 
yellow to the tip of marginal cell, beyond which it is violaceous-black; 
anterior wing with two submarginal cells, the second receiving one 
recurrent nervure; legs rufo-ferruginous, clothed with yellowish hair, 
most of coxe black; abdomen black, clothed with yellowish hair, 
especially dense on the apical margins of the segments, apex of the 
three basal segments more or less ferruginous; on each side of second 
and third segments above a yellow ovate spot, large and transverse on 
the third segment; fourth segment with a narrow, apical, yellow band, 
interrupted in the middle, and dilated laterally; apex with three short 
spines; venter blackish, most of the second segment ferruginous. Length 
4¥% lines. 

‘““One male specimen. This may be the male of S. Lewisii. It is, 
however, much smaller.” 


Besides the type in the American Entomological Society’s collection 
at Philadelphia, the writer has studied several specimens and has several 
before him, three of which closely agree with the description except that 
one has two large ferruginous spots on the dorsum of the first abdominal 
segment, one has a broad ferruginous band on the posterior part of the 
above segment and the fifth and sixth segments have an apical band of 
yellow, and the third has a narrow interrupted band of yellow on the 
fifth abdominal segment. The other specimens that have been studied 


B22 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


vary somewhat in the amount of yellow and ferruginous color present, 
especcially on the abdomen where the spots gradually enlarge to become 
bands, and the bands on the posterior segments are much broader. The 
dorsum of the median segment and the first and second segments of the 
abdomen gradually become ferruginous until they are practically all of 
that color. The writer thinks that perhaps this variation which is 
possibly in the direction of either ridingsii or lecontet, indicates the rela- 
tionship of the three species, especially as all the specimens of flavocos- 
talis seen were males. It is probable that more material will throw 
light on this subject. 


The above specimens are all males all taken in New Mexico, 
except one from Texas and one from Kansas. They measure 
between 10 and 15 mm. in length. 


Four other specimens have been studied, a female and three males, 
which starting with the more typical flavocostalis, vary toward a blacker 
body color and a reduction of yellow. One specimen has the body 
black except for a slight tendency toward ferruginous on the venter of 
the abdomen. The coxe, trochanters and a small part of the femur 
next to the body are black. The tarsi and tarsal claws are dark ferru- 
ginous. The dorsum of the fourth segment of the abdomen has two 
yellow spots and the fifth segment has an obscure, interrupted, apical 
yellow band. One specimen has no yellow mark behind the eyes and no 
yellow on the fifth abdominal segment, with the body color practically 
all black except a slight tendency to ferruginous at the edges of the 
sclerites. Much more of the femur is black than in the other specimen. 
The female specimen has the mandibles except the tips, an obscure 
streak behind the eyes, the dorsum of the prothorax and the dorsum of 
the first abdominal segment ferruginous. The legs are nearly all ferru- 
ginous with a blackish tendency on the basal segments. The dorsum 
of the second and third abdominal segments have spots and the fourth 
and fifth have narrow yellow apical bands. The head in the above 
specimens except for the slight yellow marks spoken of, is all black. 


These four specimens were all collected in Texas. The 
female measures about 11 mm., the males 9 to 11 mm. in length. 

Some of the last described specimens came very near to 
Say’s tricincta (Western Quarterly Reporter Cincinnati, II, 
1823, p. 74, n. 2), and the writer does not agree with Cresson in 
placing tricincta under nobilitata but thinks further studies will 
probably place it somewhere in the above range. If this is 
correct, then flavocostalis will ultimately fall as a synonym of 
tricincta or become a subspecies of it. 


1912] North American Scoliine : 323 


Scolia fulviventris. New species. 


This species is described from a type and five paratypes, all 
‘females; the type and two paratypes are in the collection of the 
American Entomological Society at Philadelphia, two paratypes 
in the collection of the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute and 
one in the collection of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. 

The specimens range between eleven and fifteen mm. 
in length. 


The ground color of the species is black with yellow markings. The 
wings are dark fuliginous with a darker area running along the costal 
‘border from near the end of the costal cell to the tip of the wing, and 
give off metallic reflections, blue at some angles, purplish at others. 
Most of the dorsum of the abdomen is yellow and its whole venter is 
ferruginous. ; 

The head is black except a ferruginous, almost yellow spot just 
below the emargination of the eyes, a yellow streak behind the eyes and 
the middle of the anterior margin of the clypeus, which is ferruginous. 
It is quite thickly covered with yellowish white hairs especially thick 
and long in the area between the bases of the antenne and the anterior 
ocellus and on the occiput. The mandibles are ferruginous, more or 
less streaked with black. The antenneze are black, the three basal 
‘segments glistening. 

The thorax is black except two large triangular marks on the pro- 
notum running nearly back’to the tegule and a band covering the 
entire central portion of the postscutellum which are yellow. The 
dorsum of the mesothorax is covered with short yellow hairs, the rest 
of the thorax with short grey hairs. The tegule are black ferruginous. 
The legs to the end of the femur are black ferruginous, the tibia and 
tarsus becoming lighter. The larger spines are light ferruginous and 
the smaller ones yellowish. The tarsal claws are ferruginous, blackish 
at the tips. All of the legs are covered with rather long yellowish white 
hairs and the large spine at the end of the hind tibia is nearly one-half 
the length of the first tarsal segment. 

The first two segments of the abdomen are black above, with two 
‘small yellow spots on the first and two large confluent spots on the 
‘second. The third, fourth and fifth segments above are yellow, nar- 
towly margined with ferruginous, the yellow band on the third being 
slightly constricted in the middle. The sixth segment above and the 
venter are entirely ferruginous. All the segments are covered with 
short, and their edges fringed with long yellow hairs, paler beneath. 


324 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


The paratypes differ from the above type in one or more of the 
following features. The ferruginous on the clypeus and along the inner 
margins of the eye varies greatly in amount. The pronotal yellow 
spots differ much in size. There may be a pair of ferruginous or yel- 
lowish spots on the median portion of the scutellum. The first abdom- 
inal segment above may be more or less tinged with ferruginous or may 
be black and without spots in either case. The spots on the second 
segment may not be confluent and the band on the third may be 
practically transformed into two spots. The distribution of ferruginous 
on the legs varies, sometimes extending well upward toward the body. 


All the specimens were collected in Arizona. 

The writer thinks that perhaps these insects may ultimately 
prove to be the females of ofomita: See statement under 
otomita. 

Scolia fuscipennis. New species. ; 

Type and paratype in the United States Museum at Wash- 
ington: Ose: 

This species was described from two male specimens taken 
at Cordoba, V. C., Mexico; the type Jan. 16, and the paratype 
Feb. 8, 1908, by Fred K. Knab. 

Type number 15092, U.S. Nat. Mus. 

The ground color of this species is jet black with yellow markings 
on the thorax and abdomen. The wings are dark fuliginous, distinctly 
glossy brown, without color reflections and have a darker area along the 
costal cells. A light streak runs downward and backward from the end 
of the costal cell across the first cubital. The nervures are dark brown 
or black. 

The head is black, deeply and rather closely punctured and is well 
covered with brownish hairs. The mandibles are dark ferruginous. 
The antenne are black with scape and pedicle glistening, their remain- 
der dull. Behind the eye in the type is a faint yellow spot absent in 
the paratype. 

The thorax is black except two large marks on the pronotum run- 
ning back to the tegulee, a large mark on the upper part of the mesopleu- 
ron, two narrow longitudinal lines behind the middle of the dorsum of 
the mesothorax, the entire central portion of the scutellum, the elevated 
portion of the postscutellum slightly separated from the scutellar spot 
in front by a black narrow band, large marks on the lateral lobes and a 
small mark on the central part of the median segment above, are yel- 
low. It is deeply and closely punctured and thickly clothed with dark 


1912} North American Scoliine 325 


or black hairs except those which arise from the yellow spots which are 
pale, almost white. The legs are black, covered with black hairs and 
spines except the large spine belonging to the cleaning apparatus at the 
~ end of the fore femur which is ferruginous and the small pad at its base 
which is yellowish. The fore tarsi have a somewhat ferruginous tinge. 
The longer spine at the end of the hind tibia is about one-half the length 
of the first tarsal segment. 

The abdomen is black except a broad yellow band on the dorsum of 
the first segment, which in the paratype is evidently a pair of confluent 
spots. There are also two large spots on the dorsum of the second and 
third, two small spots toward the sides of the fourth and two large spots 
on the venter of the second segment which are yellow. The abdomen 
is quite closely punctured and is well covered with black hairs except 
on the spots where they are pale. At the point where the second ventral 
segment bends abruptly upward to meet the first and on either side of 
the midline of the body are two bluntly rounded tubercles. 


The paratype has no yellow marks on the mesopleuron, dorsum 
of the mesothorax, scutellum and middle part of the median 
segment and the pronotal spots are much smaller. 

The length varies from 18 to 20 mm. and the body is rather 
slender. 


Scolia guttata guttata Burm. 


Scolia guttata. BurM., Naturf. Ges. Halle, I, p. 4, 1853, p. 36, n. 57, 9 
Scolia (Discolia) hecate. W. F. Kirby, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1889, p. 449, 
Oro? Dlh EA: 


The location of the type is unknown to the writer. 


Saussure and Sichel have recorded size for this species as follows: 
females 22 to 35 mm. long and males 15 to 28 mm. long. Specimens 
that the writer has personally examined vary in length. The females 
range from 21 to 28 mm. in length and the males from 15 to 23 mm. 
in length. 

The body of this species is black except for yellow markings, varying 
in number and size on different individuals. The wings are uniformly 
fuliginous with metallic reflections, blue at some angles, purplish at 
others. The nervures are black in some specimens and ferruginous in 
others. ‘This species is one of the largest of this subfamily. 

The typical examples of this species are described by Burmeister as 
having a round golden spot on each side of the second and third seg- 
ments with small round golden spots on the underside of the fourth 
segment. There is considerable variation from this however, as is 
stated by Cameron in the Biologia. He says that this is a very variable 


326 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


species not only in size but in coloration. He describes several speci- 
mens showing a gradation in variation from yellow markings on the 
clypeus, pronotum, mesopleura, scutellum, postscutellum, first, second, 
third, fourth and last abdominal segments to two specimens which had 
no yellow at all. He says the most common form is the one with the 
maximum yellow upon it and that the male examples do not show much 
variation. They have either two yellow marks on the first and second 
abdominal segments or two on the second segment only. 

The specimens that the writer has personally examined agree quite 
well with Burmeister’s typical description except that the yellow 
markings on the fourth abdominal segment would hardly be regarded 
as being on the under side of the segment though well down on the side. 
At the point where the second segment of the abdomen bends abruptly 
upward to meet the first ventral segment and on either side of the mid- 
line of the body are two bluntly rounded tubercles quite large in some 
specimens especially in the males, smaller and almost disappearing 
in the females. 

Between this species and azteca the writer has been able to 
find no structural difference and it is his opinion that the two 
forms can be separated only by the color, azteca being entirely 
black and guttata as described above. This color distinction 
has been easily drawn in all the specimens observed and so the 
writer has chosen to consider the above as two forms, with 
azteca a subspecies of guttata. This causes the name Scolia 
guttata to be changed to Scolia guttata gutiata and Scola 
azteca to Scolia guttata azteca. 

Saussure and Sichel have recorded this species from Mexico. 

The specimens that the writer has seen came from the 
plains of Mexico and from the southern part of Texas. 


Scolia guttata azteca Sauss. 
Scolia azteca SAauss., Rev. et Mag. Zool, (2), (IX), 1857, p. 281. 


Location of the type unknown to the writer. 

Saussure records the length of the species as 27 mm. The length 
of the specimens that the writer has had the opportunity to examine 
varies in the female from 18 mm. to 29 mm. The males measure 
about 20 mm. 

The color of this species is deep black. The wings are uniformly 
fuliginous throughout with metallic reflections, blue at some angles, 
purplish at others and greenish at still others. It is one of the larger 
species of the group. 


1912] North American Scoliine 327 


The typical examples are described by Saussure as follows: The 
female on the average of a deep black, shining, with black hair. Head 
‘and thorax very finely punctured; the metathorax deeper than the rest, 
abdomen irregularly punctured, wings deep black with bluish or steely 
reflections. The nervures are black. Males are very densely punc- 
tured. 

The specimens that the writer has studied agree with this descrip- 
tion except that the wings held at some angles have a greenish reflection 
as well as the bluish and purplish reflections spoken of above. At the 
point where the second ventral segment of the abdomen bends abruptly 
upward to meet the first ventral segment and on either side of the 
midline on the body is a bluntly rounded tubercle quite large in some 
specimens especially in the male, smaller and almost disappearing in 
some of the females. 


Saussure and Sichel in their catalogue give the habitat of 
the species as Mexico. All specimens that the writer has seen 
came from Mexico. 

So far as structure goes the writer has been unable to sepa- 
rate this species from gutiata Burmeister. He is of the opinion 
that aside from the color they cannot be separated and for this 
reason he would consider this form a subspecies of guttata. See 
what already has been said on this subject under guttata. 


Scolia inconstans Cresson. 
Scolia imconstans Cress., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., 1V, 1865, p. 446, No. 2. 


The type is in the collection of the American Entomological 
Society at Philadelphia. 
Cresson describes the species as follows: 


Scolia inconstans, n. sp. 

“Obscure ferruginous; head, antennee and most of thorax blackish; 
sides of prothorax with a large luteous spot; third segment of abdomen 
with a yellow spot; wings subhyaline, the costa yellowish, with a dark 
streak beyond the marginal cell. 

‘““Male.—Head black, with yellowish pubescence; the orbits, more 
or less interrupted, yellowish; anterior margin of the clypeus, and the 
mandibles, except tips, luteous; antennz nearly as long as the head and 
thorax, dull black, somewhat brownish beneath. Thorax blackish, 
with rather dense, prostrate, yellowish pubescence, and close, rather 
deep punctures; on each side of the prothorax a large luteous spot; 
lateral margins of the mesothorax obscure testaceous; pleura sometimes 
with a ferruginous stain; postscutellum luteous, and sometimes the 
scutellum is tinged with the same color; metathorax black, sometimes 
rufo-piceous, on each side a large rufous or ferruginous spot or stain, 


328 Annals Entomological Society of America IWole Wis 


the posterior face abruptly truncate and somewhat concave; tegulz 
ferruginous. Wings hyaline, slightly dusky on the broad apical mar- 
gins, and with a slight violaceous reflection; the costa yellowish, espe- 
cially about the marginal and submarginal cells, and beyond the former 
a blackish streak extending to the tip of the wing; nervures fuscous. 
Legs ferruginous, with yellowish pubescence. Abdomen obscure fer- 
ruginous, punctured, shining, iridescent, clothed with yellowish pubes- 
cence, more dense on the apical margins of the segments; basal segment 
rounded at base and more closely punctured than the following seg- 
ments, the apical margin slightly contracted; third segment with a 
large, transverse, yellow macula on each side, and the apex, of the 
fourth segment is narrowly margined with yellowish; in one specimen 
the spots on the third segment are very large, while the two basal 
segments have a small obsolete, luteous stain on each side at base, and 
the fourth segment has an angular yellow mark on each side; the base 
of the third, fourth, and fifth segments are sometimes more or less black- 
ish; the apical segment is armed at tip with three long acute spines, the 
central one the longest; ventral segments ferruginous, with their base 
more or less blackish. Length 6—6% lines; expanse of wings 11—11% 
lines. 

‘Two specimens. This species has some resemblance to S. dubia 
Say, in the markings of the third abdominal segment, but is otherwise 
very distinct.” 


There are two specimens in the collection at Philadelphia both 
marked types. The writer has examined both and has one before him 
marked type number 568-2 which varies a little from the above descrip- 
tion. The yellow mark in front of the eyes starts well within the emar- 
gination, is quite broad and extends downward along the lower lobe of 
the eye. There is a narrow yellow streak behind the eyes. The 
antenne are slightly ferruginous beneath. The body color of the thorax 
is black but all the sclerites have a marked tendency to be tinged with 
ferruginous. The pronotum has two large triangular spots which are 
joined together in front by a narrow darker band and extend back to 
the tegula. The postscutellum has a broad yellow band and the 
tegule are light ferruginous almost flavous. The median or last seg- 
ment of the thorax, has a ferruginous spot on the dorsal surface of each 
side lobe and on its central part a slight tinge of the same color. The 
wings are subhyaline with a stained area along the costal border. The 
costal, end of the media, stigmal, first cubital and radial cells with a 
small portion just beyond the radial are light yellow and covered with 
short yellow hair. The area from just beyond the radial to near the 
end of the wings is slightly smoky and gives a light purplish metallic 
reflection at some angles. The nervures are light ferruginous or flavous. 
The base of each segment of the abdomen has a black band and there 


1912} North American Scoliine 329 


are two large transverse oval spots on the third with a narrow line at 
_ the end of the fourth segment which are yellow. All the rest of the 
abdomen is ferruginous. The length of this specimen is about 12 mm. 


The two specimens that the above description was written 
from were collected in Colorado. The writer has seen no other 
specimens like these in the Philadelphia collection, although he 
has seen several collections from that or adjacent territory. It 
is the writer’s opinion that further collections from Colorado 
would throw much needed light on the identity of this species. 


Scolia lecontei Cresson. 
Scolia leconter Cress., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., I, 1868, p. 376, n. 5 Q. 


Type in the collection of the American Entomological 
society at Philadelphia. 
Cresson describes this species as follows: 


Scolia (Discolia) Lecontei, n. sp. 

““Female.—Head black, sparsely punctured, a large rufous spot on 
the front, extending from the lower ocellus to and including the space 
between the antennz, and also the emargination of the eyes; posterior 
orbits, clypeus and mandibles, except tips, rufous; occiput clothed with 
a dense golden pubescence; antennz short, robust, black, scape dull 
rufous; thorax with deep, rather close punctures; prothorax, except its 
anterior middle, extreme lateral margin of mesothorax, tegule and 
scutellum rufous, the latter flat, with a few scattering, deep punctures; 
postscutellum bright yellow; rest of thorax black, sparsely clothed with 
golden pubescence, more dense on prothorax in front, and on meta- 
thorax, the prominent, lateral lobes of the latter with an obscure rufous 
spot; wings fusco-hyaline, strongly tinged with yellowish, especially 
along the costa to the tip of the marginal cell, beyond which it is 
violaceous-black; both wings have a beautiful purple reflection, espe- 
cially towards the apical margin; anterior wing with two submarginal 
cells, the second receiving one recurrent nervure; legs rufo-ferruginous, 
clothed with yellowish hair, most of coxe black; abdomen rufo-fer- 
ruginous, sparsely punctured, shining, second to fifth segments above 
stained more or less with blackish, second and third segments above 
with a large, ovate, bright yellow spot on each side, nearly meeting on 
the disk, those on the third segment more transverse and regular; 
fourth segment with a transverse yellow band at tip; fifth segment 
with a subobsolete, narrow yellowish stripe near the tip, sub-interrupted 
in the middle; apical margins of all the segments with a dense, rather 
long fringe of yellowish hairs; venter dull ferruginous, the third seg- 
ment black at base. Length 6 lines. 

“One female specimen. At first sight this species has much the 
appearance of Elis Xantiana Sauss.”’ 


330 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


The writer has one specimen before him which agrees very closely 
with the above description except for an obsolete yellow spot behind the 
eyes. Study has been made of other specimens that vary somewhat 
from the above. Two of these have no yellow marks on the fourth and 
fifth segments of the abdomen and the whole insect has a dark rufous 
to blackish appearance, showing a tendency to vary toward a loss of 
yellow and ferruginous on the abdomen especially and has a general 
darker appearance as a whole. Prokably these forms stand somewhere 
between the typical lecontei and Say’s tricincta. 

The writer has seen several other specimens which show a gradual 
increase in the yellow and ferruginous from the type to a specimen 
which has the yellow mark behind the eyes and the spots on the pro- 
thorax much larger while the spots on the second segment are very 
large, those on the third have become a broad band and there are two 
wide bands on the fourth and fifth. Possibly this variation of increas- 
ing yellow and ferruginous is in the direction of ridingsit. 


The specimens that the writer has seen are all females 
measuring from 12 to 15 mm. in length and were all collected 
in Texas except one which was taken in New Mexico. 

No one specimen has all the marks spoken of at their extreme 
development as indicated. The head of this species has the 
occiput quite black and this color encroaches downward upon 
the upper part of the frons. The rest of the face is ferruginous. 

It is probable that further collection will throw much 
needed light on the relation of ridingsti, lecontei, tricincta, and 
flavocostalis, which seem in many respects to be closely allied. 


Scolia monticola Cameron. 


Scolia monticola CAMERON, Biol. Centr. Amer., P. 112, 1873, Hymen. II. p. 
228, 1. 6, 2 C'. 


The type is probably in the British Museum. 


Cameron describes the species as follows: ‘‘Deep black, shining; 
the head and thorax densely covered with short, thick, black pubes- 
cence; the back of the abdomen densely covered with short, the ventral 
surface with long, black hairs. The head covered with large, distinctly 
separate punctures; the mesonotum and scutellum coarsely and strongly 
punctured, somewhat smaller than those on the mesonotum. Abdomen 
closely and finely punctured; the hair on the apical segments above 
long, black and thick. Legs deep black, the spines and hair also black. 
Wings deep violaceous-blue. The male is similarly colored and 
clothed, the antennz in this sex bearing a close microscopic greyish 
pile, which gives them a paleish appearance. Size of the female 18 to 20 
mm., of male 15 to 18 mm.” 


1912] North American Scolune 331 


At the end of the above description Cameron says: ‘It is obvious 
' that the insect is nearly related to Scolia azteca; the latter, however, 
differs from Scolia monticola in having”’ (from this point to the end of 
the paragraph is a translation) an obtuse median tubercle at the base of 
the second ventral segment which is subtruncate. In the female this 
tubercle is minute almost disappearing. In the male it is larger, some- 
what broader transversely emarginate in the middle and subcarinate 
on either side. 

The writer has but two specimens which he could consider as this 
species. They measure about 13 mm. in length and agree well with the 
above description. The point of difference in the presence or absence 
of the tubercle on the venter of the second abdominal segment is borne 
out. These specimens do not have it. The whole specimen is 
black and the body except the front of the head is thickly punctured 
and haired. A part of the frons starting just below the bases of the 
antenne and continuing upward between them, then gradually widening 
to a straight transverse line which if continued would intercept the eyes 
at the upper edges of their emarginations, is raised above the rest of the 
face enough to allow for the insertion of the antennz in its sides instead 
of in the usual depressed space. The part of this raised portion posterior 
to the bases of the antennz is closely and deeply punctured. The rest 
of the face is sparsely indented with rather deep punctures. Starting 
at a point just posterior to the larger ocellus a continuous ridge passes 
downward and outward across the frons to a point within the emargina- 
tion of the eyes. The wings are fuliginous with a darker area along the 
costal border, and they have conspicuous metallic reflections, blue at 
some angles, green at some and bright purple at others with perhaps a 
slight tendency toward magenta in places. 


This species is easily distinguished from others in this sub- 
family by the peculiar elevation of the portion of the frons 
spoken of above. This is not referred to by Cameron and there- 
fore possibly the insect here described is not monticola. If it 
should prove not to be monticola it may be given the name 
N1grescens. 

The two specimens are now in the American Museum at 
New York City. Locality unknown. They agree quite closely 
with a specimen in the American Entomological Society col- 
lection at Philadelphia marked nigrescens type, undoubtedly a 
manuscript name. More material should throw needed light 
on this species. 


302 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


Scolia nobilitata Fabricius. 
Scolia nobilitata FABRICIUS, Systema Piezatorum, 1804, p. 244, n. 32. 


Smith in his catalogue of the British Hymenoptera, page 
206, records a Fabrician specimen in the Museum of the Lin- 
naean Society of London. 


Burmeister has recorded size for this species as 5 to 8 lines. The 
length of the specimens that the writer has had the opportunity to 
examine vary in the female from 12 to 16 mm., in the males from 8 
to 12 mm. 

In comparison with the group as a whole this is a small species. The 
body is black and there are always four yellow spots on the abdomen, 
the second and third segments each having two. In a large number of 
cases there is a ferruginous tinge to the abdomen and the yellow markings 
on the body are encroached upon by this coloring. The wings are 
uniformly fuliginous with violet reflections at some angles, blue at others. 
The nervures vary from dark ferruginous to quite black. 

Fabricius described the type as hairy and black, with two yellow 
spots on the prothorax and the scutellum yellow, base of the abdomen 
ferruginous and bearing four yellow spots. 

Head black, antenne cylindrical, thorax globose, black, prothorax 
has two yellow spots, postscutellum yellow. Abdomen hairy and 
black, the three basal segments obscurely brick red. Segments two 
and three each with two yellow spots. Legs ferruginous, femora black. 

The Insect Book by L. O. Howard (plate I, fig. 2) gives a good cut 
of a female of this species. 

The specimens that the writer has examined agree quite well with 
Fabricius’ description and also with the illustration given by Howard, 
except for slight variations. The average female has a black head 
except for the mandibles and the underside of the antenne. The man- 
dibles are ferruginous, becoming almost black toward their tips and the 
antenne though mainly black have a ferruginous tinge, particularly 
beneath. 

The thorax is black except for two yellow triangular spots on the 
pronotum, a large yellow mark on the postscutellum and the tegulze 
which are ferruginous. Coxe and trochanters black, femora partly 
black, partly ferruginous and the remaining portions of the legs ferru- 
ginous except the tips of the claws which are black, spines ferruginous. 
Wings uniformly fuliginous, with blue and violet reflections. The 
ground color of the abdomen is black but there is a tinge of ferruginous 
especially in the first three segments, more generally present in the first. 


1912] North American Scoliine 330 


The second and third segments have on each side of their dorsal surface 
a large oval yellow spot. 

The writer has seen several specimens which varied from the above 
in that although the ground color of the body was black, a great part of 
the head, edges of the sclerites of the thorax, scutellum, dorsal part of 
the median segment, nearly all of the legs and the dorsum of the first 
segment of the abdomen were ferruginous while the rest of the abdomen 
was deeply tinged with the same color. A few specimens had two small 
yellow spots on the first segment of the abdomen and a yellow streak 
behind the eyes. The above description with the same variations will 
apply to the male. The writer has also seen a male with two small 
yellow marks on the fourth segment of the abdomen. The antennz of 
the male are entirely black. The variety maculata Guerin, of this 
species the writer has been unable to recognize in the material available. 


Fabricius records this insect from Carolina, Burmeister 
from sNorth: America. The writer has seen specimens from 
Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia, 
Mexas, Long Islands.N: Y., and Arizona: 


Scolia otomita Saussure. 
Scolia otomita SAusS. Am. Soc. Ent. France, (8), VI, 1858, p. 223, No. 35 &%. 


The location of the type is unknown to the writer. 
Saussure and Sichel describe the species in their catalogue. 
‘The following is a translation of the description: 


Male.—Small, black, greyish haired, abdominal segments three to 
five with yellow fascia. Length 1214 mm.; wings, 10 mm. 

Small, black, densely punctured, covered with grey hair. A small 
yellowish silvery spot on each side of the face outside of the clypeus. 
Two yellow spots on the prothorax and postscutellum yellow. The 
tegulz are brown, segments three, four, and five of the abdomen bear a 
yellow band which is margined only at the fifth. The smaller margins of 
the segments brown. All the segments of the abdomen strongly ciliated 
with tawny yellow hair. The end of the abdomen brown. Legs black, 
clothed with grey hairs. Tibial spines ferruginous. Wings transparent, 
nervures brown, radial cell subtriangular, large and truncate. Habitat 
Mexico. 


The writer has seen but one specimen, a male, which he could con- 
sider as this species. This specimen measures 13 mm. in length. Its 
ground color is black. The wings are fusco-hyaline, a much darker 
portion extending from within the end of the median cell along the 
costal border almost to the tip of the wing; metallic reflections are 
present, blue at some angles, purplish at others. The nervures are 


334 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V,. 


black. The head is black except a narrow streak extending downward 
from the emargination of the eyes along the edge of their lower lobes 
and a narrow line behind the eyes which are yellow. The mandibles 
except their edges and tips are ferruginous. The antenne are black, 
tinged with ferruginous beneath. The thorax is black except two 
triangular yellow marks on the pronotum and a transverse yellow band 
on the postscutellum. The legs are black with a very faint ferruginous 
tinge and their spines are ferruginous. The first and second segments 
of the abdomen are black or ferruginous black and the venter of second 
is slightly tinged with ferruginous. The dorsum of each of the other 
segments of the abdomen is yellow, their margins ferruginous-brown 
except the last which is nearly all of this color. The undersides of the 
last named segments are ferruginous-brown, faintly mottled with yel- 
low. The edges of the segments behind the first are fringed with grey- 
ish yellow hairs, with the remainder of the body and legs sparsely 
clothed with grey hairs except on the clypeus where they are yellowish 
ferruginous. 


The above description was made from a specimen now in the 
collection of the American Entomological Society at Philadel- 
phia. It was taken in Nevada. 

It may be unsafe to draw any conclusions from the study 
of a single specimen. The writer is of the opinion however 
that the specimen here described though differing in a few 
minor details, is Scolia otimita Saussure, and that the females. 
described as Scolia fulviventris will ultimately prove to be the 
females of this species. 


Scolia ridingsii Cresson. 
Scolia ridings. CRESS., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., 1V, 1865, p. 445, No. 1 9. 


The type is in the collection of the American Entomological 
Society at Philadelphia. 

Cresson describes the species as follows: 

“ Scolia ridingsii, n. sp. 

“‘Ferruginous; sides of prothorax, scutellums, and a large spot on 
each side of four basal segments of abdomen above, luteous; wings. 
deep yellow, the apical margins broadly fuliginous with a beautiful 
violaceous reflection, and a dark cloud beyond the marginal cell. 

““Female.—Ferruginous, clothed with fulvous or golden-yellow 
pubescence, closely and rather deeply punctured; the sinus of the eyes. 
and the outer orbits, sometimes luteous, and in one specimen extending 
entirely across the occiput; mandibles piceous at tips; antennz piceous, 
the two or three basal joints ferruginous. Thorax: sides of the pro- 
thorax, a spot on the pleura, scutellum and postscutellum, and a spot 
on each side of the metathorax, sometimes much reduced, luteous; the 


1912] North American Scolune 335: 


scutellums with large, deep, scattered punctures; metathorax short, 
broad, more finely punctured than the rest of the thorax, abruptly 
truncate and somewhat concave behind. Wings: the superior pair 
deep yellowish-hyaline, the apical margin broadly fuliginous with a 
beautiful violaceous reflection; beyond the marginal cell a broad black- 
ish cloud extending to the tip of the wing; nervures honey-yellow; 
posterior wings fuliginous, with a purplish reflection, the base sub- 
hyaline. Legs ferruginous, with golden-yellow pubescence, the tibiz 
tuberculate above, the tarsi spinose. Abdomen sparsely punctured, 
faintly iridescent; on each side of the four basal segments above, a 
rounded luteous spot; sometimes slightly confluent; the spots on the 
first and fourth segments smallest, and when confluent, they form a 
rather broad transverse band; those on the second and third segments 
are large, the former round and the latter rather transverse; all the 
segments densely fringed with fulvous pubescence; the ‘apical segment 


densely clothed with dense, prostrate, fulvous pubescence; venter paler 


ferruginous, the second and third segments obsoletely stained with 
obscure luteous, the basal segments deeply contracted. Length 8 lines; 
expanse of wings 131% lines. 

Two specimens.”’ 


The writer has before him three specimens, one marked type 565-2 


and has carefully studied four other specimens at Philadelphia, all 
females. These agree well with the description except the marking 
described as luteous which the writer would prefer to term yellow. The 
costal, subcostal and basal nervures of the front wings are ferruginous. 
The rest of the nervures except the subdiscoidal nervure which is bluish, 
are yellow. The parts of the fore wing not inclosed within the cells 
are slightly fuliginous with a much darker area reaching from near the 
ends of the radial and from within the submarginal, to near the tip of 
the wing. A streak running along the frenal fold is quite fuliginous. 
These last areas have metallic reflections, blue at some angles, purplish 
at others. The hind wings are somewhat fuliginous with slight purple 
metallic reflections. The end of the fifth abdominal segment has a 
narrow yellow band and the venter of the first segment is obsoletely 
stained with yellow. 

The other two specimens that the writer has before him differ from 


the above in that the antennz beyond the three or four basal segments 


are quite black above but faintly ferruginous beneath. The yellow band 
behind the eyes and reaching across the occiput is interrupted in the 
middle with ferruginous. A band along the parapsidal grooves is 


black and the anterior edge of the mesopluron is darker than the plate 


as a whole. The tips of the tarsal claws are ferruginous to black. The 
yellow marks on the last or median segment of the thorax are obscure 
in one specimen and wanting in the other. 

The head in the above described forms is yellowish ferruginous. 


# 


336 Annals Entomological Society of America [Volve 


The type specimen and four others were taken in Colorado. 
The other two whose differences from the type have just been 
described were taken in California and Lower California. They 
are all in the collection of the American Entomological Society 
at Philadelphia. These specimens measure about 15 mm. 

The writer also has two specimens before him, one from the 
United State National Museum, collected in New Mexico and 
the other from Philadelphia collected in Texas, which vary 
from the above specimens toward Jlecontei, but standing closer 
to ridingsu than to the other. They vary from ridingsi in 
having the part of the head behind the emargination of the eyes 
and a large part of the thorax quite black. The specimen at 
Philadelphia has two yellow spots on the pronotum nearly 
obsolete and the three spots on the dorsum of the median seg- 
ment are ferruginous. The dorsum of the second segment of 
the abdomen has very small round black spots on its sides and 
the anterior edges of the third and fourth segments are very 
dark, almost black. The abdomen of the specimen from the 
United States National Museum has only the small black spots 
on the sides of the second segment of the abdomen above. 

The writer thinks that perhaps further collecting in the 
above territory may result in uniting ridingsi and lecontet. 


Scolia vintschgaui Dalle Torre. 


Scolia saussuret CAMERON, Biol. Cent. Amer., p. 112, 1893, Hymen. II, p. 226, 
fal, 10) © IBY as, a, ©. 


Scolia vintschgaut Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., VIII, 1897, p. 187, (new name). 


The type is probably in the British Museum. 

A. good figure of this species is given in Cameron’s Biologia 
Centrali-Americana, plate 12, fig. 9. The name saussurez used 
by Cameron, according to the rules of the International Zoolog- 
ical Congress will have to give way to vintschgaui because 
saussuret had been already used in 1864 by Saussure and Sichel 
for an African species of Scolia. 

Cameron describes the species as follows: 

“Black, hairy, two spots on the pronotum and the postscutellum 
yellow, abdomen bifasciate with yellow, prothorax reddish haired, 
wings smoky. Length of female, 14 mm. 

“Head coarsely punctured; the front ocellus in a deep round pit. 
Mesonotum coarsely and strongly punctured all over; scutellum punc- 
tures larger and more widely separated. Median segment, mid portion 
finely, lateral portions strongly, punctured. Head and thorax covered 


1912] North American Scoliine oot 


with fulvous hair, that on the median segment being longer and paler. 
‘Yellow marks on the pronotum somewhat triangular. Abdomen above 
covered with long fulvous hair, the fifth and six densely covered all 
over with fulvous golden hair; basal segments finely punctured, the seg- 
ments fringed with pale golden hair, third segment for the greater part 
yellow, the back basal band projecting in the middle; fourth segment 
is yellow, except for a very black apical band. The legs are black, 
covered with long, pale hair; tarsal spines rufous. Wings are fusco- 
hyaline, the fore margin much darker, the dark band extending from 
the base to near the apex; the costa dark testaceous.”’ 

The writer has seen but one specimen, a female, which he could 
regard as this species. This specimen measures 14 mm. in length. Its 
ground color is black. The fore wings are fusco-hyaline with a darker 
streak extending from near the base of the first discoidal cell outward 
a short distance behind the costa and extending about halfway from 
the end of the radial to the apex where it gradually disappears. The 
area between this band and the costa has a distinct yellowish tinge. 
The wings have metallic reflections, blue at some angles, purple at 
others. The nervures are black ferruginous. Head, all black except 
mandibles which are partly ferruginous, antenne entirely black, thorax 
all deep black except two triangular spots on the pronotum and a trans- 
verse band on the postscutellum which are yellow. Legs black, the 
tarsi particularly the front pair with a tendency toward ferruginous, 
spines light ferruginous. Abdomen black except two very small spots 
on the second segment, broad bands on the dorsum of the third, fourth 
and fifth, which are yellow. The dorsum of the last segment is black. 
The dorsum of the third, fourth, and fifth are narrowly margined with 
black, both in front and behind. The dorsal plate of the mesothorax, 
posterior dorsal margins of the second, third, fourth and the dorsal and 
ventral posterior margins of the fifth segments of the abdomen are 
fringed with yellow hair. The dorsal surfaces of the segments from the 
second segment back are covered with yellow hair. The rest of the 
specimen is sparsely covered with whitish hair. 


The specimen was collected at Guadalajara Jal. Mexico. It 
is a female and is now in the collection of the American Ento- 
mological Society at Philadelphia. 

This is the only specimen seen by the writer, which appears 
to agree with Scolia vintschgaui and this one differs slightly in 
distribution of color. More are needed in order to determine 
the amount of color variation in this species. 


338 Annals Entomological Society of America _ [Vol. V, 


UNIDENTIFIED SPECIES. 


I am unabie to recognize the following species, which have 
been described as having been taken within the geographical 
limits covered in this paper, though I have in some cases ven- 
tured to guess at what they may be. The name given is that 
under which the description was published. 


SCOLIA ANCEPS Saussure. 
Scolia anceps Sauss., Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (8), VI, 1858, p. 221, n. 32, o. 
I think from Sassure’s description that this species is the one 
that Burmeister has described as haematodes. 


SCOLIA BIDENS. 


Sphex bidens L., Syst. Nat., Ed. XII, I, 1767, p. 943. 9 o Eur. mer.; Afr. bor.; 
(Am. bor.). 


This is a well known Old World species and as there is no 
recent record of its capture in America it is probably an erron- 
eous record and may safely be omitted from the American 
faunal lst. Saussure and Sichel in their Cat, Spec. Gen. 
Scolia say it is recorded from North America (by error?). 


SCOLIA BIFASCIATA Swederus. 


Sphex (Scolia) bifasciata SWEDERUS, Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl. VII, 1787, 
. 281, n. 35. New York. 
Scolia bifascata GMELIN, Linne, Syst. Nat., Ed. 13, I, 5. 179a, p. 2738, n.26. 


I have not seen the original description by Swederus but 
only that of Gmelin which I assume is a copy. From this I am 
unable to determine anything in regard to this species. 


ScCOLIA MEXICANA Saussure. 


Scolia mexicana Sauss., Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (8), VI, 1858, p. 213, n. 23, 9. 
Mex. 


From Saussure’s description I am unable to recognize this 
insect, but it is probably only a variation of Scolia guttata 
guttata. 

SCOLIA NOBILITATA variety MACULATA Guerin. 

Scolia maculata GUERIN, Duperry, Voy. Coquille, Zool. II, p. 2, 1830, p. 255 9. 

paw Age ag var maculata Sauss. and Sichel, Cat. Spec. Gen. Scolia, 1864, 

I have not seen Guerin’s description but Saussure and Sichel 
in their catalogue give what I suppose is a copy of it. From 
this the writer has been unable to draw any conclusions in 


regard to maculata. 


1912] North American Scoliine 


GENERAL INDEX TO SCOLIINA. 


PAD GOMEN ewe le Fai Re eee ice 304 
FAMAULYGICAlIKE YS ic: «:+.--).peetcleenctcrs syste 312 
PUN CE TITI GE 2b Petr eh hee VAI Ey ses 300 
| OYTO). rests cy Oasee Pe ar oer nea ey 300 
Bibliography— 
SCOMMA ess ss oh eee 311 
AS GOLUD Ne ap wista. 3 rs. c 8 PE el 315 
IR OSCO OSS Goi eter tics Hoteesetaa 313 
AG MEG Kearney eee nce St <g Ves Mem te 299 
ENTS oO OE ERC ET te Linc, Oa 309 
@himaticrvariattom. 32); .eiklea. cates 311 
‘SOE SA Sl Aaa ear os ocr 298 
Collleetionsie Al wk core ee ee ok 294 
(COLORS ese oo xed cso ace SO eee 311 
OO RAMEE ie as, Sth co SERRE Cata be 309 
xc errall eam ac OLyan icine aeieiiactee 298 
Explanation of plates.............. 340 
VCS ore Meet a letra. 2 Ss waraee encharereeiae 298 
HETIL TN itn ce yateyssta Seah NaS ERG 309 
GUL NeoYSal Rs a Ore Peco a ee toe ane 300 
first segment of abdomen......... 305 
IORRES Ayla se en aoe RD Oa @ nice Ge in 308 
LEENA KOLGMe ta ee Gene Rea 308 
PREM A AGOLES ay aeia mca hours ore oe 308 
LAS OMS erase Geto eS uk oe Pele Sn a 299 
Geological distribution............ 311 
Le) Orie - eal Sek a ee ae Po teehee 297 
ANYOENG |. ip Aired OO oy CARO! eee eee 298 
lDUISI BOI Ais. Coceie OOS come oe 295 
loutayel Wyaboytss oo ruiboo Deecioe,.c UND D6 On Seen Olle: 
IMtETOCUCHLONE Ate tae twine ne: 293 
IRA GRE bEOM = \ aSioetaes BS eseie oee erien Cae ee 299 
last segment of abdomen........... 305 
hetaiall Clete a cetee a rns eee ayer k « 306 
INIT AREY ae oko CNSR Ram RITE eS 305 
JISC: 25. a Rerchote dtha SES ORE OOO e Cate 309 
MEG TGA MITRE eect mec Sheds wet cwcke ered nse Me iter 293 
ATPAT Gill GSA Pe whe lokuetol deloie eva ore teune 300 


SLIT GOT aie Ast aes eaters) he es Si l// 
EV DVCIS OS CaO Oe AR Es ee EN A 338 
adda eee sere, See sper epee 314 
icinetayste) eee aoe oe eto 316 
LOTAEN SR chic seen eee ee 338 
bitasciataee.. ae Peete eee 338 
CONSOLS HEA rerio cia ocak ee 317 
UID ETSIS Hy. eis et pia oe oc eae eee 318 
UTA MALUHOTAN eh ciaeesicrs cause otters 319 
Gubiaynematodess.ac.. oe eee 320 
RET VAC AN eRe cs oi drctcretonatc ie osha 315 
MW AVOSCOSUALIS Meaeinteicicieh cio ona yal 
PEM VAVETUETAS ayer Me ofcl chats avehe scion eee 323 
PITS CIP EMMI Seer. rictcmaisicete teeter 324 


baba CULbALA es a1 selec cies cicrercraee 325 


339 

Save bral lai Ay 4 OF Nh OF easy ee ae RSS 300 
AME CA ATIESSSIMEN Tac -/-iyidaiarg 8 oa 0i6 ss 303 
MM CSONO PUT bert pre eieea teeta a ace: fo 301 
MESO SWSTELIN, doo cue SOAS o een Ae 302 
mesothoracic pleuron.............. 302 
PINS CALE EO cc 5 ey acl a hea es Oe onPs 303 
TONSA YSN Sy hog MAA MABE Gone oct 303 
AUG COXA MET 1. rc Tac ok oe 309 
FIO es od cy Ce re ek eee 301 
Nomenclature of wing............. 307 
VET ALON Hse <a lneseicenate atte 307 
SIS. 5 AR apa eretars On Cl ae ee 307 
COGENT MPM Sada sce aon, sie temuattg Se ape ahs 299 
parapsidal grooves................ 301 
POG CRUG RR ote od sin se ot REE Nhe ks ae 300 
DECOM ra kices satin ae ee ene 305 
POStSCtiveliltiad, -eel tole eee 302 
PLONOCUMMM EE Peach ayy. ch eer eee 301 
PrOLMOTaXans seit... J AwaeRE REG ee 301 
jOROU KyatIDNURS i Lares oie corn oe 309 
SCAD OR ete isi taake 50.) See 301 
SCinbe lilies) aera asso sieone fuerte 301 
Seracithenencesu mene. #ic14 eee ee 310 
SOMES) da og SAAS oe oe Me ee 310 
endvoiabdontene.. . 4.65 gene 304 
ES cect etek Ans: SER he ee 310 
Spina clerepmner cerem kul. bccn tee 304 
SGRIGS gen ree eee ost ae 308 
Stibalateesuner sete. wi.c coe oe ne 309 
SVMOPHCytaWLES ia.) oe mse eee 312 
Gansall comme e ere wk nee on: 310 
PARSUSm re RP een eae cain co ttiatte ere 310 
Hee bO Soha MAA ICEL in nee May ea eee 308 
ltt igcleusyarey peas age Sra ws. rian Hope Paes 301 
Ell She amet aus o Aces ae at ie ae eS 309 
ENOGMANLETS Hs. reyes.) io ee 309 
Unidentified! species... 00... 60.4-. 338 
VEL OS oars eam oer EARN te iting tall 307 
PIM PALA AZ CA ares chest eins 326 
IMC CRIUE. 1... SAAD SISA Aricent eer ar 325 
ANC OMSUATIS yeaa ape even el ashe e eseeio seat 327 
LE COMbCIN eager es orl iaecos a csie as 329 
iAMVE MEET OE be tow 6 clue so Ge CS COOLED Gere 338 
MM OMtiCalapereaen tetaseee cits eels OOO 
LOO UPI gol aaa SUE El cl CEN SCN 332 
nobilitata var. maculata........... 3388 
OMOMMilaee Meck rer errors eee evercls y arshaeie 333 
TEIKC UT ONT Gea cay ce 8. Gitee CREE NERO ES 334 
SCOUTS R658 65 Cb pO OCLC IS Lenore 
HVOMA CUZ ate! 6 ofp Gt otio SS IIE nS CRRA EI 322 
DOSNT sa, 0 Sk CGA ROE 313 
AVALTNGS Cd Atlin etepere ete ea irere alte Foleo" coe 336 


340 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 
INDEX TO LETTERING OF PLATES. 

a anal cell. md mandible. 

a, anal nervure. mn mesonotum. 

ab abdomen. mp metapluron. 

ap apical cell. ms median segment. 

b bulb. mt metatergum. 

bn basal nervure. n neck. 

c costal nervure. oO ocellus. 

C1 costal cell. p _ parapsidal groove. 

ce coxal cavities. pe anterior coxa. 

cl clypeus. ped pedicle. 

cu cubital nervure. pe prothoracic episternum. 

cu; first cubital or submarginal cell. pn pronotum. 

cug second cubital or submarginal cell. pt antennal pit. 

cu; third cubital or submarginal cell. re; recurrent nervure. 

cu, fourth cubital or submarginal cell.  s spiracle of median segment. 

d discoidal nervure. sc subcostal nervure. 

d, first discoidal cell. scp scape. 

dz second discoidal cell. sect scutellum. 

d; third discoidal cell. sd subdiscoidal nervure. 

e eye. sm submedian cell. 

em externo-medial nervure. Sp eespine: 

eps; mesothoracic episternum. st sting. 

f; filament. iE tegule. 

ff frenal fold. te first transverse cubital nervure. 

fh  frenal hooks. tc; second transverse cubital nervure. 

m radial or marginal cell. tc. third transverse cubital nervure. 

m,; radial or marginal nervure. tm transverse medial nervure. 

mec median cell. we wing cleft. 


EXPLANATION OF PUATES XXII-XXIII. 
The figures were drawn with the Camera Lucida. 


PLATE XXII. 


Fig. 1. Dorsal view of the last segments of a female Scolia guttata. 
Fig. 2. Ventral view of the last segments of a female Scolia guttata. 
Fig. 3. Dorsal view of the last segments of a male Scolia dubia. 
Fig. 4. Ventral view of the last segments of a male Scolia dubia. 
Fig. 5. Antenna of a female Scolia dubia. 
Fig. 6. Antenna of a male Scolia dubia. 
Fig. 7. Front view of the head of a male Scolia dubia. 

8. 


Front view of the head of a female Scolia dubia. 


PLATE XXIII. 


Fig. 9. Anterior wing of Triscolia fervida. 
Fig. 10. Anterior wing of Scolia dubia. 
The missing guide line from re; in this figure should lead to the 
nervure joining d and cu. 
Fig. 11. Posterior wing of Scolia dubia. 


Side view of the thorax of Scolia dubia. 


ANNALS E. S. A. VoL. V, PLATE XXII. 


0. C. Bartlett. 


ANNALS E. S. A. VoL. V, PLATE XXIII. 


qh omc dy fl cup G03 


\ d ‘ ie 
Fig. 9 Pare 


SC 
a 
Fig. 10 th mic cl { ¢ 


0. C. Bartlett. 


NEW NEOTROPICAL TIPULINZ (TIPULIDA, DIPT.). 


CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, Ithaca, N. Y.* 


The following species are included in four collections that I 
have had for study, received from the following sources: The 
American Museum of Natural History, including the Williston 
collection, received through Mr. J. A. Grossbeck; the Cornell 
University Collections consisting of Mr. H. S. Parish’s extensive 
Brazilian material, through Dr. J. C. Bradley; the United States 
National Museum Collections, through Mr. Frederick Knab, 
and a small lot received from Staudinger-Bang-Haas and now 
in my cabinet. I wish to thank the above named gentlemen 
for the loan of this and other interesting crane-fly material. 

The Tipulini, containing the great genera 7ipula and 
Pachyrhina, is, in any region, in a very chaotic condition. The 
genus 77pula with its hundreds of described species has become 
so unwieldly as to be almost unusable. In the Neotropical 
fauna there are described up to the date of this writing, 46 
species of 77pula and 12 of Pachyrhina. Some of these, however, 
are undoubtedly synonomous (as moniliformis Roder and 
ornaticornis v. d. Wulp). The future student of the 77pulini 
should make it a point of obligation to his fellow students to 
describe in detail, and figure if possible, the genitalia of the male 
and female. Mr. R. E. Snodgrass (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc.; Vol. 
XXX, pp. 179-236) laid a firm foundation for the study of the 
male hypopygium, and American authors are using this charac- 
ter to some considerable extent. Asan example of a splendid 
revision of a genus of this tribe, I will cite Mr. M. P. Riedel’s 
excellent paper on the Palearctic Pachyrhine.f 

It is probable that hypopygial characters can never be made 
the main basis of subdivision into groups because of the great 
differences in closely-related species and the consequent ten- 
dency to separate forms that are closely allied. At present it 
seems as if Schummel’s old division of species into groups on 
wing-pattern is the best for main group characters. Never- 
theless, hypopygial characters are so constant and so extremely 
important that it would be impractical to ignore them. 


*Entomological Laboratory, Cornell University. 
tDeutschen Entomol. Zeitschr.; Vol. for 1910, p. 409-487, 4 fig. 


343 


344, Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


I have before me male specimens of the following species 
which I expect to characterize more fully in the third part of my 
‘Synopsis of the Neotropical Tipulide.’’ 


Pachyrhina nigrolutea Bellardi. 

Macromastix chilensis Philippi. 

Tipula albifasciata Macquart. 

Tipula craveri Bellardi. 

Tipula edwardsi Bellardi. 

Tipula microcephala v. d. Wulp (which seems to belong to Holorusia Lw.). 
This name is preoccupied by T. microcephala Big. (1858), and I rename the 
South American species, 7ipula vanderwulpi n. n. 

Tipula monilifera Loew. 

Tipula moniliformis Roder. 

Tipula subandina Philippi. 

Tipula apterogyne Philippi. 

Tipula rufostigmosa Macquart. 

Tipula variinervis Bigot. (= picti-pennis Walker.) 


Pachyrhina macrosterna, sp. n. 


Thoracic stripes not complete, represented, when at all evident, 
only by spots at the margins of the preescutum; dorsal apical appendage 
of the & genitalia prolonged, stylet-like. 

oS Length, 10.8—10.8 mm.; wing, 11.4—11.8 mm. 
Middle leg, femur, 8 mm.; tibia, 8.9 mm. 

@ Length, 12.8 mm.; wing, 13.2 mm. 

Fore leg, femur, 8.9 mm.; tibia, 10.7 mm. 

Hind leg, femur, 9.8 mm.; tibia, 10.6 mm. 


& Head: Anterior prolongation of the front brownish-yellow, 
clearer yellow beneath and on the sides; palpi brownish; antennz, basal 
segments orange-yellow; 3d segment brownish-yellow; remaining seg- 
ments dark brown basally, gradually fading into the yellowish-brown 
apical portion of the segment; terminal three or four segments uniform 
brown. Front, vertex and occiput yellow, more brownish in the middle 
of the vertex, very broadly shiny, this mark not clearly delimited but 
embracing most of the space between the eyes. 

Thorax: Pronotum dull pale yellow; mesonotum, prescutum 
shiny, brownish-yellow, without clearly defined stripes; pleure dull 
with a pale yellowish bloom. MHalteres, stem pale, knob brownish. 
Legs: coxee and trochanters yellow; femora brownish-yellow, the 
extreme tip dark brown; tibiz yellowish-brown, extreme tip indis- 
tinctly darker; tarsi brown. Wings hyaline or nearly so, cells C and Sc 
yellow, stigma pale. Venation: Rs short, a little longer than Re»; petiole 
of cell M, long, as long as the basal deflection of R445. 

Abdomen: Tergum, segments shiny, segment 1 yellow, narrowly 
margined with brown behind; segment 2, yellow, brown on the caudal 
half, a large rounded brown spot on the lateral margin; segments 3 and 
4 mostly brown, more yellow basally, with a gradually smaller brown 
spot on the lateral margin of each of the sclerites; segments 5 and 6, 
brighter, more yellowish; segment 7 dark, almost black, margined with 
pale; hypopygium orange-yellow; sternum, yellowish. Hypopygium: 
7th tergite, short, shorter than the tergites immediately preceding; Sth 


1912} New Neotropical Tipuline 345 


tergite distinct, about as wide as the 7th, its caudal margin straight, its 
lateral corners evenly rounded; 7th sternite rather broad, broader then 
the sixth sternite; Sth sternite very large, longer than the three pre- 
ceding segments combined and projecting caudad beyond the remaining 
appendages; its ventral face is evenly rounded, broad at the base, 
narrowing apically, at its tip turned abruptly dorsad and ending in two 
blunt teeth, these teeth bifid with the caudal denticulum rather the 
longer. Above the origin of the Sth sternite arises the 9th sternite: 
broad basally, rapidly narrowed toward the tip into a chitinous, spoon- 
like appendage, convex on its outer face, concave on its inner. 9th 
tergite with the caudal margin rather deeply incised medially, the 
adjacent lobes brown, chitinized, and bent ventrad at the tip. Two 
distinct sets of apical appendages arising from the genital chamber, 
which may, or may not, be connected with one another nearer their 
bases; first, a pair of dorsal-lieing appendages which are bifid with the 
ventral tooth greatly prolonged, stylet-like (see Fig. k,). Beneath 
these are two large complex appendages (see Fig. k) which may be 
described as being three-branched, the ventral branch is - strongly 
chitinized and expanded, six-toothed, of which the most dorsad is the 
largest; the dorso proximal branch (a) is flattened, its margin chitinized 
and somewhat reflexed, bearing a spine near its outer edge at the tip; 
the dorso-distal branch (b) is slender, more fleshy and bears scattered 
hairs at its apex. Between the ventral organs, just ventrad of the 
dorsal pair is a large, pale fleshy organ. 

Q Antennz mostly yellowish excepting the apical segments which 
are brown. On the cephalic margin of the mesonotal praescutum is a 
dark brown spot on either side of the usual broad median stripe which is 
here not indicated; a large brown spot on the sides of the sclerite about 
at the anterior end of the usual lateral stripe. Ovipositior (see Fig. r) 
with the valves very short, blunt, evenly rounded on their lateral 
margin. 

A paratype male shows the fore portion of a lateral stripe on the 
preescutum. 

Holotype, o’, Antigua, Guatemala. Sept., 1902 (Dr. G. Eisen). 

Allotype, 2, with the type. 

Paratype, o’, Aguna, Guatemala. (Dr. G. Eisen). (Received at 
U.S. National Museum, Jan. 6, 1903). 


Types in U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. (No. 15,072). 

Paratype in author’s collection. 

Pachyrhina macrosterna, and the following species, trinidad- 
ensis, are closest allied to circumscripta Lw, ferruginea Fabr. 
and elegantula Will., in the respect that the thoracic stripes are 
not jet-black. The other nine Neotropical species are all 
black-striped species. These two species form a distinct group, 
(macrosterna group), differing from the species named above in 
their petiolate cell M: and powerful hypopygium. The petiolate 
cell M, suggests collaris Say of the Northeastern United States, 
a very different insect. 


346 Annals Entomological Society of America Vol, 


Pachyrhina trinidadensis, sp. n. 


Similar to macrosterna but antenne darker; three distinct brown 
thoracic stripes; dorsal apical appendage of the o genitalia chisel- 
shaped, sub-truncated at its apex. 

& Length, 11 mm.; wing, 10.8 mm.; antennz, about 4.5 mm. 
Q Length, 12—13.2 mm.; wing, 12.2—12.8 mm. 

Fore leg, femur, 7.7—7.8 mm.; tibia, 9.4—9.8 mm. 

Middle leg, femur, 8.5 mm.; tibia, 8.8 mm. 

Hind leg, femur, 9 mm.; tibia, 9.9 mm. 

& Head: Anterior prolongation of the front and the palp1 brown. 
Antenne, two basal segments light orange-yellow; 3d segment, basal 
half brown, apical half yellow, remaining segments brown, extreme apice 
of each segment yellowish, this yellow color becoming obsolete on the 
outer segments. Front, vertex and occiput brown, the center of the 
vertex broadly shiny and brighter brown. 

Thorax: Pronotum very pale yellowish-white, not shining; 
mesonotum shiny, prescutum light yellow with three dark brown uni- 
form stripes; the middle stripe is broadest on the anterior portion of the 
sclerite, rather narrower behind; the lateral stripes bent strongly 
ventrad at the pseudosuture (humeral pit or dorso-pleural suture of 
Osten Sacken); scutum yellowish with two dark brown spots on each 
lobe; scutellum lighter brown; post notum brownish-yellow, thinly 
pale pollinose; pleuree pale with a sparse greyish pollen. Halteres pale, 
gradually darkening to the brown knob. Legs: coxee and trochanters 
light clear yellow; femora brown, the tip narrowly dark brown; tibia 
and tarsi brownish. Wings: color and venation almost exactly as in 
macrosterna of Central America (see Fig. h.). 

Abdomen: Tergum brownish, the lateral margins of the sclerites 
clearer yellow, not darker on segments 2 to 4; segment 7 with the 
basal half dark brown; remainder of tergum and the sternum, brown- 
ish-yellow. Hypopygium (see Fig. j); 7th and 8th tergites and 7th 
sternite as in macrosterna; Sth sternite with the caudal denticula (d) 
about equal to the cephalic one; 9th sternite (9s) viewed from the side 
with an obtuse notch on the ventral face. Apical appendages: The 
dorsal-lying appendage (c) projects straight backward, enlarged at the 
apex, chisel-shaped, the outer angles equal, the caudal margin gently 
concave (see Fig. j2); the appendages lie in a vertical plane and side by 
side, separated from one another by a distance about equal to the 
width of one. The second, or ventral, appendage (see Fig. j,) the ventral 
branch of macrosterna is, apparently, lacking; the dorso-proximal 
branch is chitinized and bears a sharp spine on the caudal margin, this 
spine being bent outward (a); on the sides of the appendage is a large 
prominent spine which projects ventrad and outward (x) toward the 
appendage of the 9th sternite which it almost touches; at its base, a 
smail hair-bearing projection; the margin of the appendage below the 
large spine curves distad, is chitinized on the extreme edge and bears 
long hairs; I cannot perceive any structure corresponding to the dorso- 
distal branch of macrosterna; a large pale organ lying between these 
ventral appendages and just beneath the paired dorsal appendages. 


1912] New Neotropical Tipuline 347 


2 Quite similar to the o, the shiny spot on the vertex brown; the 
median prescutal stripe very broad, in front almost touching the 
anterior end of the lateral stripe; a brown spot on the mesopleure 
about midway between the coxa and the pseudo suture; ovipositor 
about as in macrosterna; upper valves tipped with black; lower valves, 
viewed from the side, broad at the base, the ventral margin concave, 
obtuse at the tip; viewed from beneath, flattened, bearing scanty long 
hairs on the outer face, the tips touching. 


Molonype, co) s2ere of Spawn wirmidad, Sept: 25; 1901, 
(H. Carciniola). 

Allotype, ?, with the type. 

Paratype 1, 9, with the type. 

Paratype 2, 2, Trinidad, West Indies, (Aug. Busck). 

Types in U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. (No. 15,073) except para- 
type No. 2, in author’s collection. 


Tipula armatipennis, sp. n. 


Color ight yellow; wing unmarked; a distinct spur on the costa 
near the stigma in the o’. 


o& Length, about 13.5 mm.; wing, 14.4 mm.; antenne, about 
6 mm. 
Q Length, about 15.5 mm.; wing, 14.8 mm. 


o& Head: Anterior prolongation of the front yellowish-brown; 
mouth-parts similar. Palpi light: yellow, more brown apically, the last 
segment about as long as the basal three combined. Antenne, scapal 
segments yellow, the first cylindrical, the second very short, broader 
than long, with a thick brush of stout black hairs on its inner face; 
flagellum, segments (except the first) more or less enlarged at the base 
and slightly constricted in the middle, the swollen base with a few long 
black hairs, the segment densely clothed with a pale pubescence; seg- 
ments 3—4, yellowish, except at the black knot, this color passing into 
a uniform dark brown on the apical segments. Front, vertex and 
occiput pale brownish-yellow with a sparse greyish bloom. 

Thorax: Pronotum light yellow; mesonotum, prescutum, lght 
yellow without distinct stripes; scutum orange with indistinct darker 
spots; scutellum depressed on the sides, swollen medially, brownish- 
yellow; post-notum dull yellow. Pleurz yellow, with a sparse greyish 
bloom. Halteres uniform yellow, knob brownish. Legs broken. Wings: 
subhyaline; stigma large, oval, brown; cells C and Sc tinged with yel- 
low; the apices of cells Re and R; tinged with brown; veins brown. On 
the costal margin of the wing, above the middle of the stigma, is a 
distinct spine or spur. Venation (see Fig. g); Sc long ending at the base 
of the stigma; Rs short, less than twice as long as the deflection of 
Rais; Rois short, forming the caudal margin of the stigma; R» short, 
subperpendicular, basally forming the distal side of the stigma; cell 
1st Me small, pentagonal. 


348 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol:.V; 


Abdomen: Tergum, segment one dark brown, indistinctly black 
medially; remaining segments reddish-brown, darker basally. Hypo- 
pygium swollen. Sternum brownish-yellow; 7th segment black both on 
the sternite and pleurite. Hypopygium: (see Fig. 0); 7th sternite, 
caudal margin almost straight; lateral margin impressed, wavy; 7th 
tergite, caudal margin straight; Sth sternite, (Ss), broad at the base, 
narrowed apically, running caudad slightly beyond the remaining 
appendages; the base is shiny, the tip short-cylindrical, dull, opaque; 
the tip bent strongly dorsad and deeply notched at its base; the 
dorsal surface of the eighth sternite is deeply concave, hollowed-out; at 
the notch, on the dorsal margin, is a small flattened lobe (c), directed 
upward, its caudal margin narrowly chitinized, the tip densely fringed 
with long pale hairs. 8th tergite very narrow (St.) represented only by 
a narrow strip, concave on its caudal margin and consequently even 
more reduced on the middle line. 9th sternite (9s) broad basally, the 
dorsal margin with a broad, obtuse notch; a blunt tooth on its caudal 
margin, ventrally the margin is rolled inward, forming a broad, obtuse 
notch on the margin; the inward-projecting arm 1s chitinized, its inner 
margin thinned and bearing a dense fringe of long pale hairs which 
overlap those of the opposite side and form a dense mat under the 
apical appendage and over the Sth sternite. 9th tergite (9t) moderate, 
medially with a deep notch on the caudal margin; the adjacent lobes 
being sharply pointed, bent ventrad at their tips, sub-chitinized and with 
hairs and minute denticulae along the inner face; the latero-caudal 
margin of this sclerite is thinner and bears a fringe of sub-equal, pale 
hairs. The apical appendage (a) is dorsal, flattened, bearing two teeth, 
the most dorsal and innermost project inward, very sharp, slender, 
chitinized, almost touching its fellow on the middle line; the ventral 
tooth (a) longer, directed more caudad; the outer margin of this 
appendage clothed with long hairs; below the apical appendage, a 
flattened median organ (b), its caudal margin vertical, evenly convex, 
narrowly chitinized, and fringed with fine hairs. Below the 9th tergite 
and between its arms, in the specimen at hand, the penis (p.) projects; 
it is extremely elongated and if straightened would be considerably 
longer than one-half of the abdomen. 

Q Like the & but the antenne short, the flagellar segments cylindri- 
cal, subequal, not swollen basally, basal half of each segment brown, apex 
yellow. Wing without a spur, but venation as in the o%. Ovipositor: 
(v, vi) Sth tergite, concave on the caudal margin; 9th tergite very nar- 
row and not as wide as the rest of the abdomen, its caudal margin con- 
cave. Base of the ovipositor short, almost as broad as long, the valves 
short, their tips chitinized and sub-spatulate, viewed from the side 
(v,), the valve is wider than its base narrowed near the tip, the tip again 
expanded; lower valve shorter than the upper, directed caudad and up- 
ward, the valves extremely high, blunt at the apex. The 9th sternite is 
very long. 


Holotype, o, Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil (H. H. 
Smith, coll.) 


1912] New Neotropical Tipuline 349 


Allotype. ?, with the type. 

Types in Am. Mus. of Nat. Hist., New York. 

I know of no species of Tzipula that even approaches this 
remarkable fly. No form in the American fauna has a spur 
on the wing. 

Tipula guato, sp. n. 
Color light yellow; flagellum of antennze bi-colored; wing subhyaline. 


o Length, about 12 mm.; wing, 11.5 mm. 
Fore leg, femur, 7.6 mm. - tibia, 9 mm. 


Head: Anterior sade of the front rather short; nasus not 
distinct, but with a long brush of hairs in its normal position; dull 
yellow, brightest on the sides. Palpi, light yellow, short. Antenne, 
basal segments yellow, second segment with a brush of hairs on the 
inner face; flagellum, segments swollen on the ends, narrowed medially; 
the basal knot blackish, and with a few prominent hairs; the entire 
segment clothed with dense pale hairs; basal segments of flagellum with 
apices yellow, this color gradually passing into the dark brown of the 
terminal segments. Front, vertex and occiput dull brownish-yellow. 

Thorax: Mesonotum, prescutum dull yellow without apparent 
‘stripes; scutum, scutellum and post-notum similar but more or less 
‘suffused with brown. Pleurz dull yellow, sparsely greyish pollinose. 
Halteres, stem yellow, knob brown. Legs: coxz and trochanters 
light yellow gradually passing into the brown of the tarsi (only fore legs 
remain). Wings: Subhyaline, stigma oval, pale brown; cell C and 
pices of cells R, and R; tinged with yellow; veins brown, Se more 
yellowish. Venation: (see Fig. e); Sc long ending fat beyond Rs; Rs 
short, about as long as Mj4 between cross-veins r-m and m; Roy3 ina 
dine with Rs; Rez oblique; cell Ist Mz; rather elongated; petiole of cell 
M, short; cross-vein m-cu distinct. 

Abdomen: Tergum light brown, almost uniform; 7th and 8th 
black; hypopygium yellow; sternites light brown; 7th and base of 8th 
black. Hypopygium: (see Fig. p); 7th sternite broad, its caudal margin 
almost straight; 7th tergite almost convex; 8th sternite (8s) broad at 
the base with a very obtuse tooth on its dorsal margin; produced 
behind into a blunt point which is broadly and obtusely notched at the 
tip; Sth tergite (St.) moderately broad, about one-third as wide as the 
7th, rather widened at the ends, but the caudal margin almost straight; 
9th sternite (9s) subquadrate, large, its dorsal margin straight; its 
caudal margin truncated; ventral margin with an obtuse ventral- 
projecting tooth; the inner margin is bent inward and has a dorsally- 
directed tooth; this inward projection of the 9th sternite fills a consid- 
erable portion of the genital chamber between the 9th sternites and just 
dorsad of the 8th sternite. Along the median line it is deeply notched, 
and the whole external face is densely covered with delicate, silvery- 
white, appressed hairs. 9th tergite (9t.) rather short with an obtuse 
median notch, the adjacent teeth broad, obtuse, projecting downward, 
densely covered with short, stout hairs, the extreme base of each tooth, 


350 Annals Entomological Society of America _ [Vol. V,- 


on either side of the median notch, produced ventrad into a small 
spine. The apical appendage is dorsal; the caudal margin is rather 
straight, the outer upper angle produced dorsad into a chitinized tooth 
which is slightly bifid at its apex, the chitin continuing down the 
anterior side of the appendage in a narrow line; the inner margin of the 
appendage straight, with scanty long hairs which cross over the median 
space and meet those of the other side. Between the chitinized teeth, 
on the median line, is a pale, horse-shoe shaped organ which probably 
surrounds the penis which is not exserted in my single specimen. 


Holotype, co, Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil (a. He: 
Smith, coll.) 

Type in Am. Mus. of Nat. Hist., New York. 

The specific name is derived from a native tribe. “The 
central parts of Matto Grosso at the foot of the plateaux are 
occupied by the Guatos, some of whom are still in the wild. 
state.’’ Reclus, Universal Geography, Vol. XIX, p. 258. The: 
latest and best account of this tribe is by Dr. Max Schmidt,, 
‘Reisen in Matto Grosso in Jahre 1910.’’”* 


Tipula smithi, sp. n. 
Light brownish-yellow; costal margin of wings brown. 
9 Length, about 18 mm.; wing, 12.8 mm. 


Head: Anterior prolongation of the front, short, light greyish-- 
brown; palpi light brown. Antenne, first eight segments clear light 
yellow, the apical segments gradually suffused with brownish. Front, 
vertex and occiput greyish-brown. Thorax: Mesonotum, praescutum 
light brown without apparent stripes; scutum similarly brown; scutel- 
lum and post-notum light yellow. Pleure yellow with a pearly-grey 
bloom. MHalteres light brown. Legs: coxe yellowish with a grey 
bloom; trochanter light yellow; rest of legs gone. Wings: Nearly 
hyaline; stigma rounded, dark brown; the costal margin suffused with 
brown, the brown pattern including cells C, Sc, the cephalic half of R 
(where it becomes paler, more yellowish); basal third of cell 1st Ri; all 
of cell 2d Ri; cell Re; cell Rs, except a hyaline spot in the proximal end 
and another over the middle of vein R4;;; brown clouds at origin and 
tip of cell R;; along basal deflection of Cu,; along cross-vein m; at fork 
of Mise, and at the ends of the longitudinal veins. Venation: (see Fig. 
f); cross-vein r about as long as that portion of Re below it; Rs short, 
about twice as long as Re; basal deflection of Ri;; long, almost oblit- 
erating cross-vein r-m; petiole of cell M, almost as long as that cell; 
fusion of M; and Cu; extensive, not quite as long as cross-vein m. 

Abdomen: Tergites brownish-yellow; sternites clearer yellow; sec- 
ond segment very long, as long as 3 and 4 combined; 9th tergite with 
caudal margins concave (see Figs. w, wi), the caudo-lateral angles 


*Zeitschrift fur ethnologie; vol. 44, pt. 1; p. 1380-174; especially, p. 131-137; 
(1912). 


1912] New Neotropical Tipuline Bow 


produced into short obtuse points; valves of the ovipositor very short, 
divergent, the basal piece longer than the tips; lower valves (see Fig. 
wi, /); very short, broad at the base, truncated at the tip. 


Holotype, 9, Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil (H. H. Smith). 

Type in Am. Mus. of Nat. History. 

This handsome species is named in honor of the pioneer 
collector, Mr. Herbert H. Smith. 


Tipula inca, sp. n. 
Grey; wings indistinctly spotted; legs short, stout. 
o& Length, 11.5 mm.; wing, 13.4 mm.; antennz, about 8.5 mm. 
Fore leg, 21 mm.; middle leg, fem. 6.8 mm.; tibia, 5.6 mm.; tarsus, 
6.5 mm; hind leg, fem. 7.8 mm.; tibia, 8.3 mm.; tarsus, 7.9 mm. 


Head: Anterior prolongation of the front white, very pale, with 
numerous brown hairs on the distal half above; nasus not prominent; 
palpi brown, first segment light brown, shorter than the second, slender; 
second, paler brown basally, greatly thickened distally; 3d segment 
again slender except at the base; 4th very irregular, brown, except at 
the extreme base where it 1s yellowish; mouth parts dark brown. Anten- 
ne, Ist segment short, much thickened distally; 2nd short; 3d one and 
one-half the length of the Ist; remainder very flexible, elongated, at 
the basis armed with four or five strong, black hairs, the whole surface 
covered with a fine pubescence. Basal segment light yellow, somewhat 
darker at tip; 2d brownish-yellow; 3d silvery greyish-brown; remainder 
light brown. Front pale silvery-white; vertex and occiput grey with a 
dark brown median line beginning between the antenne, running 
caudad. Head closely applied to the prothorax. 

Thorax: Pronotum silvery-grey, medially with a broad brown 
stripe. Mesonotum, grey with a very narrow dark brown median line, 
broadest before, gradually narrowing toward the suture, lateral mar- 
gins of prescutum dark brown except extreme edge; between this 
brown and the median stripe, an indistinct pale brown stripe on the 
caudal half, ending at the suture; scutum, grey medially, yellowish on 
the sides; scutellum grey, a large flattened brown area on the sides 
above the wing-roots; post-notum grey, brownish medially and on the 
sides. Pleurze and sterna silvery-whitish, tinged with grey. Halteres 
long, yellowish. Legs short, stout, femora somewhat incrassated at 
tip, pale yellowish-brown, tip rather darker; tibia and tarsi brown. 

Wings: MHyaline, cells C and Sc tinged with yellow; stigmal area 
pale greyish; a vague grey suffusion around cross-vein m and on outer 
deflection of M3; caudal third of cell M along vein Cu, grey, this also 
continuing onto Cu, and Cu, as a very narrow seam; cells of wing 
in vicinity of anterior (cephalic) half of the cord, greyish; two pale 
clouds in base of cell Cu; margin of anal angle grey. Venation as in 
Bigs. 

Abdomen: Pale brownish-yellow; middle of Ist tergite brown, 
which color continues back over the succeeding three segments as a 
narrow line; sternites brownish-yellow, the sclerites at pleural margin 


352 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


deeply incurved, dusky, giving an indistinct lateral stripe. Hypo- 
pygium: (Fig. 1); Sth tergite, (St), moderately long, its caudal margin 
almost straight, its caudal margin very feebly concave medially; 8th 
sternite, (Ss) short and high, only about two-thirds as long as the 7th 
sternite, but very high at its base; viewed from the side, triangular, its 
tip turned dorsad and clothed with long hairs; 9th tergite (9t) broad, 
viewed from above, much broader than the 8th tergite, swollen basally, 
the caudal margin broadly concave, in the middle, feebly convex and 
here with a minute square median notch (Fig. 1,); viewed from the 
side (1) the 9th tergite is truncated at its tip and broadly notched, its 
ventral-caudal margin gently concave; the suture separating the 9th 
tergite and sternite not complete. 9th sternite, viewed from the side 
(1, 9s), its dorsal margin about straight attached to the tergite on its 
cephalic or anterior portion; its caudal margin about straight; along its 
caudal face, an elongate body (y), convex outerly; its ventral margin 
applied to the caudal prolongation of the ventral face of the 9th sternite; 
at its dorsal end it is produced into a fleshy, feebly chitinized body (a), 
densely covered with pale hairs which are longest apically; viewed from 
the side, it is slender with a bump on the middle on its outer face. 
Proximad of this organ, in the notch of the ventral paired organ on the 
9th sternite, is an elongate, slender organ (b) directed dorsad; its base 
is slightly enlarged, its stem very slender with long pale hairs on its 
inner face, these directed toward the median line; the tips of these 
organs are greatly produced on the proximal side, here sub-chitinous, the 
tip chitinized, black. In a position of rest, the inner edge of this organ is 
closely applied to its fellow at the median line; the caudal face of this 
broad expansion is provided with three or four transverse ridges and its 
ventral margin is fringed with long pale hairs; viewed from above this 
organ resembles Fig. 1; the outer tooth most chitinized, black; the 
inner, less chitinized except on its outer margin; recurved at the tip and 
directed cephalo-ventrad. Viewed from beneath, the 9th sternite has 
the caudal margin concave, a pair of elongate median organs directed 
caudad, these organs (c) slender, swollen at their tips, the tips closely 
applied, densely clothed with appressed, pale hairs. 


Holotype, &, Callanga, Peru. (Rec’v’d from Staudinger- 
Bang-Haas). 

Type in author’s collection. 

The specific name is derived from the great Indian nation 
formerly inhabiting Peru. 

Closest related, apparently, to glaphyroptera Phil.; sub- 
andina Phil., and apterogyne Phil., of Chile in the greyish color. 
I have before me specimens of all of the above, excepting 
glaphyroptera, which differs widely from inca in antennal and 
wing characters. 


1912] New Neotropical Tipuline 300 


Tipula aymara, sp. n. 
Orange; costal margin of the wings dark; cross-veins not seamed 
with brown; radial cells light brown. 


Length, o&', 15 mm.; wing, 17 mm.; antennz, about 7.6 mm. 
Length, 9, 13.8 mm.; wing, 14.6 mm. 
Hind leg, o&; fem. 10.4; tibia, 13.3; tarsus about 25.5 mm. 

Hind leg, 2 ; fem., 8; tibia, 9.6 mm. 


o& Head: Anterior prolongation of front short, light brown; palpi, 
segment one, shorter than two, brown; 3d about equal to 2d, dark brown 
at base; pale, yellowish, at tip; 4th, very long, lash-like, twice as long as 
the rest of the palpus together, yellow. Antenne, segments 1 to 3 
orange-yellow; remainder brown, with a fine white pubescence; three 
or four bristles at the base of each segment and a single one near the 
middle. Front and vertex brownish-orange; occiput brown; the vertex 
very thickly beset with numerous long hairs; this including the whole 
region bounding the eyes, both above and beneath. 

Thorax: Collare orange. Pronotum orange-yellow. Mesonotum, 
prescutum and scutum orange without distinct markings; scutellum 
and postnotum yellow. Pleure and sternites clear yellowish-orange. 
Halteres yellow, knob darker. Legs: cox, trochanters and extreme 
base of femora light yellow; rest of femora, tibize and tarsi brown; all of 
the cexe thickly beset with long yellow hairs. Wings (see Fig. b) with 
a pale brownish-grey tinge; cells C, Sc, most of 2d R, light brown; the 
distal half of cell Ist R; dark brown, forming the stigma; no brown 
seams on the cross-veins or deflections. Radial cells, indistinctly suf- 
fused with very light brown distally; cross-vein r-m slightly margined 
with brown. 

Abdomen: Tergum, Ist segment, yellow; 2d brown; 3d, 4th, dark 
brown; 5th, 6th, lighter brown; 7th, 8th, black; the Ist to 5th tergites 
are very deep, so that viewed from the side, they conceal the sternites; 
the 6th sternite shows caudally, the 7th is one-third as high as the 7th 
tergite, the 8th sternite subequal to the Sth tergite. Sternum, seg- 
ments one to five, invisible, 6, orange, 7—9, black. Hypopygium 
(Fig. m). 7th sternite almost straight along the caudal margin; 7th 
tergite, broad, its caudal margin almost straight, very feebly concave. 
8th sternite (from beneath), broad, the caudal margin with an obtuse 
median notch, the adjacent lobes broadly rounded and clothed with a 
dense brush of long yellow hairs; (from the side) (8s) with the dorsal 
margin gently sloping; the tip truncated: Sth tergite, (St) reduced to a 
mere strip, its caudal margin rather strongly concave so that the median 
portion is scarcely visible. 9th sternite (9s) appearing as the half of an 
oval, the outer face sub-shiny, convex, a small group of long hairs on 
its dorsal angle; the dorsal margin strongly bent entad, the proximal 
margin straight, almost in a line with the notch on the 8th sternite, the 
two together making a very deep V-shaped niche; the proximal-ventral 
side is strongly produced into a rectangular arm, projecting entad, its 
tip strongly truncated, almost touching its fellow of the opposite side. 
Looking into the end of the genital chamber (see Fig. m;) there appears 


354 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


to be an appendage to the 9th sternite, a semi-lunar, feebly-chitinized 
piece (z) flattened and the tip slightly expanded, bearing a fringe of 
long pale hairs on its proximal margin, these projecting inward; at the 
tip, the hairs become very stout, bristle-like, black, and the organ ends 
in two or three chitinized teeth which are directed dorsad and slightly 
outward; underneath the tip of this appendage is a rounded, chitinized 
organ (b) produced caudad into a long spine; it is black, very conspic- 
uous, occupying the niche between the 9th sternite and tergite, its 
rounded face directed outward through the niche. 9th tergite (9t), 
rectangular, its sides square, its caudal angles almost right; on the 
caudal margin, a broad median lobe, very obtuse and enlarged at the 
apex, black and very densely clothed with short hairs; the very con- 
spicuous lobe is concave at its tip, projects caudad, the tip very slightly 
ventrad. Apical appendages, from the genital chamber: dorsal lying, 
on either side of the median line, an elongate-triangular organ (w) 
broad at the base, directed dorsad and slightly caudad, the tips touch- 
ing, the cephalic margin densely clothed with pale hairs; the opening 
between them (looking into the genital chamber) is elongate-oval and 
in it is a perforate membrane through which the penis is probably 
exserted. The ventral lying appendage (a) viewed from the side, roughly 
triangular, one angle directed caudad, another ventrad; caudal face 
gently concave; the whole organ densely clothed with long pale hairs, 
longest on the dorsal margin; viewed from above, it is seen that the 
dorsal edge is thickened, narrowing to the sharp ventral margin 
(Fig. m, a). 

2 Similar to the o, but antennz much shorter, segments 1—5, 
yellow; abdomen, segments 1—2 yellow with lateral margin of tergum 
black; segments 2—6, black, yellowish in the middle of the lateral 
margin of tergites; 7—S8 black; 9 yellow. Sternites 4—6 distended with 
eggs; shoved out of the tergal covering, black with a yellow wash. 
Genitalia: 9th tergite about as long as the Sth, its caudal margin 
broadly impressed medially; appendage to the 9th tergite broad basally, 
sub-shining, ending in a blunt lobe, its tip rounded, deeply notched, the 
lobes fringed on the inner edge with short pale hairs. From beneath, 
the 9th sternite is very long, its caudal margin deeply notched, the 
valves projecting from the middle of this notch, the lateral margins 
lobed and bent inward; 9th sternite very long. (See Figs. s, s1). 


Holotype, @, San Antonio, Bolivia (Recv’d from Staudinger- 
Bang-Haas). . 

Allotype, 9, with the type. 

Types in author’s collection. 

The specific name is that of a native tribe. “‘The Aymaras, 
who constitute the chief ethnical element of the Bolivian 
nation, are in almost exclusive possession of the plateau regions 
and their domain also encroaches northward on Peruvian 
territory. The true center of the race lies in the islands, head- 
lands and shores of Lake Titicaca.”’ Reclus, Universal Geogra- 
phy, Vol. XVIII, p. 368. 


1912] New Neotropical Tipuline 355 


This species and the next, parishit, are members of the 
longitarsis Mcq’t group, possessing elongated antennz in the 
o'; costal margin of wings darkened, with the remainder of the 
wings subhyaline, no white longitudinal stripe in under R, 
(oleracea group, as wrgo O. S., virgulata Will.); 2 ovipositor 
with remarkably shortened valves; color of the species yellow 
or orange with one or more subterminal abdominal segments 
black. Here belongs longitarsis Macquart, tabida End. (Peru) 
and appendens End. (which is certainly not a Macromastix as 
its describer believed) from Ecuador, as well as the two new 
species. JT. aymara differs from appendens in being much 
larger; veins not seamed with brownish and distal ends of the 
radial cells uniformly suffused with darker. From tadida, it 
differs in wing coloration; not only the penultimate abdominal 
segment is black, but the antepenultimate as well (and most of 
the remaining tergites in the 9). T. longitarsis has a large 
quadrangular brown spot in cell M, near the cubital vein. 


Tipula parishi, sp. n. 


Small; orange; costal margin of wings dark; veins in distal portion 
of the wing seamed with brown. 


o& Length, 11.9 mm.; wing, 11.8 mm.; antennz, about 8 mm. 
Middle leg, femur, 8.6 mm.; tibia, 8.8 mm.; tarsus, about 23 mm. 


Head: Anterior prolongation of the front brown; palpi brown. 
Antenne, two basal segments yellow; 3d dull yellow; remainder, base 
black, tip dull yellow; on the 6th and following segments the yellow 
color is very much reduced. Antennal segments covered with a dense 
pale pubescence and a few long black hairs; the segments are all elongate- 
cylindrical, the base only a trifle more enlarged than the stem. Front, 
vertex and occiput dull brown; eyes metallic. 

Thorax: Dull brownish-yellow without distinct prescutal stripes; 
the scutum, scutellum and postnotum even darker brown. Pleurz 
yellowish-brown, lighter ventrally, passing into the clear light yellow of 
the coxee. Halteres brown, stem a little paler. Legs: cox, trochanters 
and femora yellow, the femora gradually becoming brownish-yellow 
apically; tibia and tarsi brown. Wings: Subhyaline, cells C, Sc, 
extreme cephalic margin of R, base and tip of Ist Ri, 2d R: and tips of 
Re, R3 and R; brown, the stigmal area rather the darker. Brown seams 
along the cord, including a large seam on the basal deflection of Cu; 
near the fork of Cu; cross-vein m seamed with brown. Venation: Rs 
short, arcuated, about as long as the basal deflection of Cu1; Ro,3 short, 
less than Rs, about equal to Re; cross-vein r-m not reduced, about 
one-half as long as the deflection of R4:;; fusion of Cu; and M3; about as 
long as r-m. 


356 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


Abdomen: Tergum, segments 1—38, yellow, the lateral margins of 
the sclerites broadly brown; on the 4th and succeedings tergites, the 
brown lateral margins of the sclerites are paler but suffuse the whole 
segment; 7th and Sth sclerites black; 9th yellow. Sternites, 7th black, 
Sth black basally; remainder of sternum yellow. Hypopygium: (see 
Fig. n). 7th sternite and tergite about as in aymara; 8th sternite rather 
short, its length scarcely more than the 7th, its caudal margin quite 
straight, as in the 7th. Sth tergite, broad on the sides, the caudal 
margin quite deeply concave, reducing the median portion very con- 
siderably. 9th sternite (see Fig. n, 9s); cylindrical, rather elongated; 
viewed from beneath (n;) the whole caudal margin is squarely notched, 
this notch toothed and notched again. Viewed from the side, the dorsal 
margin is:straight basally, then straight apically, the angle being about 
150°; near its tip, produced into a complex appendage (Fig. n, v) its 
cephalic arm conspicuously chitinized, black, its caudal margin conspic- 
uously fringed with hair. 9th tergite (see n, 9t); caudal angles evenly 
rounded; caudal margin gently concave with a distinct blunt median 
tooth, which, on the ventral surface of the sclerite, is seen to be bent 
ventrad and continued cephalad, as an oval organ densely covered 
with minute chitinized teeth on the ventral surface, these denticules. 
more numerous on the margins. Apical appendages; dorsal-lying, 
viewed laterally, (a), elongate, slender, projecting straight backward, 
the tips expanded, rounded; viewed from above, it is seen that this 
organ is median, but deeply bifid at its tip (nz), giving the appearance 
of being a paired organ; the tips are divergent, enlarged apically into a 
rounded knob. Ventral-lying appendage, viewed laterally (b) subequal 
to the dorsal appendages in length, project caudad and slightly dorsad, 
the tips acutely pointed; from above, this organ is broad, slightly 
notched at the tip, and its dorsal surface appears to be concave. 


Holotype, o&, Igarapé-assié, Para, Brazil, Jan. 26, 1912, 
(HS. Parish, coll.) 

Type in Cornell University Collections. 

I take pleasure in dedicating this interesting species to the 
well-known South American traveller and collector, Mr. H. S. 
Parish. 

This little species is allied to appendens End. but differs 
considerably in coloration; the basal deflection of Cu, is dis- 
tinctly seamed with brown. This insect bears a certain resem- 
blance to aymara but is strikingly distinct in wing coloration 
and hypopygial characters. The flagellar segments in aymara 
are distinctly enlarged at the base; in parishi not at all swollen 
basally, the segments being uniformly cylindrical. 


1912} New Neotropical Tipuline 357 


Tipula atacama, sp. n. 
Small; yellow and brown; wings reddish-brown with hyaline spots; 
femora dark with a light subapical ring. 
2 Length, about 12 mm.; wing, 14.2 mm. 
Fore leg, femur, 6.8 mm.; tibia, 7.6 mm.; tarsus, about 12.5 mm. 


Head: Anterior prolongation of the front and palpi light yellowish- 
brown, the latter darker toward the tip. Antenne, segments 1—3, 
orange-yellow, remainder black. Front with a distinct protuberance 
just behind the antennz; front, vertex and occiput pale yellow. 

Thorax: Pronotum light yellow, a brown transverse mark in front; 
a semi-lunar brown spot on either side behind. Mesonotum, preescutum 
dark brown behind, a broad dark liver-brown median stripe of this 
color beginning near the cephalic margin of the sclerite, broadest in 
front, narrowing behind, reaching the suture; the caudal half of the 
sclerite is thinly grey pruinose; cephalic half, on either side and in 
front, of the median stripe, bright orange; scutum dark brown, thickly 
grey pollinose; scutellum and postnotum dull yellow, brown on the 
sides. Pleurz, brown, more yellowish ventrally; sternum yellow. 
Halteres yellow, knob slightly darker. Legs (fore only remain): coxz 
and trochanter yellow; femur, light yellowish-brown, a dark brownish- 
black ring at the tip with a light yellow subapical ring; tibia and tarsus 
brown. Wings: suffused with pale reddish-brown, adorned with hyaline 
spots arranged about as follows: (1) the clearest fill most of cell 1st Me 
and extends down into the base of cell Ms, the outer deflection of M3 
being whitened; (2) in cell 1R; above the fork of Rs; (3) In cell C above 
the tip of Sc. Less clear spots are in the center of cell R and, nearer the 
tip; a double spot near base of cells Rs and R;; one at base of M and cu; 
pale centers to cells M, Cu and Ist A. Venation as in Fig. d. 

Abdomen: Tergum, light yellow, segments 3—S slightly darker 
brown caudad; extreme ventral margin of tergites dark brownish- 
black. 8th tergite narrow, especially medially, due to the concave 
caudal margin. 9th tergite (see Fig. u) narrow, moderately long; base 
of the ovipositor cylindrical; the valves (u) broad at the base, rapidly 
narrowing to the slender, sub-spatulate tips. 9th sternite broad basally, 
conical, the valves (e) flattened, blade like, shorter than the upper 
valves. 


Holotype, @, San Antonio, Bolivia, (Received from Staud- 
inger-Bang-Haas). 

Type in author’s collection. 

The specific name is that of a native tribe of Indians dwell- 
ing west of the Andes and south of the region inhabited by 
the Aymaras. 

It may be allied to decorata Phil. and frauenfeldi Schin. 
(Chilian species) in the tuberculate front, but is little related 
in other respects. In wing-coloration, atacama shows some 
resemblance to flavipennis Phil. (Chile) but is only about half 
as large and shows conspicuous colorational differences. 


358 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


Tipula maya, sp. n. 
Large; thorax brownish-yellow, striped; wings brown; cross-vein r 
before the fork of Ro43. 
Q Length, 28 mm.; wing, 27.6 mm. 
Fore leg, femur, 14 mm.; tibia, 16.8 mm. 
Middle leg, femur, 15.9 mm.; tibia, 15.4 mm. 
Hind leg, femur, 16.2 mm.; tibia, 18.7 mm.; tarsus, seg. 1, 18 
mm.; seg. 2, 4 mm.; seg. 3—5d, 3.5 mm. 


Head: Anterior prolongation of the front, and the palpi, dark 
brownish-black. Antenne, basal segments brown, flagellum broken. 
Front, vertex and occiput dark brown, occiput paler. 

Thorax: Pronotum dull yellow, the scutum and caudal margin of 
the scutellum brown. Mesonotum, preescutum dull brownish-yellow, 
brighter, yellow, along the lateral margin of the sclerite; extreme 
cephalic margin of the sclerite dark brown, continued backward as a 
narrow median stripe broadening out in the middle but soon becoming 
faint and almost obsolete; the lateral stripe begins at the front angle, 
continues caudad; at about one-third the length of the sclerite it forks, 
the inner branch continuing directly caudad in a line with the main 
stem and running to the transverse suture; it is palest medially, the 
edges brown. The outer branch bends toward the edge of the sclerite 
and continues back to the side of the scutum; scutum brown, dark brown 
on the sides and on the caudal margin; scutellum dark brown medially, 
the sides light brown, a narrow yellow stripe on the cephalic margin; post- 
notum dark brown with a pale narrow, median vitta. Pleure very pale 
brown except the dorsal edge which is yellow; a dark brown band 
extends from the cervical sclerites across the dorsal portions of the 
pleurz, under the root of the wing, fusing with the dark brown of the 
postnotum. Halteres dark brown. Legs: coxe and trochanters light 
yellow; femora light yellowish brown, tip broadly and abruptly dark 
brown; tibia light brown, the tip indistinctly darker; tarsi light brown, 
the tips o the individual segments dark brown. Wings: Uniformly 
suffused with brown; cells C and Sc more yellowish-brown; stigma 
brown; cell 2nd Ry, Re and tip of Rs darker brown; a brown seam on 
“most of the veins and a brown cloud in cell M at about four-fifths the 
length of Cu. Venation. (see Fig. a); Rs long, gently arcuated, twice 
as long as Rey; before 7; about as long as the basal deflection of Cu; 
Ro,3 straight, Re about two-thirds as long as R43. The radial cross-vein 
connects R; with Re,3 before its fork, this distance on Re,3 between r 
and the fork about equal to the cross-vein r-m. Basal deflection of 
R45 a trifle longer than r-m; cross-vein m about twice as long as r-m; 
cell Ist Mz about pentagonal, its inner face (segment one, Mj.) about 
as long as the cephalic face (segment two, M142); cross-vein m-cu oblit- 
erated by fusion. Petiole of cell M; about as long as this cell. Cuz about 
as long as the deflection of Cun. 

Abdomen: Tergum, segment 1, yellowish on basal half, dark 
brown on caudal half and on the sides; segment 2 deep reddish-brown 
with an indistinct dark brown median stripe and lateral margins; in the 


1912] New Neotropical Tipuline 359 


middle an interrupted narrow grey transverse stripe; segments 3—7 
similar, but the transverse grey impression is close to the base of the 
sclerite; segment 8 narrow, its caudal margin with an obtuse median 
tooth and an obtuse notch on either side (see Fig. t); 9th dark brown; 
sternites yellow, on segments 4—6 darker, brownish. Upper valves of 
the ovipositor (u) very slender, the tip not enlarged; 9th sternum long, 
its caudal margin deeply notched; valves short, acicular (1). 

Holotype, 2°, Aguna, Guatemala, Cent. Am. (alt. 1030 ft.) 
Aug. 6, 1902, (Dr. G. Eisen, coll.) 

Type in U.S. Nat. Mus. Coll. (No. 15,075). 

The specific name is derived from an ancient tribe of Indians 
dwelling in Yucatan and the adjoining parts of Guatemala, 
famous for their high degree of culture and the wonderful 
structures that they built. 

In the size and wing-coloration, this species suggests certain 
members of the oblique-fasciata group, (oblique-fasciata Mcqt.; 
cravert Bell.), but differs notably in venational- and leg-charac- 
ters. In general color it resembles the next species, fumipennis, 
of Peru. 

The venation is very like Holorusia Loew, and it is quite 
possible that maya may prove to belong to this genus: It is 
much smaller than rubiginosa Loew, which has the wings more 
uniform, dorsal thoracic stripes not clear, petiole of cell M;, 
short, etc. 

Tipula fumipennis, sp. n. 
Large; thorax dark brown; wings brown; tarsi very long. 
2 Length, about 19 mm.; wing, 23 mm. 
Fore leg, femur, 13.6 mm.; tibia, 14.5 mm.; tarsus, about 35 mm. 
Hind leg, femur, 18 mm.; tibia, 15.8 mm.; tarsus, about 39 mm. 

Head: Anterior prolongation of the front rich reddish-brown; 
palpi dark brown. Antennz basal segments reddish; flagellum broken. 
Front reddish; vertex rich reddish-brown, pale, almost white medially, 
this pale color including the occiput. 

Thorax: Pronotum rich brownish-yellow with two parallel dark 
brown marks on either side of the median line. Mesonotum, preescutum 
dark chocolate brown without distinct stripes; scutum and scutellum 
gradually paler brown, the postnotum yellowish with a very narrow, 
indistinct median brown line. Pleure, propleuree and cephalic portions 
of the mesopleure dark brown, except a very broad, conspicuous, yel- 
low band running across the dorsal portions of the pleurze from the 
pronotal scutellum back to under the wing-basis; remainder of pleuree 
yellow. Halteres brown, extreme base of stem yellowish. Legs: coxe, 
anterior and middle, dark brown, hind coxe lighter, yellowish-brown; 
femora, tibiz and tarsi brown. Wings: Infumed with brown; cells C 
and Sc brighter, yellowish; above the stigma grey; stigma and cell 


360 Annals Entomological Society of America _[Vol. V, 


2d Ri, dark brown; a brown cloud at the origin of Rs; veins broadly 
margined with the dark-ground color leaving the centers of the cells 
pale. Venation: Rs rather long, somewhat angulated basally; Rois 
about one-third longer than Rg»; cross-vein r connects Ry far beyond the 
fork of Ro43; deflection of Ri;; and r-m about subequal; sides of the 
elongate cell Ist Me parallel, petiole of cell M, short, only about one- 
third as long as the cell; cross-vein m-cu indicated by a point. Ct 
one-half longer than the basal deflection of Cun. 

Abdomen: Tergum, brown, 2d segment deeply impressed in the 
center, except at the median line; lateral margins of the sclerites with a 
basal yellow triangle; sternites yellow, caudal margins darker, brownish. 
Ovipositor: Segment 9 short, the valves slender, but flattened blade- 
like; lower valves, short, very high, blade-like; nearly twice as high 
as the tergal valves. 


Holotype, @, Piches and Perene Vs., Peru, 2000-3000 feet, 
(Pres. by Soc. Geog. de Lima). 
Coll. U. S.Nat. Mus. (No: 15,074): 


Microtipula, gen. n. 

Antenne elongated in the o and apparently 12-segmented, the 
flagellar segments very elongated, clothed with a long, pale pubescence; 
two or three bristles at the base of each segment and, usually, one near 
the middle. Anterior prolongation of the front short; nasus not dis- 
tinct. Wings: Sc long extending beyond the origin of Rs to a distance 
about equal to Roi3; Rs long, gently arcuated, not quite as long as R;; 
cross-vein r at the fork. Re indicated only basally, its tip atrophied. 
Cross-vein 7-m short, about as long as 7; cross-vein m long, a little less 
than the basal deflection of Mj,2; cross-vein m-cu obliterated by the 
touching of Cu, and M3. Hypopygium complex, penis very long. 
Type, M. amazonica, sp. n. 

This genus is proposed for a tiny species from Eastern 
Brazil, which, by its combination of characters, will not fit 
into any of the existing genera. In its venation (i. e. oblitera- 
tion of the terminal section of R,) the species suggests certain 
Dolichopezine genera. In my key to the Dolichopezini* it 
would not fit in either of the primary sections; in the Megis- 
tocera group because of its complex hypopygium or in the 
Dolichopeza group because of its 12-segmented antenne. It 
bears a slight resemblance to Megistomastix which has a very 
different hypopygium and 13-segmented antenne. I prefer 
to believe it to belong to the Tipulini. In Skuse’s keyj to the 
Tipuline genera it would run down to Habromastix of Australia. 
However, this genus as well as all the 77pulini known to me, 

*Psyche; Vol. 19, p. 64 (April, 1912). 


tDipt. Austral.; pt. 8; Tipul. longipalpi (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.; Vol. 5, 
(2d series). Feb. 26, 1890; p. 78-81.) 


1912] New Neotropical Tipuline 361 


has the terminal section of R. more or less preserved.{ I 
prefer to believe that the species represents a new genus to 
which I have applied the above name from the small size of the 
included form. 

Microtipula amazonica, sp. n. 


Bluish grey; o& antennz elongated, 2 short; wings hyaline with 
brown markings. | 

o Length, 6.2 mm.; wing, 7.2 mm.; antennz, about 5.5 mm. 
Fore leg, femur, 4.4 mm.; tibia, 5.9 mm.; tarsus, 9.4 mm. 
Middle leg, femur, 4.5 mm.; tibia, 5.3 mm. 
2 Length, about 6.8 mm.; wing, 7.4 mm. 
Fore leg, femur, 4.9 mm.; tibia, 6 mm. 
Middle leg, femur, 5.2 mm.; tibia, 5.3 mm.; tarsus, about 9.4 mm. 
Hind leg, femur, 4.9 mm.; tibia, 5.4 mm.; tarsus, about 10 mm. 


oHead: Anterior prolongation of the front short, dark brown; 
palpi, lighter, yellowish-brown. Antenne, segments 1—2, yellowish- 
brown; segment 3 brown; remaining segments dark brownish-black, the 
segments elongated, not enlarged basally, covered with a long pale 
pubescence; a few long dark basal bristles. Front brown; vertex and 
occiput clear bluish-grey. 

Thorax: Cervical sclerites bluish-grey; pronotum clear light grey, 
unmarked. Mesonotum, prascutum greyish with a thick blue-grey 
bloom, especially thick on the sides and in front, leaving a cuneiform 
median mark, grey; scutum and scutellum grey; postnotum with a 
decided blue-grey bloom. Pleurz bluish-grey. Halteres brown, the knob 
dark brown. Legs: coxe yellow, greyish pruinose on the front; tro- 
chanters dull yellow; femora yellow, the tip broadly dark brown; tibize 
yellowish brown, the tip darker; tarsi brown. Wings: Subhyaline; cells 
C and Sc dark brown; stigma oval, brown, filling in the tip of cell 
lst R; and the extreme base of cell 2d Ry. Tip of cell 2d Ri, most of 
cell Rs, cephalic portion of R; median portion of M, and seams along 
most of the veins paler brown. Venation (see Fig. 1) as in the genus. 

Abdomen: Tergum, segments 1—2 yellow, dark brown apically 
and on the sides of the sclerites; 5th dark brown, except the basal 
third; 6th mostly yellow, darker, almost black, on the apical half and 
along the lateral margin of the sclerite; 7th black; base of Sth suffused, 
black. Hypopygium (see Fig. q): Sth sternite rather long, at least twice 
as long as the 7th and even higher; 8th tergite short, about two-thirds 
as long as the 7th and not as deep. 9th sternite, viewed from the side, 
rather short, the ventral margin about straight, the caudal end gently 
rounded, with an appendage (e); dorsal side with a rounded, chitinized 
black knob; appendage of the sternite broad, bi-lobed, the ventral lobe 
with a long flexible, finger-like tip projecting caudad and dorsad; the 
upper, or cephalic, lobe lying closely appressed to its dorsal margin, 
elongate-cylindrical, rather fleshy. 9th tergite (in the drawing, Fig. q, 9, 

tPehlkea End. show a species in which Ry seems to be present; the venation, 
apparently, is misinterpreted in the figure. (Zool. Jahrb.; Vol. 32, pt. 1, p. 15.) 


362 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V; 


the 9th tergite is seen from a dorsal aspect) viewed from above, rectan- 
gular with a very deep oval notch, the lateral lobes squarely truncated 
at the tips, clothed with long hairs, these longest at the apex; a few hairs 
on the ventral face. Penis (p.) extremely long and slender projecting 
far beyond the genital chamber and is almost half as long as the whole 
abdomen. 

9 Like the o’, but antennz short; segments 1—5 light yellow, 
these gradually darkened; pleure lighter grey; dark femoral tips not so 
broad. Abdomen, tergum, segments 1—2, yellow, tip and margin 
darker; segment 3 almost all black except the base; segments 4—5, 
yellow except the black lateral margin; segments 6—7 black; tip of 
abdomen yellow; valves of the ovipositor quite short and blunt. 


Holotype, o, Igarapé-assi, Para, Brazil, Jan. 29, 1912, 
(Ho Ss Parish, colle) 

Allotype, 2, same locality and collector; Jan. 27, 1912. 

Type in Cornell University Collection. 

This insect differs considerably from all the described forms 
in its small size and blue-grey coloration. 

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XXIV, XXV, XXVI. 

The wings are all drawn to scale by the projection microscope in Cornell 

University. 


Fig. a. Wing of 9 Tipula maya, sp. n. 
Fig. b. Wing of 9 Tipula aymara, sp. n. 


Fig. c. Wing of o Tipula inca, sp. n. 

Fig. d. Wing of 9 T1pula atacama, sp. n. 

Fig. e. Wing of o& Tipula guato, sp. n. 

Fig. f. Wing of 9 Tipula smith, sp. n. 

Fig. g. Wing of o Tipula armatipennis, sp. n. 

Fig. h. Wing of o& Pachyrhina trinidadensis, sp. n. 

Fig. i. Wing of 9 Microtipula amazonica, sp. 0. 
J 


Hypopygium of Pachyrhina trinidadensis. (lateral aspect). 8t, 9t=8th 
and 9th tergites; 7s, 8s, 9s=7th-9th sternites; c equals dorsal apical 
appendage. j 1=ventral apical appendage enlarged. j. 2 is tip of dorsal 
apical appendage enlarged. 

Fig. k. Hypopygium of Pachyrhina macrosterna, sp. n. The ventral apical appen- 

dage enlarged. k, tip of dorsal apical appendage, enlarged. 

Fig. 1. Hypopygium of Tipula inca (lateral aspect); li, (dorsal aspect). 

Fig. m. Hypopygium of Tipula aymara (lateral aspect) 

m,. Looking into the genital chamber. 

Fig. n. Hypopygium of Tipula parishi, sp. n. (lateral aspect). 

ni, ventral aspect; ne, tip of dorsal apical appendage. 

Fig. o. Hypopygium of Tipula armatipennis. (lateral aspect). p=part of the 

exserted penis. 

Fig. p. Hypopygium of Tipula guato. (lateral aspect.) 

Fig. q. Hypopygium of Microtipula amazonica (lateral aspect). (N. B.—The 9th 

tergite is shown from a dorsal aspect.) 

Fig. r. Ovipositor of Pachyrhina macrosterna. (dorsal aspect). 

Fig. s. Ovipositor of Tipula aymara (dorsal aspect). 8t, 9t=8th and 9th tergites. 

u=upper valve (tergal); 1=lower valve (sternal). s;=ventral aspect. 

Fig. t. Ovipositor of Tipula maya. (dorsal aspect). 

Fig. u. Ovipositor of Tipula atacama (dorsal aspect). 

Fig. v. Ovipositor of Tipula armatipennis (ventral aspect). vi, lateral aspect, 

9s=9th sternite. 

Fig. w. Ovipositor of Tipula smithi, (dorsal aspect). wi, lateral aspect. 


Fig. j. 


ANNALS E. S. A. 


VoL. V, PLATE XXIV. 


C. P. Alexander. 


VoL. V. PLATE XV. 


ANNALS E. S. A. 


Alexander. 


iP 


C. 


ANNALS E. S. A. VOL. V, PLATE XXVI. 


C. P. Alexander. 


LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS OF TROGODERMA 
TARSALE (MELSH.), A MUSEUM PEST. 


J. E. WoDSEDALEK, 
Fellow in Zoology, University of Wisconsin. 


CONTENTS. 
Description. 
Distribution and Damages. 
Life History. 
Moulting. 
Pupation. 
Courtship and Mating. 
Feeding. 
Variation in Size Among the Adults. 
Phototactic Reactions and Death Feigning. 
Results of Experiments on Starvation of the Larve. 


eee COR NT eS 


_ 


1. DESCRIPTION. 


H. F. Jayne (1882) in his “Revision of the Dermestide of 
the United States”’ gives the following description of Trogoderma 
tarsale, which he says is identical with 7. inclusum: 


“T. inclusum (Lec.)—Oval, somewhat oblong, black, clothed with 
moderately long, semi-erect black pubescence. Elytra with four sinuous 
‘confluent bands of red, bearing whitish pubescence. Head coarsely 
and densely punctured, quite sparsely pubescent. Eyes deeply emar- 
ginate in front, not very prominent. Antenne testaceous. Thorax 
finely punctate, moderately pubescent. Elytra black, with four irregular 
bands of red, bearing grayish pubescence, the rest with sparse black 
pubescence, coarsely punctate. Body beneath piceous, coarsely punctate, 
with cinereous recumbent pubescence. Antennal fossa deep, occupying 
nearly all the space between the front and lateral margins. Prosternum 
short, moderately wide, convex, not carinate. Abdominal segments 
rufous, apical margins paler, pubescent. Legs rufo-testaceous. Length 
.OS—.16 inch; 2—4 mm. Male antennal joints 1 and 2 large, 3—4 very 
‘small, 5—11 forming the club, which is not deeply pectinate. 

“Female. Antennal joints 1 and 2 large, 3—7 small, S—11 forming 
the club. T. tarsale and T. pallipes are identical with this species.”’ 


F. H. Snow (1882) gives the following description of the 
larva and pupa. “In Dr. Hagen’s list of Museum pests ob- 
served in Cambridge,’’ published in the Proceedings of the Bos- 
ton Society of Natural History, Vol. XX, I find no mention of 
the above species, and in order that eastern collectors may 
guard against its introduction into their cabinets I give the 
following brief description of its larva and pupa. 


367 


368 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol-Wis 


LARVA. 

‘“Measurements, when full grown: Length, exclusive of caudal 
hairs, 5.4 mm.; inclusive of caudal hairs, 8 mm.; breadth, 1.6 mm. 
Upper dermal surface reddish brown; lower surface vitreous white; 
entire surface covered with short, soft, yellowish brown hairs; each 
stigmatic orifice surrounded by a stellate tuft of longer setose hairs, of 
variable length and of the same color as the general hairy covering. 
The upper surface of the last three segments is entirely concealed by a 
dense mass of short, erect dark brown hairs so nearly equal in length as 
to present the appearance of having been cut off with shears, like the 
bristles of a very compact brush. The sides of the upper surface of the 
two preceding segments have a similar covering. The two caudal 
appendages, which attain one-half the length of the body are notice- 
ably separated when the larva is in motion, often appear to the eye to 
consist each of a single, stout, elongated bristle, but, under the micro- 
scope, are seen to be composed in each case of from twenty to 
twenty-five hairs. 

PUPA. 

‘Length, 4 mm.; breadth, 2 mm. 

“Enclosed within the larval skin, and visible only from above, 
where the larval skin is longitudinally split open along the median 
dorsal line from head to anal segment. Abruptly narrows to a point at 
the anal extremity. Removed from larval skin, the entire surface of 
the pupa is seen to be covered with short, soft, light yellowish brown 
hairs, except at the center of dorsal surface which contains three 
minute transverse incisions or furrows. The anterior margin of each 
furrow is straight while the posterior margin is curved. Examined 
under the microscope, both margins of each incision are seen to be 
minutely dentate, but the teeth of the posterior margins are more 
prominent than those of the anterior margins.”’ 


Dr. Snow has apparently obtained and measured larve of . 
the average size, for the larve attain a much larger size than 
5.4 mm. We have collected and raised a large number of 
specimens which have attained the size of 7 mm., and not 
infrequently do we obtain larve as long as 8 mm., exclusive of 
the caudal hairs, and 10 mm. including the caudal hairs. The 
breadth of such specimens is 2.6 mm. Very frequently in the 
full grown larve the upper surface of the last five segments is 
entirely concealed by the dense mass of hairs and the sides of 
the upper surface of as many as four of the preceding segments. 
have a similar covering. 

The life history of T. tarsale has never been worked out, 
and a few scattered notes, most of which are subsequently 
quoted in this paper, comprise the literature on this well known 
museum pest. 


LOU 5 Life History of Trogoderma Tarsale 369 


2. DISTRIBUTION AND DAMAGES. 


C. V. Riley (1883) says, “It is in fact the most common 
museum pest in this country and it is strange that Dr. Hagen 
in his paper on museum pests does not mention it. It is by no 
means peculiar to the West as the Professor seems to suppose. 
Here in Washington it is by far the most dangerous enemy to 
insect collections, and much more frequent than Anthrenus 
varius. In the field its larva is occasionally found in the 
cracks of hollow trees and similar situations, feeding on dead 
insects, but it is far more common in the deserted cells of 
Pelopoeus, Odynerus, Anthophora and other Hymenoptera, 
that store their cells with spiders or other insects.” 

The various notes on this beetle plainly indicate that in the 
United States it is distributed from coast to coast, and that it 
is especially abundant in the northern states. As a museum 
pest no other beetle can do more harm than T. tarsale which 
when once introduced into a building, is by no means easy to 
exterminate. Mounted insects especially suffer from the pest 
and large collections are often wholly destroyed by the larve. 
Here at the University of Wisconsin, as well as in numerous 
other places, in spite of the great pains taken in frequently 
inspecting the insect boxes, and in keeping them tightly covered, 
a large number of useful as well as rare specimens belonging to 
Dr. William S. Marshall are annually destroyed by the larve. 
Dr. Marshall says that they have even entered Riker mounts 
and eaten the insects contained therein. Not only do the 
larve attack animal matter such as dried insects, cocoons, furs, 
skins, wool, feathers, etc., but very frequently they are found 
devouring vegetable matter as cereals, seeds of all sorts, nuts, 
and even spices. In the University Drug Collection they were 
found by the thousands devouring flax and cotton seeds which 
had been stored away for a long time. 

F. H. Chittenden (1895) in a paper on some Dermestidee 
says, ‘“T. tarsale Melsh., a common museum pest, was found 
to infest flax seed, castor beans, and cayenne pepper that 
had been on exhibition in the museum of the U. S. Dept. of 
Agric., the larve being reared from the eggs deposited in these 
substances and the adults having been bred from other larve 
feeding on them.” 


370 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


L. O. Howard (1904) in the extracts from correspondence 
gives the following note: ‘‘Dr. George S. Yingling, Tiffin, 
Ohio, sent to this office (U. 5. Dept. of Agric.) with accompany- 
ing letter dated May 30, 1903, a glass charm with sterling 
silver band, inclosing a common French beetle, frequently used 
as an ornament, together with larva of the cabinet beetle 
(T. tarsale) which was destroying it. By careful examination 
of the top of the charm it was seen that there was a crack large 
enough for the admission of the larva when it was young.”’ 

Another note, found in Insect Life (1894) is as follows: 
‘““Trogoderma tarsale (Melsh.). Breeding by thousands in 
silkworm cocoons in the U. 8S. Gov’t Bldg,, a well-known 
museum pest, probably identical with European species.”’ 


aot We EES TORN 


T. tarsale may be found in all stages of development through- 
out the year in well-heated buildings. Under favorable con- 
ditions such as are found in the average museum, with the 
ordinary room temperature and plenty of food, I have obtained 
two and a partial third generation in one year. Some of the 
specimens which hatched in January metamorphosed in June 
and some of their young in turn matured and laid eggs in 
October, thus giving rise to a third generation before the end 
of the year. 

The beetles usually pair on the day following their emergence 
from the pupal skins. The eggs, varying in number from as 
few as three to as many as sixty, are laid in convenient places 
from three to five days after copulation. The young larve 
hatch from ten to fourteen days later, the time depending 
largely on temperature. Under ordinary room temperature 
they hatch on the average in twelve days. The larve, almost 
immediately after hatching, begin to feed on the material at 
hand and, as a rule, do not wander unless the food is decidedly 
poor or scarce. Quite frequently a large number of them hatch 
in the same insect which had reared the parents and very 
seldom they desert it until it is almost completely devoured. 

In one case eighty-six larve hatched in the dry body of a 
May-beetle (Lachnosterna) in which the parents had completed 
their life history, and, although several other dried insects 
were present in the same small dish, they were not attacked 
until the May-beetle was almost completely devoured. The 


1912] Life History of Trogoderma Tarsale Byes 


growth of the larva depends to a considerable extent on temper- 
ature and the abundance of food, and it is retarded by cold 
weather and scarcity of nourishment. 

The foregoing factors, however, are not always the cause of 
slow development. I have noticed that in almost every brood 
there is a wide variation in the growth of the various specimens 
under identical external conditions. Very often some speci- 
mens attain full size, metamorphose, and produce young long 
before others are half grown; but not infrequently do these 
young overtake the other members of their parent group and 
even reach maturity much sooner under the same conditions. 
The small, oblong, white eggs are apparently all of the same 
size and yet some of the larve hatching from them seem to be 
unable to get started in their development. The majority of 
the specimens, however, mature in about the same length of 
time, which is from five to six months. 

Another very interesting thing which occurred regularly in 
these studies is the fact that frequently some individuals attain 
an apparently full size within a comparatively short time, but 
do not enter the pupal stage for a surprisingly long period 
thereafter. These larve are active, continue to feed, and are 
‘normal in their behavior, but there must somewhere be a cause 
for the sudden halt in their development. We are keeping in 
the laboratory a large number of larve which have been full- 
grown for over two years, and even very favorable conditions 
do not seem to effect a metamorphosis. A number of speci- 
mens are being kept under different conditions, but thus 
far nothing entirely conclusive has been obtained. 


Summary of Variations in the Life History of Different 
Individuals of the Same Generation. 


1. The adults lay eggs from three to seven days after 
emergence. — 

2. The number of eggs laid by different individuals varies 
from five to sixty-two in number. 

3. The eggs hatch in ten to sixteen days, depending largely 
on temperature. 

4. Larval life lasts from five to forty months or more.* 

5. The time of pupation is from eleven to seventeen days. 

6. The age of adults varies from ten to thirty-two days. 


*At present we have a number of live larve which have lived forty months. 


372 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


4. MOULTING. 


There is an extremely wide variation in the rate of moulting 
and the number of larval skins shed by the different individuals 
of this species. In general, under normal conditions, the 
larve moult once in about every two weeks, but there are many 
peculiarities worthy of mention. The same specimen often 
sheds its skin very irregularly, sometimes within ten days and 
then again, under practically the same conditions, not until a 
period of three weeks or more has elapsed. In general, growing 
individuals moult more frequently than do those which have 
attained their full size. Specimens which are slow in their 
development, as a rule moult less frequently than do the larve 
which develop at the average rate. Not infrequently, however, 
does a decidedly slow growing specimen moult almost regularly 
once in every two weeks. The full grown larve, previously 
spoken of, which continue to live for a long time before entering 
the pupal stage, have, in general, a decidedly slow rate of 
ecdysis. The average rate is about once in every four weeks 
and this gradually decreases as the specimen grows older; but 
here again there is a wide variation, the different specimens 
moulting once in a period of time which varies from three to 
nine weeks. 

Thus we see that the number of moults is by no means 
constant. The majority of the specimens which complete 
their life history in about five months shed their skins from 
eight to twelve times, whereas, many of the individuals with 
the prolonged larval history moulted more than twenty times. 
The greatest number of moults which I have recorded to the 
present time for any individual is thirty-two, but the number 
will probably be much greater as these larve are still alive 
and in apparently good condition. 

The larve never eat their own skins nor the skins of other 
individuals of this species, even though they may be in a starv- 
ing condition. This was conclusively proved by placing 
specimens singly, or in numbers, in glass vials for the purpose 
of starving the larva, and even after many months of starvation, 
and after the larve had moulted several times, the skins were 
never atacked. 

Shortly before moulting the specimen becomes inactive, and 
a split soon appears in the larval skin along the median dorsal 


1912] Life History of Trogoderma Tarsale 373 


line; this extends from the head, through the thorax and partly 
down the abdomen. The larva bends over and assumes a semi- 
circular position which permits the extrication of the thorax and 
head. The legs are then pulled out of their coverings and 
the light colored larva crawls out of the exuvia. Its new, soft, 
chitinous covering soon hardens and assumes the natural 
yellowish brown color within a few hours. 

C. V. Riley (1883) in an article on the number of moults 
and length of larval life as influenced by food, says, ‘Since 
March 13, 1879, we have kept two larve of that common 
museum pest (Trogoderma tarsale) in a light tin box with an old 
silkworm cocoon. They were half grown when placed in the 
box. On Nov. 8, 1880, there were in the box twenty-eight 
larval skins, all very much of a size, the larve having apparently 
grown but little. The skins were removed and the box closed 
again as tightly as possible. Recently, or after a lapse of two 
years, the box was again opened and we found one of the larve 
dead and shriveled up, but the other was living and apparently 
not changed in appearance. There were fifteen larva skins in 
the box. We cannot tell when the one larva died, but it is 
certain that within a little more than three and one-third years 
two larve shed not less than 43 skins, and that one larva did 
not, during that time, appreciably increase in size. 

‘“We know of no observations which indicate the normal or 
average length of life or number of molts in either Tenebrio or 
Trogoderma, but it is safe to assume from what is known, in 
these respects, of allied species, that in both the instances here 
referred to, but particularly in the case of Trogoderma, develop- 
ment was retarded by insufficient nutrition and that the frequent 
molting and slow growth resulted therefrom and were 
correlated.”’ 

My observations and numerous experiments on the starva- 
tion of T. tarsale do not corroborate Riley’s statement that 
insufficient nutrition of larve in all stages of development show 
that a lack of nutrition retards the frequency of moulting. 
Specimens which ordinarily on favorable diet moulted once in 
two weeks, moulted on the average less than half as frequently 
when deprived of food. 

Summary of Variations in Moulting. 

1. Larve shed their first skin from four to nine days after 
hatching. 


374 Annals Entomological Society of America  [Vol. V, 


2. The period between the next succeeding moults, in 
growing individuals, varies from nine to thirty-six days. 

3. The number of moults in different individuals varies 
from eight to thirty-two or more.* 

4. The rate of moulting in full grown larve, more than one 
year old, is once in eighteen to sixty-five days. 

5. Specimens under starvation moult once in fourteen to 
seventy-eight days. 

be | -PUPAMRION. 

When the larva reaches full growth the pupa begins to form 
within the last larval skin; and from three to five days later 
the skin splits down the median dorsal line and the light-yel- 
lowish pupa is exposed. The period of pupation lasts from 
eleven to seventeen days, though this may be considerably 
increased by low temperature, and we have noticed that the 
males are somewhat more precocious than the females. When 
the insects are fully developed they emerge through the large 
dorsal opening of the pupal skin. Should a specimen be 
forced out of the larval case when not fully matured though 
capable of locomotion, it invariably returns to its former 
position within the protective larval skin upon coming in 
contact with it. The females, after their elytra attain the dark 
adult color, usually remain in the. pupal cases a day or two 
longer than the males. The average life of the adult insect 
lasts about three weeks. 

6. COURTSHIP AND MATING. 


The females, on the day of their emergence, avoid the male 
specimens, but the following day or later they become submis- 
sive and copulation takes place. The male on coming in con- 
tact with a sexually excited female rubs his antennz against her 
abdomen and then quickly turning around brings the point of 
his abdomen in contact with that of the female. Promiscuous 
mating is general; a male usually impregnates a number of 
females and a female usually accepts several males. It might 
be well in this connection to mention the fact that the sense of 
smell is not well developed in this species. Experimental work 
shows that male specimens are unaware of the presence of 
sexually excited females, even when they are but a very short 
distance apart. 


*Some of the larve previously mentioned as having already lived almost 
three and a half years, have up to the present time moulted thirty-two times. 


1912] Life History of Trogoderma Tarsale Son 


A large number of females, immediately after the completion 
of metamorphosis, were placed in separate vials and not allowed 
to befertilized. In asingle case only were there any eggs laid and 
those were only three in number. The life of non-pregnant 
females is, in general, somewhat prolonged. It was also found 
that extremely small female specimens are sterile. 


7. FEEDING. 


The wide variety of substances upon which this species can 
subsist has already been mentioned when speaking of their 
ravages, but it might be well to give the relative value of some 
of the substances as food for the larve. The pests seem to 
thrive best on dried insects and fish, and although they can live 
on wool and feathers their growth is decidedly slow when they 
feed on these materials. A number of specimens immediately 
after hatching were placed on a feather diet and, although they 
are now over two years old, they have grown but very little, 
When they were a year old they were very little larger than the 
newly hatched individuals, and at the end of the second year of 
life, they reached a meager size equal to that which specimens 
fed on insects ordinarily attain in two weeks. Their develop- 
ment on wool is even slower. 

F. H. Chittenden (1897) says, “One jar of flaxseed from the 
museum exhibit of the department is infested chiefly by this 
common museum pest. Many of the larve may be seen 
through the glass, and large patches of their yellowish-brown 
gnawings and excrement show where they have been at work. 
In castor beans a few larve were present. 

‘That these species of Trogoderma can subsist on a vegetable 
diet is as positive as it is surprising. No other Coleoptera to 
my knowledge live on oil seeds, and I had nearly arrived at the 
conclusion that as this form of matter was the nearest approach 
to animal food available, that these insects could only thrive on 
such vegetable substances as contain a considerable portion of 
oleaginous matter. Judge of my astonishment, then, when a 
few weeks after the discovery of the Trogoderma living in oil 
seeds, Dr. Howard brought me a box nearly full of cayenne 
pepper in which were several Trogoderma larve. The most 
careful search failed to show even fragments of that well-known 
red pepper pest, Sitodrepa panicea, or of any other insect than 
the dermestid. Subsequently the adult was reared and proved 
to be Trogoderma tarsale. 


376 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


“It seeming desirable to ascertain if this species would 
breed on so pungent a substance as cayenne pepper, a few 
adults were confined with a quantity of this condiment. In 
due time larve appeared and when examined August 20, or 
nearly ten weeks from the time the eggs were deposited, were in 
vigorous condition, the average individual measuring a tenth 
of an inch in length, or about half that of the full-grown larva. 
Toward the end of September, while passing through the mu- 
seum of this department, my attention was attracted by an 
accumulation of powder and dust about the edges of an exhibit 
of peanut oil cake, and another of Indian turnip bulbs. A 
great number of the larve and their cast skins were found 
under and on the under surface of the cakes; also in flour and 
meal prepared from peanuts. The Indian turnip bulbs were 
very old and dry, and might have been on exhibition twenty 
years or more. 

‘“When this insect infests a substance of similar color and 
consistency to flour and meal only a few larve are sufficient, on 
account of their extraordinary habit of frequently molting, to 
occasion alarm. In fact, appearances are much worse than the 
reality. Thus, in a small box of peanut meal in which these 
larve had taken up their abode, about forty larval skins had 
accumulated when examined September 27, completely cover- 
ing one-half of the surface of the meal, and giving the impression 
of a whole colony of the insects. 

‘““After the experiences narrated I was prepared for almost 
anything, and was expecting that as this species was as nearly 
‘omnivorous as the preceding, it would in time be found like 
them to be granivorous. Having convinced myself by the 
process of ‘reasoning by analogy’ that the insect must be a 
grain feeder, I had resolved to experiment with a view of ascer- 
taining if the species would feed upon cereal food. A compul- 
sory delay of a few days saved me the trouble. While the 
Division of Entomology was moving into new quarters a bag 
of ‘Saskatchewan fif’’ spring wheat, formerly kept in stock for 
gratuitous distribution, and described on the label as a hard, 
amber variety with an exceedingly heavy grain, was unearthed, 
in which the larva of this insect was living, there being present 
no other insects except a colony of Anthrenus and a single stray 
Silvanus. In fact, this grain is so hard and flinty that weevils 
would not flourish on it. 


1912] Life History of Trogoderma Tarsale Bae 


“Soon afterwards I found. larve in another lot of wheat 
infested with Silvanus, and in corn containing Calandra oryza 
and other small beetles. About the same time, Mr, Frank 
Benton brought me larve found in beehives, where they appar- 
ently fed upon propolis, or bee glue. There are several recorded 
instances of Dermestes lardarius feeding upon wax,* or, more 
properly speaking, honeycomb, and it is therefore fairly certain 
that Trogoderma has the same habit, although not previously 
reported in beehives. 

‘‘Among the divisional notes I find one recording the receipt 
of six larve of this species in a box of red pepper, from a cor- 
respondent in Utah, November 22, 1882. These larvze were 
kept in the box of-pepper for a year, at which time fifty-four 
cast skins were noticed. The box was examined January 14, 
1887, or over four years from the time of its receipt, when two 
larve and seventy more cast skins were found, but no trace of 
beetles, although it had been kept closed, so that it was 
impossible for either larve or adults to escape. It is very 
obvious that four larve, or the beetles that developed from 
them, had died in the interim and were then devoured by their 
fellows. Inany case, the adult was not reared, and no published 
statement was made of the larva having been found living 
in the condiment. 

“The capability of this species to breed in other seeds was 
demonstrated by the discovery of the larve living upon “‘kolu’’, 
an edible leguminous seed somewhat resembling a cowpea. 
The insect had evidently been first attracted by the dead 
bodies of the original inhabitant of the seeds, the weavil, 
Bruchus chinensis, but had afterwards fed upon the seeds, even 
hollowing them out and leaving only the empty shells. Ina 
similar manner, larvee were found, together with those of 
Attagenus, in millet and pumpkin seeds that had formerly been 
inhabited by the polyphagous Indian-meal moth, Plodia 
inter punctella.’’t 

In the case of the six larve found in the red pepper it is not 
likely that four of them metamorphosed, because if they had 
it is certain that they would not have been entirely devoured by 

tee 6th Report, pp. 122-123; Dubini (L’Ape e il suo Governo, 1881, 
is rine the preparation of this paper was completed. Dr. John Hamilton has 


recorded the breeding of Trogoderma tarsale in packed figs (Canadian Entomol- 
ogist, Vol. XXVIII, p. 262, Oct., 1896).’’ 


378 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


their fellows. The hard chitinous covering and the elytre are 
never completely devoured even by starving specimens. It is 
much more probable that they died in the larval stage and were 
later devoured by the other two larve; or they might have 
shrivelled up and darkened, and were thus easily overlooked. 
. That the two larve which were present four years later were two 
of the original six is highly probable. There are several larve 
in our laboratory which were obtained three years ago, when 
they were full grown, and they have apparently not changed 
‘any since. 


8. VARIATION IN SIZE. AMONG THE ADULTS. 


The adult male specimens are smaller, as a rule, than the 
female insects, but the small individuals are not necessarily 
always. males. There is an extemely wide variation in the 
sizes of both sexes which in the adult stage vary from 1.25 mm. 
to 4 mm. in length, the width also being proportionate. It is 
difficult to determine just what is the cause of such a pronounced 
difference. Although poor nutrition gives rise, in general, to 
smaller insects, very small individuals also appear among the 
large ones which have lived under very favorable conditions. 
A marked variation in size of the different larve of the same 
brood is apparent within a few days after they hatch. Obser- 
-vations show, however, that the small, slowly developing larve 
do not always give rise to small adults, as in some cases it is 
merely a matter of taking more time for development. 


9, PHOTOTACTIC REACTIONS AND DEATH FEIGNING. 


The larve immediately after hatching manifest a strong 
negative reaction to light, concealing themselves in any avail- 
able shaded area. If placed near a window they at once begin 
to crawl away from the light, and the reaction is even more 
pronounced when the specimens are taken into a dark room 
and a strong light is introduced at one end of the glass dish 
containing them. This negative phototaxis persists throughout 
the larval life, and just before the larve pass into the pupal 
stage the reaction becomes even more pronounced. Thus, the 
pupz are almost invariably found in dark places which afford 
them a favorable means of protection. 

_ The adults, both male and female, usually retain their 
negative response to light after emerging from their pupal skins. 


1912]. Life History of Trogoderma Tarsale 379 


During the period of sexual excitement which follows a day or 
two later the insects are still negative and the females remain 
decidedly so ‘until their eggs are safely deposited. Several 
hours later, or the day following the ege- -laying, they gradually 
become indifferent to light and’ finally a complete reversal of 
their former reaction follows. The males, too, become posi- 
tively phototactic during the last days of their lives. Although 
ordinarily the adults remain in the cabinets where they had 
developed till death occurs, we find some occasionally on the 
windows in the rooms where they make their abode. A number 
of such specimens were at different times collected and dissected, 
but in no case were there any eggs found within the bodies of 
the females. This also indicates that the females lay their 
eggs before they reverse their reaction to light and desert their 
places of concealment, and apparently their destruction as a 
museum pest at this late stage is futile. 

The larve in all stages of development feign death when 
disturbed. The period of death feigning, however, is very 
short, lasting only half a minute at the most and usually only 
a few seconds. If the disturbance is continued they no longer 
respond in the same manner. The adult insects when dis- 
turbed fold up their legs and antenne and feign death for a 
much longer time than do the larve; the average feint lasting 
only about half a minute; but specimens frequently feign death 
as long as fifteen minutes. This reaction in the adults, too, 
wears out if the disturbance is repeated. 


10. RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS ON STARVATION OF THE LARVA. 


_ The most interesting feature of the studies on T. tarsale is the 
extremely long period of time that the larve can go without 
food. Even the newly hatched specimens which never had a 
morsel of food to eat live as long as four months. Many of the 
older larve, which are being kept in the laboratory, have not 
had a particle of food during the surprisingly long period of a 
whole year and are still alive and active; and at this stage of the 
experiment it is not possible to say just how long the larve in 
various stages of development are able to exist under such 
conditions. 

A large number of larve of at least eight representative 
stages, varying from newly hatched to full grown individuals 
were collected and placed in covered glass vials, without any 
foodiwhatsoever, for the purpose of starvation. 


380 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


Ten larve of each representative stage, varying from full 
grown to newly hatched specimens, were placed in individual 
vials and also a large number of all the possible combinations 
in two were made. For example, eight full grown larve 7 mm. 
long were placed in eight different vials and together with each 
of these was placed one individual of each of the other repre- 
sentative stages. Thus, we had a vial containing two full 
grown larve, one containing a full grown and a larva about 
6 mm. in length, and so on down the series with a gradually 
greater and greater difference in the size of the two larve within 
the same vial, until the last one contained both a full grown 
and a newly hatched larva. 

The same process was repeated with a larva of 6 mm., 5mm., 
and so on, to the larva 1 mm. in length, and thus all the possible 
combinations between the larve of practically all sizes were 
made. The additional purpose of this latter experiment was 
to determine the extent of cannibalism among the species. 

Three such large groups of vials, as that described above, 
were made and each was placed under somewhat different 
conditions. One group was exposed to day-light in the labor- 
atory, another was kept continually in the dark, and the third 
in a box under a constant thirty-five candle power electric 
light. The last mentioned group of larve had a somewhat 
higher temperature caused by the presence of the electric 
light in the box. 

Measurements of all the individuals were made and a care- 
ful record is being kept. The vials are examined regularly 
and measurements of the several individuals of each representa- 
tive stage are taken and recorded. A record of the cast skins 
is also kept; from some of the vials the exuviz are removed as 
soon as shed and in others they are allowed to remain con- 
tinually for the purpose of determining whether the larve ever 
eat them. It was found that the larve never devour their 
own nor the skins of other, specimens. There is absolutely 
no evidence of cannibalism among the larve; even the full 
grown starving specimens never attack the much smaller 
individuals. Practically all of the insects shed their skins 
shortly after they were placed without food; but between the 
other following ecdyses a period much longer than the normal 
elapsed. Careful measurements soon revealed the surprising 
fact that the larve were actually decreasing in size. In all 


1912] Life History of Trogoderma Tarsale 381 


three of the groups many of the specimens which were less than 
half grown, or 3 mm. in length, at the beginning of the experi- 
ment, had reduced within about six or seven months to the 
minimum size of 1 mm. in length. Many of the full grown 
larvee which were 7 mm. in length have fallen back to less than 
half this size within one year of starvation; others decrease less 
rapidly, some having lost only 2 mm. during the same long 
time. The larve under the constant electric light had a some- 
what higher temperature and decreased more rapidly than did 
those of either of the other two groups; Even some of the full 
grown larve of this group had actually reduced their size 
within eleven months to practically the same measurements 
they had upon hatching, about 1 mm., and then finally died. 
The results of these experiments will be published in detail as 
soon as they are completed. 

I wish to express my thanks to Prof. William S. Marshall 
for his suggestions and kind criticisms in preparing this paper. 


Zoological Laboratory, Univ. of Wisconsin, 
October 15, 1912. 


REFERENCES. 
Chittenden, F. H. 
1895. Herbivorous Habits of Certain Dermestide. Proc. Ass. Econ. Ent., 
Bull. No. 2, n. s., Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 36, 37. 
1897. Granivorous and Other Habits of Certain Dermestide. Bull. No. 8, 
n.s., Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 14-24, 1 Fig. 
Howard, L. O. 
1904. Extract from Correspondence. Bull. No. 44, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. 
Agr., April, pp. 90-99. 
Jayne, H. F. 
~ 1882. Revision of the Dermestidz of the United States. Proc. Amer. Philos. 
Soc., Vol. XX. 
Riley, C. V. 


1883. Trogoderma tarsale as a Museum Pest. Amer. Nat., Vol. 17, p. 199. 
1883. Number of Moults and Length of Larval Life as Influenced by Food. 
Amer. Nat., Vol. 17, pp. 547-548. 
Snow, F. H. 
1882. A New Museum Pest. Psyche, Vol. 3, pp. 351-352. 


1894. Insect Life, Vol. 6, p. 226. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVII. 

All drawings (except Fig. 4) made with a camera lucida. x 10. Stages in the 
Life History of Trogoderma tarsale (Melsh.) 
Fig. 1. A full grown larva. 
Fig. 2. Ventral view of pupa removed from the pupal case. 
Fig. 3. Adult male. 
Fig. 4. Male and female antenne. 
Fig. 5. Dorsal view of pupa as seen through the split in the pupal skin. 


ANNALS E. S. A. , VoL. V, PLATE XXVII. 


J. E. Wodsedalek. 


“THE INTERNAL ANATOMY OF ICERYA PURCHASI. 


Car.L E. JOHNSTON, Stanford University, California. 


The external anatomy, habits and life history of Icerya 
-purchasi are well known through the work of Riley, Comstock 
and others. The present paper contains notes on the internal 
“anatomy of the female, certain details of which depart fram 
any Coccid anatomy previously described. 

This work was done in the Entomological Laboratory ai 
‘Stanford University. 

MOUTH PARTS. 


(Plate XXVIII, Fig. 1.) 


The essential features of the mouth parts of Icerya purchasi 
are the internal chitinous framework, pharynx, and labial 
cavity, the buccal setz, and the external labium. The frame- 
work lies on the ventral body wall in a median line opposite the 
bases of the fore legs, only the posterior ventral side being 
exposed. The bases of the setaze and the pharynx are contained 
in the typical Coccid chitinized box-like structure, lying between 
two indefinitely five-sided areas. The lower plane, or area 
inferior, is considerably the larger. It is bounded on the front 
by the arcus formed by the fusion of the interior end of the 
costae superiores and the coste inferiores, and on the side by 
the right and left coste inferiores, each of these, consisting 
‘of two parts, articulating with it. ' (Pl. XXVIII, fig: 1 b). The 
posterior end of each costa inferior joins with the corresponding 
part of each costa superior to form the clavus. (Pl. XXVIII, 
fig. 1 tu). 

On each side, joining the costz as shown at the point b in 
fig. 1 of Plate XXVIII, and running ventrad toward the costz 
‘superiores, is a chitinous piece, L, which branches just before 
reaching these costae. One branch goes ventrad a short dis- 
tance, lying free in the cavity; the other branch extends a 
little way caudad and serves as a support for the conical base 
‘of one of the sete. 

_ The upper plane, or area superior, is bounded on the front 
by the same fused arcus that bounds the lower area. On the 
sides it is bounded by the costz superiores, each of which 


383 


384 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol V,. 


consists of an anterior and posterior part, fused or articulated 
at the point o. A heavily chitinized plate, t, connects the 
entire lower halves of the cost superiores. 

The setz consist of four very long, slender, solid rods, the: 
bases of each being enlarged and forming an elongated cone, , 
s,—s. Two of these cones lie on either side of the box, one: 
pair being supported by branches from the piece 1. The other 
pair of cones is supported by a heavily chitinized elongated 
structure, x, arising from the posterior surface (base) of the: 
framework, and standing up within it, its anterior end being . 
just above the point of articulation of the upper and lower 
halves of the cost, and lying free within the cavity. Between 
the conical bases of the sete and arising from the clavus is a 
short cone-shaped organ, lying just below the pharynx and 
cesophagus and possibly serving to protect them. 

The four setaze come together at the clavus and are appressed 
to form a tube. This tube then passes backward into a long 
transparent pocket, the labial cavity, c. This pouch lies in the 
body cavity next to the ventral body wall, running back to the 
fourth segment. The tube extends the entire length of the 
labial cavity and forms a loop, returning to the point of entrance 
and passing out of the body through the labium. 

The labium, z, is an external organ and does not have much 
movement except a slight backward and forward motion. It 
is a heavily chitinized, more or less heart-shaped structure, the 
lateral halves of which, originally separate, have been fused 
together. The sete pass through the center and upper part of 
the labium and pass out of the lower or apical end. The 
labium is heavily musculated, and at its external opening a 
cross section shows a ridged or serrated structure. 


ALIMENTARY CANAL. 
(Plate XXVIII, Figs. 3 and 4.) 


The oesophagus is long and slender, widening out as it 
approaches the proventriculus. It is strongly musculated with 
circular muscles, the inner wall consisting of a layer of small 
single-nucleated cells. Passing upward and backward it goes. 
through the cesophageal commissures and enlarges into the 
proventriculus. Back of the proventriculus is the ventriculus. 
proper. 


1912] Internal Anatomy of Icerya Purchast 385 


The parent digestive cells of the ventriculus contain as many 
as five nuclei each, and there can be seen free cells in the ven- 
triculus which have been given off from the attached parent 
cells. These free cells possibly assist in digesting the food. 

The ventriculus runs back a short distance farther to about 
the junction of the sixth and seventh segments, and then turns 
abruptly and runs forward well past the junction of the cesopha- 
gus and the proventriculus. Here it makes a couple of turns, 
going backward and then forward to its junction with the 
ileum, at which point it widens out for a short distance. 

The ileum is very short and is small in diameter. The 
colon is largest at its anterior end and then, growing smaller, 
runs backward and finally merges into the rectum. The rectum 
is in the seventh abdominal segment, and the anal opening is on 
the dorsal surface of this segment. 


Salary Glands. (Plate XXVIII, fig. 2). 

The salivary glands are located on each side of the chitinized 
box of the mouthparts. There is one gland on each side, made 
up of three spherical cells, heavily nucleated. A duct, carrying 
the secretion, leads from each gland to the mouth. 


Malpighian Tubules. (Plate XXVIII, fig. 3). 

The malpighian tubules are three in number, convuluted 
and considerably longer than the intestine from its point of 
junction with the cesophagus to its most posterior point. The 
tubules are very dense, with heavily nucleated cells, and besides 
being convuluted, are curved to a certain extent at their poster- 
ior ends, and seem to be fastened to the ventriculus by a few 
very fine muscular fibres. 


RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 
(Plate XXVIII, Fig. 7.) 


There are two pairs of spiracles, the first pair being located 
on the ventral side of the prothorax, posterior to the anterior 
pair of legs, and the second pair between the meso- and meta- 
thorax on the ventral side posterior to the middle pair of legs. 
A groove extends from each spiracle to the margin. 

Each spiracle has a somewhat kidney-shaped funnel-like 
opening, very strongly chitinized. A large trachea extends in 
from each spiracle on either side; this soon divides into three 
main trachee in the anterior system and four in the posterior 


386 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V,. 


system. The anterior system of trachez soon re-divides many 
times. One of the secondary divisions forms, with the similar 
division of the opposite trachea, a transverse trunk just behind 
the chitinized box supporting the mouthparts. The other 
branches go to the antenne and to the fore and mid legs and 
anterior part of the body. 

From each spiracle of the posterior system four branches are 
given off, two very large, one smaller and one very small. These 
subdivide many times but, as far as could be determined, there 
is no connecting trunk between the two posterior tracheal 
systems. These posterior systems supply the hind legs, 
alimentary canal, reproductive system and all of the posterior 
portion of the body. 


CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 


No definite dorsal vessel was found. The blood probably 
simply circulates through the open body cavity. 


NERVOUS SYSTEM. 


The nervous system consists of two large fused ganglia, 
lying ventrally in a median position and several nerves con- 
nected with these ganglia. The cephalic ganglion lies above 
and largely in front of the framework of the mouthparts. Its 
anterior and principal portion is large and triangular in shape 
and is distinctly bilaterally depressed into two large lobes. The 
posterior portion of the ganglion greatly diminishes in size and 
divides into two commissures, passing around the cesophagus. 

From the under part of the central and most anterior 
portion of each lobe in the anterior part of the cephalic ganglion 
a small nerve runs to the antenna and from the anterior angles 
of each lobe and laterad of each antennal nerve the optic nerves 
proceed to the eyes. 

The cesophageal commissures continue backward, passing 
above the fused arcus and gradually re-uniting and enlarging 
into the thoracic or infra-cesophageal ganglion. The thoracic 
ganglion is slightly depressed above the mid-dorsal and mid- 
ventral line. There are four very obvious transverse divisions, 
making in all four double-lobed parts or divisions of the 
thoracic ganglion. The posterior division is somewhat nar- 
rower and possibly more plainly divided than are the three 


TOU2 | Internal Anatomy of Icerya Purchasi 387 


preceding ganglia. These “‘lines of division” are really, prob- 
ably, lines of fusion of pairs of ventral ganglia distinct in 
embryonic life. 

No nerves were found issuing from the first ganglion. From 
the second and third thoracic ganglia, rather large and prom- 
inent nerves proceed at nearly right angles. From the posterior 
division, two long, slender nerves extend back into the sixth or 
seventh abdominal segment, dividing along their course into 
three or four smaller nerves which run backward parallel to 
these posterior divisions. 


REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. 
(Plate XXVIII, Fig. 5.) 


The reproductive organs of the female consist of the ovaries, 
oviduct, vagina, spermatheca and vulva. The ovaries are 
very curiously developed in this insect. Instead of the custo- 
mary pair of separate ones, lying one on either side of the 
alimentary canal and running caudad to unite in a common 
duct, ending in the vagina, the two ovaries are found united. 
No anterior division can be found and the whole forms a loop 
united by a continuous membrane. The posterior ends unite, 
forming the vagina, and run ventrad to the external opening. 
This oviduct widens and narrows with no apparent regularity. 
The ovarioles are fastened to the oviduct throughout its anter- 
ior half. They are not found on the posterior ends of the loop, 
but the point where they stop is not clearly defined. In 
some specimens it is much nearer the vagina than in others. 
The ovarioles are given off from the oviduct either as single 
expansions connected by a long, slender tube, or in bunches 
or groups of from two to eight or ten. Usually the con- 
necting tube is longer where there is but a single ovariole 
than where there are several. The larger ovarioles are all given 
off singly, while the clusters occur as a number of much smaller 
ovarioles. Each ovariole, no matter what its size may be, is 
more or less oval in shape, and at its distal end there is always 
a constriction and a head, fitting the larger part of the ovariole 
like a circular cap. 

The spermatheca is a transparent pouch given off midway 
of the vagina. The vulva is a strongly musculated, oval, 
external orifice. 


388 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


WAX GLANDS. 
(Plate XXVIII, Fig. 6.) 


The wax glands are scattered pretty well over the body, 
especially on the dorsal aspect of the thorax and on the dorsal 
and lateral aspect of the last three segments of the abdomen. 

There are two kinds of glands, the most numerous consist- 
ing of a single more or less balloon-shaped or oval cell with an 
external chitinized pore. This cell contains several nuclei and 
very faint longitudinal divisions, each division containing one 
of these nuclei. The external pore is very heavily chitinized, 
and is more or less horse-shoe-shaped with semi-circular chit- 
inized structures lying on each side of the horse shoe. 

The second kind of wax glands has the chitinized pore or 
tubercle prolonged into a long, stout spine at the base of which 
is a cup-shaped secretory gland. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIII. 


Anatomy of Icerya purchasi. 
Fig. 1: Mouthparts. 
Fig. 2. Salivary glands. 
Fig. 8. Alimentary canal and malpighian tubules. 
Fig. 4. Cross section of ventriculus. 
Fig. 5. Reproductive system. 
Fig. 6. Wax gland. 
Fig. 7. Respiratory system; a, anterior aspircle and trachea; b, posterior spiracle 
and trachea. : 


ANNALS E. S. A. VoL. V, PLATE XXVIII. 


C. E. Johnston. 


DEATH FEIGNING IN CONOTRACHELUS NENUPHAR 
HERBST. 


WILson P. GEE and F. H. LATHROP. 


Peculiarities in behavior of insects have many times been 
used with distinct advantage in the control of injurious forms. 
The heliotropic reaction of moths—that is, their tendency to 
fly towards the light—has given rise to the trap lantern; and 
a knowledge of the nocturnal habits of the malarial and yellow 
fever mosquitoes has made it possible for the diseases caused 
by these insects to be avoided by housing oneself during their 
period of activity. One of the most striking cases of the direct 
economic application of an instinct in insects is that of death 
feigning or ‘“‘playing possum” in the plum curculio, Cono- 
trachelus nenuphar, Herbst. 

It is true that the introduction of arsenical sprays marks 
an epoch in the control of the curculio, and quite deservedly 
has caused the old method of “‘jarring”’ to be largely superseded 
by the newer one of spraying. The practice of “‘jarring’’, 
however, is still in vogue in sections where the spray pump has 
not come into general use. Therefore, a study of the features 
of the instinct is of interest, not only from the biological point 
of view, but also due to the fact that at a not remote time it 
provided the most effective measure of control for the plum 
curculio. 

In speaking of the preventive measures for lessening the 
injury of this pest, Johnson and Girault (8: 1906), of the Bureau 
of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agricultute, have the fol- 
lowing to say: ‘“‘Among these jarring is the method which is 
perhaps in most general use in protecting plums and peaches, 
and by many orchardists it is believed to give the best results. 
Early observations upon the plum curculio showed that this 
insect has a habit of falling to the ground and “‘playing possum”’ 
when disturbed. A knowledge of this habit has led to the 
capture of the beetles on sheets, held or spread beneath the 
trees, the trees being jarred by a sudden forceful blow struck 
with a padded pole or mallet in order to dislodge the beetles.”’ 
A field test of the efficiency of the method made by these same 
men in a Georgia orchard showed “that the amount of the 


301 


392 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


curculio damage in this orchard for the season was placed at 
about four per cent of the crop. In an adjacent orchard of 
130,000 peach trees not jarred, curculio injury was placed at 
forty per cent of the crop.” 

Owing to these facts, the writers considered it worth while 
to devote their leisure time during the past summer to a study 
of some of the general features of this exceedingly interesting 
mode of behavior. The work of Holmes (5, 6, 7) on the water 
scorpion, Ranatra quadri-dentata, and of the Severins (10) on 
Belostoma flumineum and Nepa apiculata make an exhaustive 
study of little significance. The work embodied in this paper 
was done at Clemson College, S. C., during the latter part of 
June and the month of July, and consequently upon forms 
which had emerged at the earliest only a few weeks before. 


Ft Death Feigning Attitudes. 


Be It was found possible to produce the feint by three methods, 
and when one was not successful, the others were employed. 
The one most used is the same as that by which it is evoked in 
the natural environment of the insect—by dropping it from 
some distance in the air. When the insect is allowed to fall to 
the top surface of a table from a height of a few inches, the 
feint seems to be as effectively produced, usually, as when 
dropped through a space of several feet. By pressing the lateral 
surfaces of the abdomen and thorax, at short intervals, either by 
means of the fingers or forceps, the same effect may be secured. 
A third method is that of grasping the insect between the thumb 
and forefinger and blowing a sudden breath upon the ventral 
surface of the abdomen and thorax. 

There are two distinct postures assumed by the insect in 
feigning death. In the first (fig. 1, A), the insect draws the 
thoracic appendages closely against the ventral surface of the 
body. The first pair of legs extend forward and are tightly 
pressed against each side of the proboscis. The second and 
third pairs are closely flexed, and held securely against the 
ventral surface of the thorax and abdomen. In the second 
position, the legs are folded closely together and held somewhat 
perpendicular to the line of the body (fig. 1, B). The tarsi of 
the first two pairs of legs are drawn tightly against the tibie; 
but in the last pair they are held approximately parallel to the 
ventral surface of the thorax. The first position is usually the 


1912] Conotrachelus Nenuphar Herbst 393 


one more easily evoked; the second being given upon more 
vigorous stimulation. However, there seems to be considerable 
individual variation in this respect, some curculios assuming the 
second position more readily than the first. It was found 
possible to elicit the two types of response in the several individ- 
uals experimented on in this connection. 


Figure 1. Attitudes assumed in the death feint. 


Several specimens were starved to death, and others killed 
by a slow poisoning. All of these assumed a position very 
similar to that of the death feint indicated in fig. 1, B. The 
only difference to be noted was that in most cases, the tips of 
the tibiz were farther apart, the legs being held not quite so 
perpendicular to the ventral surface of the thorax. This 
simulation of the natural death attitude in the death feint is in 
accord with the_results of Kirby and Spence (9), who in the case 
of the dung-chafer, Geotrupes sterocarius found the same thing 
.to occur. While not true in Belostoma, yet it is very closely 
parallel to what the Severins (10) found in Nepa, where “‘it 
becomes at times impossible to distinguish with the eye alone, 
a death feigning specimen from one that is really dead.”’ How- 
ever, in the majority of forms which have been studied, as 
recorded by Darwin (2) and other workers, the death attitude 
is found to be quite distinct in character from that assumed in 
the death feint. 


394 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


Duration of Successive Death Feints. 


It was the experience of Fabre (4) that when a large beetle, 
Scarites gigas, Fabre was put into five successive death feints, 
they lasted 17 minutes, then 20, 25, 33, and 50 minutes respec- 
tively. From this behavior, he draws the conclusion: Ils 
nous qu’en général le Scarite prolonge advantage sa pose inerte 
& mesure que l’epreuve se répéte.”” The results of the Severins 
(10), however, do not agree with those of Fabre. They finda 
“wide variability in the duration of the first five feints in the 
different individuals under uniform conditions’’, and also ‘‘that 
the duration of successive death feints in each individual 
also varies.”’ 

Our experiments show results much more in accord with the 
Severins than with Fabre as observation of the following table 
will serve to show. Quite a wide range of variation is here to 
be seen, three of the six individuals showing a less duration of 
response in the fifth than in the first feint into which they 
were placed. 


TABLE I. 
DURATION IN MINUTES OF FrrsTt FIVE SUCCESSIVE DEATH FEINTS IN SIX CURCULIOS. 

A B C D E F AVERAGES 

1 10 8 6 6. 3 5.66 

12 2 11 2 8.5 ree 6.83 

7415 Hed Bd eet) 2 9 4.66 

3 1-5 25 1 1. 10 3.16 

8 3 15) ike 7 28 8 


Six specimens were tested in order to determine the length 
of time the feint might be successively induced. Holmes (6) 
found in the case of ten Ranatras successively put into death 
feints, that these were continued without interruption from 
9 a.m. to 5p. m., when the last specimen refused to feign longer. 
The Severins (10) found it possible in the case of Belostoma to 
induce feints successively for a total of five hours. The 
responses of the curculio were very much less pronounced than 
was the case of these forms. Feints could not be elicited 


1912] Conotrachelus Nenuphar Herbst 395 


successively for a period of greater length than two hours, 
fifty-three representing the largest number of feints successively 
produced in a single individual. The feints, after the first 
several, tended to show a decrease in duration, some of them 
continuing for only a few seconds. Finally the curculio refused 
to feign longer, no matter how treated, and in many cases made 
strenuous efforts to fly away. 

The muscular system of the insect, while in the death feint, 
is in a tensely contracted condition. When held in a pair of 
forceps by the tip of one tibia, the entire body may be held out 
horizontally without signs of bending or movement on the part 
of the curculio. After a short time, however, the weight of the 
body causes a gradual relaxation of the’ leg muscles, and the 
animal is inclined downwards. Holmes (7) found the same 
thing to hold true in Ranatra, and says: “It is as if aman were 
seized below the knee and held out straight, face upward, 
without causing the knee to bend, only the legs of a Ranatra 
are several times more slender than those of the most attenu- 
ated of the human species, and the muscular tension which the 
insect maintains must therefore be intense.’’ Undoubtedly, 
the acclimatisation of the insect to the extent that failure to 
respond with the death feint occurs after several successive 
periods of it have been passed through is to be explained in 
part at least as due to the muscular fatigue resulting from this 
rigidly contracted condition. 


Effect of Temperatures on the Death Feint. 


According to DeGeer (3), from his work on a small timber- 
boring beetle, Anobrium pertinax, “‘you may maim them, pull 
them limb from limb, roast them alive over a slow fire, but you 
will not gain your end; not a joint will they move, nor show by 
the least symptom that they suffer pain.’’ In order to deter- 
mine whether such a condition held in Conotrachelus nenuphar, 
many feigning specimens were placed on a thin piece of glass 
and gradually heated over the flame of an alcohol lamp. Though 
this experiment was repeated many times, the insects without 
a single exception, recovered activity as soon as the glass 
became heated. Individuals with the abdomen removed, 
others consisting of only the head and prothorax, and still 
others with all of the appendages removed, were placed in the 


396 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


death feint and subjected to the same conditions as the normal 
ones, but not a one of them was found which would allow 
itself to be injured by the heat before attempting to escape. 

Several specimens were taken and the time of six successive 
death feints was determined, and found to compare very closely 
with the results given in Table 1. These individuals were then 
placed, ventral surface uppermost, on a thin glass plate which 
was in contact with a block of ice. For approximately one 
minute the curculios made no movement. Then the abdomen 
was raised upwards out of the wing covers, as though to remove 
it from contact with the cold glass. The wing covers were then 
slowly spread away from under the body until they were well 
open. The legs were partially relaxed, but the movement was 
so gradual as to be almost imperceptible. This position was 
continued for a short time, and then the wing covers were 
drawn to their former position, the legs again becoming rigidly 
contracted. The insects were again motionless, and continued 
so until removal from the glass, forty minutes later. After a 
short interval had elapsed from the time of their removal, 
activity was manifested almost simultaneously among them. 
It was now found very difficult to induce these individuals 
to feign death. 

A mixture of crushed ice and ammonium nitrate was now 
prepared and test tubes containing feigning curculios were 
placed in it. No movement whatever was manifested from the 
time they were placed in the test tube. When removed thirty 
minutes later, they were found to have sustained death as the 
result of the low temperatures (—15°C to —20°C) produced by 
this mixture. 

These results in general agree with those of Fabre (4) on the 
Buprestid, Capnoides tenebrinionis Lin; and Holmes (6) on 
Ranatra, who find that cold has the effect of increasing the 
duration of the death feint to a marked degree. 


Influence of Gases on Death Feint. 


Many curculios were induced to feign death, and test tubes 
containing a wad of cotton saturated with ether were slowly 
placed over them. Without exception, the curculios revived 
almost instantly, many of them recovering before the tube 
touched the table. The same experiment was made with 


1912] Conotrachelus Nenuphar Herbst 397 


chloroform, carbon di-sulphide, and carbon-di-oxide with simi- 
lar results. Mutilated specimens put into the death feint were 
also tested and it was found that the most of them responded 
in the same manner. Thus in the case of the gases, as in that 
of heat, we see an adaptive feature in the nature of the instinct 
that tends to remove the animal from a stimulus of such a 
character as would result in injury to the organism. 


Effect of Mutilations. 


Holmes (6) found in Ranatra, that the appendages could be 
removed one by one, while the animal was in the death feint 
without evoking any response from the insect. The Severins 
(10) found in Belostoma that “‘if one of the limbs be snipped in 
two with a pair of fine scissors, the bug may not respond at all, 
or the limb may twitch or quiver, or the insect may right itself 
and scramble eagerly to get away. One or two repetitions of 
this experiment with those specimens which did not come out 
of the death feint immediately after the cut was made were 
sufficient to bring them out.’’ In the case of Nepa, however, 
the results were more in accord with those reported on Ranatra. 

The appendages of eight feigning curculios were removed 
one by one. With the exception of two of these curculios, 
every one of them showed absolutely no signs of recovery from 
the feint until several minutes after the operation. In the case 
of these two, recovering activity took place immediately after 
severing the first appendage. They were very easily made to 
feign again, and the operation proceeded without any apparent 
objection on their part. 

seven feigning individuals were decapitated with a pair of 
small, sharp scissors. The result was an immediate relaxation 
of the legs followed by efforts on the part of the body to right 
itself. In one case the wings were outstretched as though 
attempting to fly. The bodies were placed in the normal posi- 
tion with the result, however, that only two of them walked in 
a co-ordinated manner, and these for only a short time. This 
behavior is no doubt due to the shock effects of the operation. 
It was found possible to induce the death feint in these decapi- 
tated specimens, but with much more difficulty and with a 
shorter period in the duration of the response than was the case 
in the normal specimens. 


398 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


Several specimens were placed in the death feint, and the 
abdomen of each was clipped away. No movement was made 
except a slight twitching of the tarsi in a few of the specimens. 
The insects remained in the feigning attitude for the normal 
length of time, and upon recovering activity walked about in a 
perfectly co-ordinated manner, except for the difficulty of 
balancing the body. They were thrown into the feint in this 
condition with about as much readiness as were the normal 
specimens. 

The next operation performed was to sever the body between 
the prothorax and the mesothorax. The result without excep- 
tion was an instant manifestation of activity on the part of the 
body, in some cases the wings becoming extended as if to fly. 
The head and prothorax, however, showed no shock effects of 
the operation, but remained in the feint for some time afterwards. 
This portion of the body could be readily induced to feign death, 
but the posterior part only to a very slight degree even upon 
vigorous stimulation. These results in general accord with those 
of investigators on other forms. 


Nature of the Instinct. 


The instinct of feigning death occurs in almost all of the 
orders of insects. While it is perhaps within this group that 
it reaches its most marked development, it is to be found to a 
slight extent in all of the higher phyla of the animal kingdom. 
It has been studied by Holmes in the amphipod crustaceans, 
and has been found by Andrews (1) in the breeding habits of 
the cray-fish. It occurs rarely among the fishes, and to a 
certain extent in the amphibians. In varying degrees, it is 
found expressed in the reptiles and birds; while among the 
mammals, from the behavior of the opossum, the common 
synonym “playing possum”’ has come to be derived. 

It is Holmes’ (5) conclusion from his work on the amphipod, 
Talorchestia longicornis, ‘‘that the death feigning instinct of 
Talorchestia longicornis is an instinct which has its roots in the 
thigmotactic response common among amphipods.’’ The Sev- 
erins (10) say: ‘‘Among aquatic Hemiptera, the death feint 
may have arisen out of positively thigmotactic propensities 
which are manifested to such a marked degree by various 
members of the families Belostomatide and Nepide.” It is 
evident without statement, from the results discussed in this 


1912] Conotrachelus Nenuphar Herbst | 399 


paper, that the behavior of Conotrachelus serves to corroborate 
these conclusions and it is a striking fact that the response can 
be secured upon such slight contact stimulus, scarcely more 
than a touch being necessary to elicit a well marked death 
feint. The fact that the body deprived of its head, can be 
induced to give the response, removes the greater part of the 
psychic speculation in regard to the nature of the instinct. 

Just what the value of it to the curculio in its native environ- 
ment may be is largely a matter for conjecture; but that it has 
been used very effectively in combatting this common and 
injurious insect remains an incontrovertible fact. 

It is with grateful appreciation that the writers here express 
their indebtedness to Dr. S. J. Holmes for the valuable sugges- 
tions arising from his critical reading of this article. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

1. Andrews, E. A. 

Breeding habits of the crayfish. Amer. Nat. XX XVIII, 1904. pp. 165-206. 
2. Darwin, C. 

Appendix in Romanes, G. J. Mental Evolution in Animals, 1884. 
3. DeGeer, C. 

Memoirs pour servir a l'histoire des insectes. IV, p. 229. 
4. Fabre, J. H. 

Souvenirs Entomologiques. Paris. 7e series pp. 14-27. 
5. Holmes, S. J 

Death feigning in terrestrial amphipods. Biol. Bull. IV, pp. 191-6. 1903. 


Death feigning in Ranatra. Journ. Comp. Neur. and Psychol. XV, 1906. 
pp. 305-349. 


The Instinct of Feigning Death. Pop. Sci. Monthly, LXXII, 1908. 
pp. 179-185. 
8. Johnson and Girault. 
The plum curculio. Circ. 73. Bu. of Entomol. U. S. Dept. Agric. 1906. 
9. Kirby, W. and Spence, W. 
An Introduction to Entomology. Sixth London Edition. pp. 447-9. 
10. Severin, H. H. P. and Severin, H. C. 
An experimental study on the death-feigning of Belostoma (Zaitha Aucct.) 
flumineum Say, and Nepa apiculata Uhler. Animal Behav. Mono- 
graphs I. No. 3, 1911. pp. 1-44. 


THE FLIGHT OF TWO THOUSAND MARKED MALE’ 
MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLIES (CERATITIS 
CAPITATA WIED.). 


Henry H. P. SEVERIN, Ph. D., Honorary Fellow, University of Wisconsin, and 
WILLIAM J. HARTUNG, B. S. 


Mally (1, p. 8) Entomologist for the Eastern Province, Cape: 
Colony, South Africa, discusses the migration of the adult 
Mediterranean fruit fly as follows: ‘‘There is no evidence to: 
show how far the adults will travel in their search for food. 
Some observers think they migrate but very little, citing: 
instances where well-kept premises have been fairly free although 
in close proximity to neglected and badly infested ones. Under 
such conditions there is no necessity for migration, ample food- 
supply being already at hand. ‘There is no clear evidence to 
show how they get to new orchards on farms where fruit trees. 
have never been grown before. Men who have laid out new 
orchards say that the ‘maggot’ was in evidence the first time the 
trees came into bearing. * * * It is a popular belief that the 
flies come in from the veld. The most unrelenting search has 
failed to demonstrate their presence in bush or veld 500 yang 
from an orchard.”’ 

‘Prevailing winds are perhaps the most potent factor. How 
far the flies are liable to be carried by the wind it is impossible: 
to say. One would hardly expect that they would be blown 
very far at once. It seems easily within the range of posst- 
bility that they should be involuntarily caught up by the wind 
when they attempt to fly and lodge on a bush or in the veld 
some distance away; and then be caught up again and carried 
still farther, and so on indefinitely. There is little doubt that 
certain Aphidide do make use of the wind in migrating to their 
secondary host plant, but I have found nothing to indicate the 
presence of the same trait in the fruit fly.”’ 

Newman 2, (p. 7) Entomologist of Western Australia writes 
as follows concerning the migration of the Mediterranean fruit 
fly: ‘‘This fly is not an insect that migrates any great distance. 
As long as a food supply is available, it remains in an orchard. 
I have known instances where one orchard was swarming with 
the pest and the one next door or on the opposite side of the 
street was perfectly clean. Strong winds are the most potent 
factor in the spread of the fly ; there is no saying how far she 
may be carried.”’ 

400 


1912] Mediterranean Fruit Flies 401 


The conditions existing in South Africa are entirely different 
from those in Honolulu and the outskirts of this city where our 
experiments on the flight of the marked Mediterranean fruit 
‘flies were performed. There are only a very few small orchards 
in and around the city of Honolulu but in practically every 
dooryard surrounding a residence a great variety of fruits are 
‘grown such as various kinds of citrus fruits, coffee, figs, garden 
varieties and wild guavas, mangoes, papaias, peach, plum, rose 
apple, tropical almond (umbrella tree or ‘“‘kamani’’ nuts) sour 
‘sop, star apple, etc., from which we have bred the pest. These 
‘cultivated fruits ripen at different times of the year and offer 
the insect a regular succession of fruits in which to breed. In 
the uncultivated as well as in the mountainous districts of 
Honolulu the prickly pear which is also attacked by the fly is 
scattered over large areas. Different species of wild guaves 
which are hosts of the pest cover thousands and thousands of 
acres on the slopes of the mountains, in the gulches, in unculti- 
vated portions of the valleys and plains, along the banks of 
‘streams and along some of the roads and paths leading from the 
city. These different species of wild guavas bear fruit practic- 
ally the year around. Other wild fruits which the insect 
attacks are the mountain apples and the wild coffee berries. 
‘The climatic conditions in the Hawaiian Islands are also very 
favorable for the development of this trypetid, a generation of 
flies appearing about every four or five weeks throughout the 
year. In the city of Honolulu there is thus, a regular succes- 
sion of cultivated fruit for the fruit fly to breed in, and in the 
outskirts of the city and in the mountainous districts wild fruits 
are available for the pest during the entire year. 

In order to determine positively the powers of flight of the 
Mediterranean fruit fly, two thousand male specimens, which 
were bred in the laboratory from infested fruits, were handled 
and marked so that they would be injured as little as possible 
by employing the following methods: Hundreds of fruit flies 
were liberated under a small cheese-cloth tent which was fastened 
at its base to the three sides of a table and at its apex to the 
ceiling by a string. The head and shoulders were thrust under 
the tent at the open side and each specimen was captured in a 
small vial. The fly within the vial was seized by one wing 
with a pair of forceps, around the end of one prong a small 
elastic band had been wound. The fruit fly held by one wing, 


402 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


was then placed upon a piece of white paper and usually in 
endeavoring to free itself, the fly would extend, spread and then 
catch hold of the paper with the legs on the opposite side of the 
body from the imprisoned wing, and attempt to pull its body 
away from the forceps. With the limbs in this position any 
leg on one side of the body could be easily cut through with 
either a sharp, spear-pointed or triangular-shaped needle, 
without danger of injuring the other appendages. 


Fig. 1. Middle leg of Mediterranean fruit fly cut through the tibia. This 
specimen thus marked had been set free from the side of a mountain at an eleva- 
tion of about three hundred fifty feet and was captured in a kerosene trap a mile 
and a half from the point of liberation. 


After the amputation, the flies were put into breeding jars 
for a number of days to allow the wounded leg to heal. During 
this time they were fed with dilute molasses and water. The 
molasses was daubed on the sides of the jars by means of a 
camel’s hair brush, while the water was sprayed into the jars 
in the form of a mist. The tops of the jars were covered with 
cheese cloth to allow free circulation of the air and the bottom 
of the jars were covered with sand to absorb the access of 
moisture and molasses. 

The two thousand marked male flies were liberated on the 
outskirts of Honolulu in Manoa Valley which is walled in by 
mountains on all sides except the seaward side. This valley is 
more than two miles in length; in width, it varies from a half 
mile at the head end to a little more than a mile at its mouth, 
the greater portion of the valley being about three-quarters of 
a mile wide, (Pl. XXIX). The elevation of the mountains sur- 
rounding this valley varies from two thousand to two thousand 
five hundred feet at the head end but gradually becoming lower 
towards the mouth, (Pl. XXIX). At some places the sides of 


1912} Mediterranean Fruit Flies 403 


the mountains rise very abruptly but in general the slope is 
quite gradual. The bottom of the valley consists largely of 
taro patches, (Pl. XXX). 

At the head end of the valley, in a circle about a half mile in 
diameter, fifty kerosene traps were wired among the branches 
of citrus, fig, guava, hau and tropical almond trees. In a 
previous experiment we found that of every thousand Medit- 
erranean fruit flies captured in kerosene only three were females 
and for this reason only marked males were used. 


£23 


Fig. 2. Kerosene trap wired to a branch of a lemon tree. The white enameled 
pan containing the oil is covered with a galvanized iron cover to keep out the rain. 
The fruit flies enter the trap in the space between the cover and the rim of the pan. 


The Mediterranean fruit flies were set free in lots containing 
from two to six hundred specimens. When the first lot of flies 
were set free, the jars containing the marked individuals were 


404 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


held on a level with the eye to better enable the observer to 
note the direction of flight. In order to arouse the flies into 
activity and hasten their departure, the sides of the jars were 
snapped lightly with the fingers, with other lots, however, the 
jars were placed upon the ground and the males were allowed 
to escape. With the sky as a background, the unaided eye 
could follow the insects in their flight to a distance of about a 
hundred feet, but with the use of a field glass, the flies could be 
followed to a much greater distance. 

While liberating the first lot of five hundred fruit flies in the 
center of the circle of traps it was observed that the wind played 
an important part in their direction of flight. A heavy north- 
east wind was blowing from the mountains to the sea, while 
these marked diptera were liberated, and it was striking to note 
that they flew and were carried with the wind down the valley 
with extreme rapidity towards the city of Honolulu. Since 
the prevailing winds at this time of the year are from the north- 
east, a change in the arrangement of the traps was made. The 
traps that had been located in that half of the circle nearest the 
head end of the valley, were placed amongst the trees of two 
citrus grooves, (Pl. XXX, 4), situated on the leeward side of 
the remaining semicircle of traps. (Pl. XXX, white line.) 

The trypetids were liberated from three different points. 
As was already mentioned five hundred fruit flies with the hind 
leg cut, were liberated in the center of the circle of traps, about 
a half mile in diameter. After the traps had been rearranged 
a thousand specimens with the front leg severed were set free 
from the head end of the valley about a half mile from the traps. 
Five hundred males with the middle leg amputated were freed 
at the head end of the valley from the side of a mountain at an 
elevation of about three hundred fifty feet and at a distance of 
about one mile from the traps. A glance at the photograph 
shows the three points of liberation. _ (Pl. XXX, 1, 2, and 3). 

The orientation of the marked individuals was carefully 
noted with the liberation of each lot of flies under the different 
climatic conditions. Whenever a heavy or light north-east 
wind blew from the mountains to the sea, the insects as soon as 
liberated would orient themselves with the wind and fly down 
the valley but when a south-west wind from the sea to the 
mountains prevailed, the specimens again oriented themselves 


1912] Mediterranean Fruit Flies 405 


with the wind and in this case flew up the valley towards the 
mountains. In no case did the fruit flies attempt to orient 
themselves against even the lightest breeze. During calm 
spells no orientation took place and the flies darted off in all 
directions. 

From time to time some of the kerosene traps were moved 
farther and farther into the city of Honolulu and were again 
hung among the branches of fruit bearing trees, usually citrus 
trees. These traps were visited every day, the fruit flies 
captured in a trap were put into a vial labeled as to the location 
of the trap. The kerosene was renewed daily in each trap. 

The varying climatic conditions under which the different 
lots of flies were set free are indicated in the following table: 


TABLE I. 
No.Gr Conditions of weather at time of Total pptd. 
é liberation 
Date| Flies| Leg Ws: 
Lib- Cut Weather 
erated Winds | Precipitation Report 
Feb. 
21 500 | Hind | Heavy N.E. | Frequent heavy rains 2 
24 600 | Front | Light N. E. Light rains, occasional 
heavy showers. 1.12 
25 200 | Front Gusts of N. E.| No rain. .26 
an 
Calm Spells 
26 200 | Front Light N. E. No rain. 21 
and 
Calm Spells 
29 500 | Middle | Moderate No rain. .00 
S. W. 


The total number of fruit flies captured during one month 
in the fifty kerosene traps was two thousand three hundred 
and nine, of this number one hundred fifteen were marked 
specimens from the two thousand that had been liberated. Of 
the marked individuals captured there were seventy-three with 
the front leg cut, eleven with the middle leg and thirty-one with 
the hind leg. Most of the one hundred fifteen marked insects 
were captured during the first fifteen days after the experiment 
had been started. 


406 Annals Entomological Society of America _ [Vol. V, 


The first lot of five hundred Mediterranean fruit flies were 
set free during light rains followed by frequent heavy showers 
and yet thirty-one of these marked specimens were captured in 
the kerosene traps; apparently the drops of rain striking the 
fruit flies did not disable them for flight. The last lot of five 
hundred marked males was liberated while a south-west wind 
was blowing away from the city of Honolulu towards the moun- 
tains and yet eleven of these marked individuals were captured 
in kerosene traps located in the outskirts of the city at dis- 
tances varying from a mile to a mile and a half from the point 
of liberation. The explanation of this fact may be that some 
of these marked insects were caught up by changes of wind 
carrying them first towards the mountains and then back 
again into the city of Honolulu, 

Marked Mediterranean fruit flies were captured at distances 
varying from a quarter of a mile to a mile and a half from their 
respective points of liberation. In all probability some of the 
flies which had been set free during a strong wind were caught 
up and carried far into the city of Honolulu or even way beyond 
into the sea miles away from the points of liberation. In 
numerous instances kerosene traps were kept in the same tree 
for a period of two weeks and marked specimens were captured 
from time to time. The explanation of this fact may be that 
the fruit flies did not make one continuous flight from the point 
of liberation to the trap in which they were caught, or that the 
trypetids were not immediately attracted to the kerosene after 
getting into the vicinity of them. 

On account of using male fruit flies only, the argument may 
be raised that there is no evidence from this experiment that the 
female flies are carried by the winds. How would the rapid 
distribution of the pest in the guava belt, often at high altitudes 
in the mountains, be explained? In all probability the answer 
to this question is best explained by the fact that the wind, 
which is such a potent factor in influencing the flight of the 
males, as demonstrated by this experiment, has carried the 
females as well as the males into the guava belt. 

Clean culture to control the Mediterranean fruit fly as 
carried on by the Board of Agriculture in the Hawaiian Islands 
consists in stripping all fruit trees, except mangoes and papaias 
of infested and ripe fruit and also of picking up and destroying 


~ 1912] Mediterranean Fruit Flies 407 


fallen fruit. Attention has already been called to the fact that 
the wild guavas which are available for the pest to breed in 
during the entire year cover thousands and thousands of acres 
in the mountainous districts. If only a small per cent of the 
fruit flies breeding in these wild fruits are caught up by the 
winds blowing from the mountains towards the city of Honolulu, 
what ultimate results can be expected from the clean culture methods 
of the present Mediterranean fruit fly campaign! 


After sending this manuscript to the editor we received from Dr. A. 
Berlése a paper entitled, ‘‘Expériences Exécutées en Italie pour Combattre la 
Mouche des Oliviers.’’ presented at ‘‘Ier Congrés International d’Oléiculture 
(Toulon, 1908)’’ in which he states that the olive fly, Dacus oleae Rossi obeys 
“Vinstinct de diffusion, émigrent au loin, A la recherche de nouveau ambients. 

En outre, dans la premiére génération printnaiére-estivale l’instinct de 
migration se montre trés développé chez les femelles. A cette époque 1’on 
constate que certaines émigrations couvrent de grandes distances. Cela est 
éstrange, lorsqu’on pense a la commodité qu’auraient les mouches Adéposer, a 
cette époque, leurs oeufs la ou elles sont nées. Au contraire, elles vont parfois 
les pondre a plusieurs kilométers (k—3,280.8 feet) de distance.’’ 

We are deeply indebted to Prof. Harry C. Severin, State Entomologist of 
South Dakota, who has given us valuable suggestions in reading the manuscript 
with us. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


1. Mally, C. W., 1904. The Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata, Wied.). Repr. Agric. 
Jour. Dec. No. 28, Cape of Good Hope. pp. 1-18. 

2. Newman, L. J., 1910. Fruit Fly. Dept. Agric. and Industries, Western 
Australia, Bull. 38, pp. 1-11. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX. 


Map of Manoa Valley. This valley is walled in by mountains on all sides 
except the seaward side. The elevation of the mountains are indicated. The 
two thousand marked, male Mediterranean fruit flies were liberated at the head 
end of the valley. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXX. 


Head end of Manoa Valley. Some of the fifty kerosene traps were wired among 
the branches of fruit trees situated along the white line. 1, 2, and 3 points of 
liberation of the two thousand marked, male Mediterranean fruit flies. 4, Citrus 
grooves. (Reproduced by permission of E. Bonine, photographer.) 


ANNALS E. S. A. 


Vou. V, PLATE XXIX. 


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OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF A NEW 
SPECIES OF PSYCHODA.* 


Paut S. WELCH. 


During the first three weeks of October, 1912, while engaged 
in certain biological investigations at the Chicago Sewage 
Testing Station, the writer’s attention was attracted to a 
little white moth-like fly which occurred in great abundance in 
certain of the experimental tanks. An inspection of the form 
showed that it was one of the Psychodide belonging to the 
genus Psychoda. An examination was made of the rather 
extensive series of tanks and filters and it was found that these 
flies were confined to the immediate vicinity of the sprinkling 
filters and occurred in such great numbers as to indicate that 
not only were they breeding in or near the filters but that the 
environment must be a very favorable one. A survey of the 
animal life of the sludge of the sprinkling filters was being 
prosecuted at that time and the collections contained large 
quantities of a dipterous larva which when bred out produced 
the Psychodid fly. It was a very easy matter to rear this form 
and all the life history stages were observed. Furthermore 
collections from the filters often contained all of the life history 
stages from the egg to the adult. 

In attempting to establish the identity of the adult it was 
found that it does not agree with any of the descriptions given 
for known species. It belongs to the group including Ps. 
schizura Kincaid, and Ps. floridica Haseman, which resemble 
each other in the mottled black and white character of the 
wings. However, this species possesses characters which differ 
distinctly from either of the above mentioned forms. After 
making careful comparisons with the descriptions of the species 
of Psychoda, the writer is convinced that this form must be 
regarded as a new species. 


Psychoda albimaculata, n. sp. 

Male: Smaller than the female; length of body (exclusive of 
extended genitalia) about 1.74 mm. Head and thorax yellowish gray, 
densely clothed with long, erect, mingled black and gray hairs. Abdomen 
white, covered thickly with erect white hair; very few dark hairs. Brush of 
gray hair, about one-fourth the length of the abdomen, extending 
caudad from the dorsal posterior edge of the thorax. Antenne white; 


*Contribution from the Entomological Laboratories of the University of 
Illinois, No. 33. 
411 


412 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


length equal to the width of the wings; 14 segments;! composed of 
spherical nodes joined by clear internodes; first segment cylindrical, the 
second spherical and distinctly larger than any of the other joints, and 
both the first and second segments with numerous fusiform scales as 
well as strong hairs; segments three to twelve inclusive with basal nodes 
and distal slender internodes; nodes with whorls of long white 
hair directed distad and projecting beyond the node of the adjacent 
distal segment; internodes clear, nodes slightly yellow; length of the inter- 
nodes about the same length as the adjacent nodes; segment 13 bilobed,” 
the basal lobe exceeding the other in diameter, separated by a broad 
shallow constriction, coating of hair similar to that of middle segments; 
segment 14 small and inconspicuous, about one-fifth the length of seg- 
ment 13, with a few hairs and usually three or four terminal scales. 
Wings ovate, rather acutely angulated at tip of median vein, thick 
coating of hair on upper surface, moderate coating of hair on under 
surface; average length 2.1 mm., extremes of variation 1.74 to 2.28 mm.; 
average width 0.85 mm., extremes of variation 0.66 to 1.02 mm.; upper 
surface with distinctly mottled appearance, due to the presence of 
alternate patches of white and black erect hair; basal region of wing 
with black patches on or near veins II, IIe, V3, VII2; middle region of 
wing with black patches on or near veins II],, IIe, Il, Vi, Ve, VII; 
distinct tufts of black hair at the distal ends of veins II], IIIs, IfIu, Vi, 
V2, VIIz; all intermediate spaces on surface between black patches occu- 
pied by white hair; rarely a very indistinct black tuft at distal end of 
V,. and VIL; fringe on anterior margin smoky, length about one-fifth 
the width of wing; posterior fringe smoky, length about one-fourth the 
width of wing; distinct tuft of long smoky hairs on costal margin at 
base of wing; hair on ventral surface of wing short, white, and nearly 
prostrate; cubital furcation nearer base of wing than tip. Legs white 
with slight tinge of yellow; extremities of distal segments of the tarsi 
tipped with brown; tibia and femora with scattering long black hairs, 
also some short prostrate black hairs intermingled with the white. 
Abdomen white, thickly clothed with long erect white hairs, originating 
on the posterior margin of each abdominal segment, thus producing a 
series of rings of erect hairs; black and gray hairs scanty. Inferior 
genital appendages of male prominent; length (including basis) 0.64 
mm.; basis strongly developed, broad towards caudal extremity, with 
median conical projection, lateral margins converge towards base; 
inferior appendage expanding gradually towards basis; somewhat sig- 
moid in shape; heavy fringe of long white hair on caudal aspect; ter- 
minal spinule small, clavate. Superior genital appendages well devel- 
oped; two segments; a little over one-third the length of the inferior 
genital appendages, proximal segment a little more strongly developed 
than the distal; with a few short whitish hairs. Intromittant organ 
slender. 


1. Care must be taken in estimating the number of segments in this species 
since the thirteenth is of such a nature that an error can easily be made. The 
antenne should be mounted so that the tip lies exactly in a plane at right angles 
to the objective of the microscope, otherwise the superimposed curved surfaces 
of adjacent parts produce appearances which easily lead to error. 


1912} | Life History of a New Psychoda > ‘413 


Female: More robust than male; body slightly longer, and diameter 
of abdomen much larger. Head slightly yellowish, thickly set with 
white and gray hairs. Thorax white, densely clothed with white erect 
hairs; a few gray hairs present. Abdomen white, clad in white semi- 
prostrate hair. Antennze white; two basal segments slightly yellowish; 
agree with the male in all other respects. Wings with average length of 
2.58 mm., extremes of variation 2.28 to 3.06 mm.; average width 0.98 
mm., variation from 0.90 to 1.14 mm.; otherwise like male. Legs with 
tarsal segments distinctly yellow, extreme tips dark; tibiz and femora 
white with scattering black hairs, some long and others short. Ventral 
plate yellow; about as broad as long; emargination almost circular in 
outline. Ovipositor yellowish; almost straight. 

Habitat: Chicago, Illinois. Described from 25 specimens, 
10 males and 15 females. 

In looking over the literature on Psychodide the writer was 
surprised to discover how little of it has to do with the life 
histories of the various species of this family. Forty-four 
species have been described from North America, and the life 
histories of only five are known. Kellogg (1901, p. 46) described 
briefly the life history of Pericoma californica Kincaid; Haseman 
(1907, p. 324) described the stages of Psychoda floridica Hase- 
man; Fullaway (1907, p. 386) reported on the immature stages 
of Psychoda schizura Kincaid; and Haseman (1908, p. 274) 
described the life histories of Psychoda nocturnala Haseman 
and Psychoda domestica Haseman. 

THE EGG. 
(Big. 3, Pl; XXXT.) 

Eggs were easily obtained by confining females in stender 
dishes which contained a small quantity of sludge and water 
from the filter beds. Females were frequently put into the dishes 
in the evening and by the next morning clusters of eggs had 
been deposited. They were laid in masses on the bottom or 
sides of the dish or on fragments of rock which projected from 
the surface of the mass of sludge. Egg masses deposited 1n the 
dishes were never laid in the water, but just above the water 
and at the edges of moist areas on the bottom. These egg masses 
contained a varying number of eggs ranging from 20 to over 100. 
The masses were irregular in shape and the eggs which composed 
them were -deposited in no definite order. They adhered 
strongly to the glass and were apparently cemented there at 
the time of oviposition. Under normal conditions the eggs 
are laid on the surfaces of the filter stone. It is very probable 
that eggs are not only deposited near the top surface of the 


414 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V,. 


filter but at some depth since larve, pupz, and adults were 
found two feet below the surface and it was evident that the 
adults encounter no difficulty in traversing the interstices. 

The eggs are oval in shape and the majority show a slight concavity 
on one side accompanied by a corresponding convexity on the other, 
thus giving the eggs the appearance of being slightly bent in one plane. 
Sometimes this concavity is so reduced that this aspect of the egg is. 
almost straight. A large number of eggs were measured, and it was 
found that they are quite constant in size. The length varied only from 
0.32 mm. to 0.34 mm.,'and the measurements of the greatest diameter 
showed a variation of only 0.09 to 0.1 mm. The yolk is centrally 
located and comprises about one-half of the bulk of the egg. It is opaque, 
granular, and shows a homogeneous distribution in the freshly deposited 
egg. The substance outside the yolk is transparent and homogeneous. 
This substance is largely confined to the ends of the egg, and one end 
usually containing a larger quantity than the other. The outer egg 
membrane is smooth and transparent. 

Development proceeds rather rapidly and in about sixteen 
hours after oviposition most of the eggs are in an advanced 
stage of development. Not all of the eggs of a given mass. 
develop at the same rate, but some lag behind and therefore 
hatch later. The time between the laying and the hatching of 
the eggs was found to vary from about thirty-four to forty- 
eight hours. 

THE LARVA. 
(Fig. 6, Pl. XXXII.) 

Larve in all stages of development occurred in great abund- 
ance in the sprinkling filter beds. The influents of these filters. 
come from the settling and septic tanks and are thrown out. 
into the air in a spray which falls on the surface of the filter bed 
and filters through about ten feet of crushed limestone. This- 
influent carried considerable solid organic matter in suspension, 
some of which is retained in the filter. This sludge accumu- 
lates in some quantity on the surfaces of the stones and in the 
interstices formed by them, particularly in the upper part of 
the bed. The larve are found crawling through and over 
this sludge, and no doubt derive their food from it. Often larve 
may be found completely buried in the sludge with only the 
posterior breathing tube projecting into the air. They are 
active in their habits, and their characteristic crawling and 
wriggling form of locomotion is moderately efficient. They 
crawl with comparative ease over the surface of the filter rocks- 
and even have the ability to crawl up the side of a glass vessel 
in which they may be confined. 


1912] Life History of a New Psychoda 415: 


At the time of hatching the larva is small, measuring only 
about 0.5 mm. It is whitish in appearance and quite trans- 
parent. It is active from the time of the emergence from the 
egg, and increase in size takes place rapidly. At this stage the 
two reddish-brown eye spots on the lateral aspect of the head 
are quite distinct. Immediately after hatching the little larva 
places itself, if possible, in a position which allows the breathing 
tube to be exposed to the air. 


The mature larva is cylindrical, slender, and from 8.5 mm. to 9.5 
mm. long. The greatest diameter, which occurs in the anterior region 
of the body, is about 1 mm. The color is light brown. In the mid 
abdominal region a whitish or silvery appearance is common and is 
in part due to the fact that the longitudinal tracheal trunks show 
through the integument to some extent. The body is composed of the 
head, three thoracic segments, and eight abdominal segments. 

The head is much smaller than the adjacent thoracic segment. It is 

smooth, deep brown in color, and strongly chitinized. A pair of oval 
brown eye spots are present on the anterior lateral aspect. The head is 
to some extent retractile, and may be partially withdrawn into the 
thorax. The lateral margins of the clypeus converge posteriorly. 
Minute antennz appear as a number of tiny rods of similar shape and 
size. The tip of the labrum is spiny and also bears a few sete. The 
mouth parts, which are setose and denticulate, are enclosed in a sunken 
space on the anterior part of the ventral aspect of the head. On either 
side of the labrum and attached to the ventral surface is a pair of setose 
segmented appendages which in the living larva are in constant motion 
being rapidly extended and retracted and apparently serving as pre- 
hensile organs. Two pairs of clusters of setae occur laterally, one pair 
near the eye spots and the other pair nearer the prothoracic segment. 
Setze also occur on the dorsal aspect of the head, one aggregation located 
midway between the eye spots, two setz near the middle, and two sete 
near the caudal margin. 

The thoracic segments are distinct and each shows one well marked 
constriction which divides it into an anterior and a posterior annulus. 
The posterior annulus of the prothoracic segment bears four groups of 
setae (usually two in each group), two dorsal and two ventral. The 
ventral group usually has one long seta. The dorsal surface of the pos- 
terior prothoracic annulus bears two small brown protuberances, one 
on either side and dorso-lateral in position. The tip of each protuberance 
bears a closed spiracle which is the terminus of a branch of the tracheal 
system. The mesothorax and metathorax have one constriction each, 
and in other respects are similar to the prothorax, with the exception 
that the diameter is slightly increased. The thorax as a whole is smooth, 
and the fine chitinous surface spines are much smaller than those on 
the abdominal segments. 

The first abdominal segment has one constriction, but the following 
six have two thus marking off each segment into an anterior, a median, 
and a posterior annulus. The sete on the first segment are arranged as 
in the thoracic segments, while in the following segments ventral groups. 


416 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


occur on the anterior and posterior annuli of each. Two groups of 
setee occur on the dorsal aspect of each posterior annulus. The entire 
‘surface of the first seven abdominal segments, excluding the interseg- 
mental grooves and the constrictions, are thickly studded with fine 
brown chitinous spines. The eighth, ninth and tenth abdominal seg- 
ments bear, on the dorsal surface, nine chitinous plates, one on each 
annulus. These plates are brown, heavily chitinized, and transversely 
elongated. They are not uniform either in size or shape, but in general 
the nearer the caudal region the larger do they become. The plates on 
segments nine and ten are approximately constant in size and shape in 
the different specimens, but in segment eight there is some variation. 
Usually three plates are present, but occasionally a specimen is found 
in which one may be very diminutive, or even entirely lacking. The 
plate on the posterior annulus shows the greatest variability. In 
exceptional cases it may be entirely absent, but the common form of the 
variation is in the size and shape. Judging from the predominance of 
the specimens showing it, the common form seems to be a central, 
somewhat quadrate plate with a small circular plate on either side. 
Other specimens may show the middle plate reduced to the size of the 
two small lateral ones. Still others show one of the lateral plates appar- 
ently fused with the central piece, and finally, specimens were examined 
in which the lateral plates were absent and the middle plate well devel- 
oped. It seems probable that the latter has come about by the complete 
fusion of the two lateral plates to the median. 

The terminal (eleventh) segment is smooth, heavily chitinized, and 
tapers caudad. The tip is emarginated. It bears two dorsal projections 
which show a few strong bristles; also two ventral projections, longer 
than the dorsal. Each of the four projections is armed at the extreme 
end with a crown of strong bristles. The anal opening is on the ventral 
side of segment eleven and near its base. The opening occurs on an anal 
papilla which is composed of four lobes. The region immediately sur- 
rounding the papilla is not chitinized, but close behind it is a lunate 
chitinous plate. Several long sete: occur near the papilla. 


This larva differs distinctly from that of Ps. schizura in 
length and in diameter, in the number of chitinous plates on 
the dorsal posterior part of the abdomen, and in the presence of 
eye spots. It differs from the larva of Ps. floridica in the annu- 
lation of the body, in the number of setz present and in the 
number of dorsal abdominal plates. The larva of Ps. domestica 
differs chiefly in the length and in the number of dorsal thoracic 
and abdominal plates. The larva of Ps. nocturnala differs 
principally in the form of the body and the number of dorsal 
abdominal plates. 

THE PUPA. 
(bigsanleezene hXexexdr) 

The pupa rests on the sides of the filter stones, often com- 

pletely surrounded by sludge with only the breathing tubes 


1912] Life History of a New Psychoda : 417° 


exposed. It is rather sluggish and moves about slowly from 
place to place by means of ‘a wriggling movement of the 
abdomen. 

A large number of pupz were measured and it was found 
that the average length exclusive of the respiratory tubes was 
4.5 mm. The range of variation was from 4.02 mm. to 4.86. 
The greatest diameter which is in the region of the developing 
wings had an average length of 0.84 mm., the variation being 
0.72 mm. to 0.9 mm. When first transformed the pupa is pale 
in color like the larva but soon becomes darker. 


The head and thorax with their accompanying parts are usually deep 
brown. The thoracic respiratory tubes (Fig. 9, Pl. XX XII) are long and 
slender. Measurements show the average length to be 0.58 mm. and the 
extremes of variation from 0.54 mm. to 0.66 mm. Each consists of two 
parts, a short, yellow, indistinctly wrinkled, proximal stalk, and a 
much longer, dark, distal part. The latter has its maximum diameter 
at the base and tapers gradually towards the tip. Under magnification 
it shows a large number of fine transverse wrinkles. On the dorsal 
surface two approximately parallel rows of small clear circular spots 
extend from the base to the tip and there are aggregated into a small 
terminal cluster. According to Miall and Walker (1895, p. 146) these 
spots are the external openings of the large trachea which traverses the 
organ. Dell (1905, p. 303) however, has shown in Psychoda sexpunctata, 
a European species, that in places the tracheal extension bulges through 
the wall of the respiratory tube thus giving rise to the clear circular spots. 

The abdomen is widest at its junction with the thorax and it grad- 
ually tapers caudad. The spines along the lateral margins are mod- 
erately developed and each normally ends in a fine stiff hair. The inter- 
segmental grooves are both wide and deep, distinctly marking off the 
segments. Chitin is minimized in these intersegmental grooves and this 
accounts for the ability of the abdomen to perform rather active move- 
ments. These grooves are also much lighter in color than the contiguous 
parts thus giving the abdomen a banded appearance. The regions 
between the intersegmental grooves are strongly chitinized. Each 
bears an armature of spines on both the dorsal and ventral surfaces. On 
the former there is a single row of spines on the caudal margin of each 
segment while on the latter there are two rows on each segment, one 
near the middle of the segment and composed of large spines only, the 
other on the caudal margin of the segment and composed of large and 
small spines. Figures 1 and 2 show the number, comparative sizes, and 
disposal of these spines on the two surfaces. The examination of a large 
number of pupz showed that the size and arrangement of these spines 
are constant and that there is only a very slight variation in the num- 
ber, the variation being confined to the small spines. These small spines 
may be simple or compound (with double tips)and those on a given segment 
may vary to the amount of one or two in different specimens. The dor- 
sal surface of the base of the last segment bears two simple laterally 
projecting spines and two similar spines occur on the ventral surface. 


418 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


The caudal extremity of the last segment is laterally compressed and is 
equipped with two pairs of spines, one dorsal and the other ventral in 
position. The former is only moderately developed while the latter is 
strongly developed. The spines in both pairs diverge caudad and in 
each pair the component spines are separated by a distinct emargination. 

This pupa differs from that of Ps. schizura in the length and 
diameter, in the number of abdominal spines, the character of 
the intersegmental grooves, and the character of the head 
region. It differs from the pupa of Ps. floridica chiefly in the 
character of the respiratory tubes and the number and arrange- 
ment of the abdominal spines. The pupa of Ps. nocturnala 
differs in the number of rows of spines on the first abdominal 
segment, and in size. The pupa of Ps. domestica differs markedly 
in the shape of the abdomen, in size and in the character of the 
abdominal spines. 


Studies on the structure and activities of the different 
stages of this species are now in progress and the results will be 
published later. 

The writer considered it unnecessary to give a complete 
bibliography of the literature on Psychodide. ‘The following 
list includes only the papers referred to in the article. 


LITERATURE CITED. 


Dell, J. A. 1905. Structure and Life History of Psychoda sexpunctata. Transac- 
tions of the Entomological Society of London, pp. 293-311. 

Fullaway, D. T. 1907. Immature Stages of a Psychodid Fly. Entomological 
News, Vol. XVIII, pp. 386-889. 

Haseman, L. 1907. A Monograph on the North American Psychodidae, including 
ten new species and an Aquatic Psychodid from Florida. Transactions of the 
American Entomological Society, Vol. XX XIII, pp. 299-333. 

1908. Notes on the Psychodidae. Entomological News, Vol. XIX, pp. 274-285. 

Kellogg, V. L. 1901. An Aquatic Psychodid. Entomological News, Vol. XII, 
pp. 46-50. 

Miall, L. C., and Walker, N. 1895. The Life History of Pericoma canescens, 
Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. pp. 141-147. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 
PLATE XXXI. 
Psychoda albimaculata, n. sp. 


Fig. 1. Dorsal view of the pupa. 
Fig. 2. Ventral view of pupa. 
Fig. 8. Eggs. Drawn shortly after oviposition. 

Fig. 4. Basal joints of the antenna. Hairs and scales not shown. 
Fig. 5. Distal joints of the antenna. Hairs and scales not shown. 
PLATE XXXII. 

Fig Dorsal view of the mature larva. 


6 
7. Dorsal view of the male genitalia. Hairs not shown. 
Fig. 8. Lateral view of the male genitalia. Hairs not shown. 
. 9. Dorsal view of one of the pupal respiratory tubes. 
Fig. 10. Ventral plate of the female. 
Fig. 11. Ovipositor. 


ANNALS E. S. A. VOL. V, PEATE XXEXT, 


Lomm, 


Yu TTT 


®P. S.. Welch. 


Lm”. 


ANNAIS E. S. A. ; VoL. V, PLATE XXXII. 


cE 


pulang) 


P. S. Welch. 


STOMOXYS CALCITRANS LINN. 


Cuas. K. BRAIN, B. A., F. E. S., Entomologist.* 


Stomoxys calcitrans Linn. has often been suspected of being 
an agent in the transmission of disease, and the recent experi- 
ments of Rosenau, Anderson and Frost seem to show con- 
clusively that this insect can, and may, transmit Acute 
Poliomyelitis in animals—monkeys were used. 


Fig. 1. Stomoxys calcitrans Linn. 2. (After Austen.) 


It is not said that Stomoxys calcitrans is the actual carrier of 
Infantile Paralysis in Nature, but its common occurrence in 
localities where the disease is most prevalent, and its ability to 
transmit the disease from sick to healthy animals, makes 
further study of the species desirable. Considerable mention 
has been made of this fly in the entomological literature of the 
last fifty years, chiefly in relation to its occurrence in stables, 
and various methods have been recommended for its destruc- 

*This work was undertaken in connection with experimental work now being 


conducted by the Ohio State Board of Health, and the blocks used for the 
illustrations are the property of that Board. 


421 


422 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


tion, but, as far as I could ascertain, no work has been done in 
this country on its mouthparts and internal anatomy. Four 
papers in England and one of minor importance in France, 
which apply to this genus, if not to this particular species, are 
included in the Bibliography. 

Facts relating to its life-history have been recorded by 
Packard and others, and Prof. James S. Hine of Ohio State 
University is at present working on this side of the subject. 
The writer made observations on its life-history in South 
Africa, and conducted feeding experiments in connection with 
the transmission of a Trypanosoma disease from Portuguese 
East Africa. When on this work it was noticed that very few 
Stomoxys calcitrans larvee could be obtained from old, heating 
manure, but that, as a rule, perfectly fresh horse dung was 
chosen for oviposition. Where this was collected into heaps 
with stable refuse, and generated heat, nearly all the larve 
found in it were of Musca domestica. In rooms where food was 
kept the majority of flies were of the latter species, Stomoxys 
calcitrans being most prevalent in such places on dull, cool 
days. Counts were made of flies caught in the windows of two 
rooms of the Government Experiment Station at Rosebank, 
near Cape Town in 1910. In room A, the laboratory, over 
40% of the flies caught in a week were Stomoxys calcitrans, 
while in room B, one of the living rooms, Musca domestica, 
comprised 93% of the flies caught, while Stomoxys calcitrans 
was rarely taken, representing less than 3% of the whole. The 
distance between the two rooms was approximately 35 feet. 
The three flies most common in houses, all of which have a 
very wide distribution, being almost universal, are Musca 
domestica, the House-Fly, Homalomyia_ canicularis, the 
Lesser House-Fly, and Stomoxys calcitrans, The Stable-Fly. 
The particulars given with the accompanying figures in Plate 
XXXIII will suffice for their identification in the various stages. 


Musca domestica Linn. The House-Fly. 


Egg: About 1 mm. long, elongate, cylindrical, oval, rather more 
pointed at the anterior end, dull chalky white in color. About 100 to 
150 eggs laid in a mass in crevices in house refuse or accumulations of 
horse manure. Eggs hatch under favorable conditions in 8 to 24 hours. 

Larva: 7 to 10 mm. long when full grown, greasy white in general 
color, except for the darker color of the contents of the alimentary 
tract. This larva can be distinguished from others by the shape and 
size of the plates which surround the posterior respiratory apertures. 


1912] Stomoxys Calcitrans Linn. 423 


These are situated on the broad end of the body and are close together, 
comparatively large, and circular except for the inside edges, which 
are straight. Under favorable conditions the larva is full grown and 
pupates in from 4 to 7 days. (See Fig. 2). 

Pupa: Yellowish brown to dark reddish brown, barrel shaped, but 
tapering slightly towards the anterior end, 6 to 8 mm. long. (See 
Fig. 3.) Under most favorable conditions of temperature and humidity 
the pupal stage lasts 3 to 5 days. 

Adult: The normal length is about 6 or 7 mm., mouse gray in color, 
while the thorax has four black, longitudinal stripes, which are usually 
most sharply defined in front. It may be noticed that the compound 
eyes more nearly meet on top of the head in the male than in the female. 
The proboscis, at rest, is not visible from above. The end of the 4th 
longitudinal vein bends sharply up so as to nearly join the vein above it. 
(See Fig. 1.) Females hibernate in winter. The House-Fly cannot 
bite and does not suck blood. 


Homalomyia canicularis, Linn. The Lesser House-Fly. 


Egg: This has not been studied by the writer but it is reported to 
be deposited in decaying animal and vegetable matter. 

Larva: About 8 mm. long when full grown, brownish yellow in 
color and somewhat abruptly narrowed in front. This larva may 
readily be distinguished from that of Musca domestica or of Stomoxys 
calcitrans by the presence of spines shown in Fig. 5. ~ 

Pupa: The bristles of the last larval stage still persist in the pupa 
as does also the brownish coloration. The case is, however, somewhat 
shorter than the extended larva. (See Fig. 6.) 

Adult: Normal length about 6 mm., but this fly is much more 
slender than the common house-fly. The thorax is blackish or dull grey, 
but the distinct longitudinal stripes are not noticeable in the <. 

Front of head shining white in the o’, while that of the 2 is darkish 
grey. Width of vertex in the o is one-seventh; in the 2 one-third the 
total width of the head. The proboscis is not visible from above. End of 
4th longitudinal vein not bent up towards the vein above but parallel . to 
it. When this fly is at rest the tips of the wings are nearer together than 
in Musca domestica. This adds to the narrower and smaller appearance 
of the insect, and no doubt accounts, in some degree, for the common, 
but erroneous idea that these are young house-flies. Like the house-fly 
this species cannot bite and does not suck blood. 


Stomoxys calcitrans Linn. The Stable Fly. 


Egg: About 1 mm. long, white, elongate and banana-like in shape. 
One side straight, with a deep groove, the other curved. Laid in small 
masses of 40 to 70, in accumulation of moist and fermenting vegetable 
matter (straw, etc.), or in fresh horse manure. At favorable temper- 
ature the eggs hatch in 2 to 4 days. 

Larva: Length when full grown about 10 mm., very similar in 
appearance and color to the larva of Musca domestica, but may be read- 
ily distinguished by the plates of the respiratory tubes which are “dis- 


424 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


tinctly smaller, circular, and from 4 to 6 times as far apart. (See 
Fig. 8.) Larval stage usually lasts 15 to 21 days, but may be extended 
under unfavorable conditions up to 80 days. 

Pupa: Bright reddish brown to chestnut brown in color, and nor- 
mally 6 mm. long; precisely similar to that of Musca domestica from 
which it may be distinguished by the plates in the same manner as the 
larva. In summer the adults usually emerge in 9 to 13 days after pupa- 
tion. (See Fig. 9.) 

Adult: Normal length about 7 mm., rather more robust in shape 
than either of the foregoing, darkish grey. Thorax with 4 conspicuous 
blackish longitudinal stripes. Abdomen without ochraceous-buff 
patches but dotted with clove-brown, the spots usually more conspic- 
uous in the @. Vertex 1 in o&, and 4 in @ the width of the whole 
head. Proboscis shining black, projecting horizontally in front of the 
head, visible from above when not feeding. The end of the 4th longi- 
tudinal vein bent up, but not so much as in Musca domestica. (See 
Fig. 7.) A biting fly, both sexes suck blood from human beings as well as 
from cattle, horses, etc. Common about farmyards and stables, and 
common in houses near such places, especially on dull days. This 
accounts for the old saying in the country districts, that it is a sign of 
rain when the flies bite. 


External Mouth Parts. 


Unlike some of the other well known Blood-Sucking Diptera 
the male of this species feeds also on blood, and I have been 
unable to determine any difference between the mouth parts of 
the two sexes of Stomoxys calcitrans. The following description 
will therefore apply equally well to male or female. The exter- 
nal mouth-parts consist of maxillary palpi and the proboscis. 
(Plate XXXIV, Fig. 1. mxp. and pr.) Maxille proper and man- 
dibles are not found, the proboscis consisting of the labrum, 
hypopharnyx and the labium. 

The maxillary palpi consist of a single segment and are 
approximately one-fourth the length of the proboscis. 

The proboscis, in a resting position, extends horizontally 
below the head and may be plainly seen projecting for about 
one-third of its length in front of the head. In this position 
its base is closely applied to the lower part of the head in the 
ventral groove, but when extended it will be observed that its 
attachment to the lower chitinous skeleton is membranous, 
except for the two strong apodemes. (ap. in Figs. 1, 2 and 4, 
Plate XXXIV.) 

The maxillary palpi are attached to this membranous cone, 
and do not, in any part, enclose the proboscis. The proboscis is 


1912] Stomoxys Calcitrans Linn. 425 


somewhat longer than the height of the head, distinctly thick- 
ened, in the basal half, black, shining, and practically smooth. 

The Jabium, or lower lip, is the strong black part referred 
to, and this constitutes the sheath for the labrum and hypo- 
pharynx. The labium consists of three segments. (Plate 
XXXIV, Fig. 1, 2, 2, 22). Segment 7 is eight to ten times the 
length of the other two together. Segment 7 is very small and 
inconspicuous, and segment 722 is composed of the labella. 
Throughout the whole length of the labium is the dorsal groove, 
in which lie the labrum and hypopharynx. This dorsal groove 
is deep in the basal part and becomes gradually more and more 
shallow distally. Near the extreme base it is practically closed 
above by the overlapping of the dorsal margins of the labium. 
(Plate XXXIV, Fig. 3.) 

The outer chitinous walls of the labium are comparatively 
thin but very hard, while the interior is completely filled by 
muscles and trachee. (Plate XXXIV, Fig. 3 me. and ir.) 

Segment a of the labium, as has been said, is very small, 
and appears as a small section of chitin in the joint between 
a and wm. Segment iz is composed of the labella, fitting 
together as one might place the palms of the hands together 
with the fingers pointing forward. Around the margins of the 
labella, under low power, smaller and larger hair-like processes 
may be seen projecting, while if a labellum be removed and its 
inner surface examined under the microscope its structure will 
be found to be elaborate and interesting. 

Figure 5 shows the inner surface of the right labellum, with 
its lower or ventral wall at vw, and the dorsal margin at dm. 
It will be seen that there are five strong chitinous teeth, ct., anda 
series of chitinous blades, cb., which are more delicate. In 
addition to these there are a number of longer or shorter sete 
on the distal and ventral margins. 

The Labrum (of Hansen) or upper lip, (Jb, Figs. 2, 3 and 4) 
(=labrum-epipharynx of Newstead) reaches nearly to the 
base of the labella. Its shape in section is readily seen from 
Figure 3, /b., where it will be noticed that its lateral margins are 
incurved below to form a definite tube with a rather broad slit. 
When feeding the tube is completed by the hypopharynx. (hp., 
in Figs. 2, 3 and 4). The labrum is thickened at the base, is 
somewhat strongly chitinised, and has a sharp, flattened, tri- 


426 Annals Entomological Society of America,  [Vol. V, 


angular, and highly chitinized point. At intervals along the 
inner surface, are sense organs, each with a short clear hair. 
The Hypopharynx is as long as the labrum, and consists, 
until its distal end is neared, of a tube. (Fig. 3, hp.,) The apical 
part, however, is flattened and membranous, and quite unsuited 
for piercing. 
Method of Feeding. 


When about to feed Stomoxys calcitrans raises the body 
somewhat higher than the normal position on the legs, and 
brings the proboscis into practically a vertical position. The 
posterior part of the body is, in some cases, decidedly elevated. 
The tip of the proboscis is in this manner brought into contact 
with the skin of the host and the first puncture made. This, I 
believe, is performed by the labella, which are slightly parted 
so that the chitinous teeth and blades can be brought into 
operation. If blood emerges from the puncture it is sucked up, 
but if not I imagine the labella are depressed laterally and the 
point of the labrum forced into the host. I have observed on 
several occasions, when allowing S. calcitrans to bite, that 
there is often a decided stab after the first puncture had been 
completed. 

The saliva is conducted to the wound by means of the 
hypopharynx, into the base of which the salivary duct opens. 
(Sd. int Figs. 2.and “4"sG) imme) 

The blood is conveyed to the pharynx by means of the tube 
formed by the labrum and hypopharynx combined, which is in 
turn enclosed by the dorsal groove of the labium. 

The pharynx proper has strongly chitinised walls, and pow- 
erful muscles, which make it well adapted for sucking. 


Digestive System. 


The relative position of the different parts of the alimentary 
canal in Stomoxys calcitrans are shown, in diagrammatic form, 
in Fig. 2. Beginning with the proboscis it will be seen to con- 
sist of the following parts: J. hp., the canal formed by the 
labrum and hypopharynx combined. g., the tube leading from 
this canal to the pharynx proper. ph., the pharynx proper. 
oe., the oesophagus, which passes through the brain at the 
point indicated. pr., the proventriculus, from which two ducts 
pass backward, viz., d. ss., the duct of the sucking stomach, 


1912] Stomoxys Calcitrans Linn. 427 


and the one dorsal to this, which is the thoracic intestine. 
s. St., the sucking stomach. 7., the abdominal intestine. m. t., 
the junction of the abdominal intestine and the proctodeum, 
at which point the Malpighian tubes enter. 7., the rectum. 
a., the anus. 


SHER. 


Fig. 2. Stomoxys calcitrans L. Semi-diagrammatic view of 
longitudinal section showing alimentary canal. 


The food canal of the proboscis was described earlier in this 
paper, and this leads to a sausage-shaped tube, which has 
chitinous, and spirally thickened walls, and which is plainly 
seen in the membranous cone when the proboscis is extended 
for feeding. (Plate XXXIV, Figs. 2 and 4, g.) This, in turn, 
opens into the pharynx, which is roughly triangular in shape, 
having its upper edges drawn out into chitinous projections as 
muscle attachments. The cesophagus, on emerging from the 
pharynx, is wide and flattened, but soon becomes narrower 
and assumes a cylindrical form. It passes slightly forward and 
upward, turns abruptly backward through the brain and into 
the thorax, where it enters the ventral, anterior part of the 
proventriculus. The proventriculus is situated in the anterior 
third of the thorax, and, when seen from above, is a delicate 
white sac, circular in outline. It is roughly the shape of a mush- 
room, with its convex surface upward. The intestine arises 
from its posterior upper surface, while the cesophagus enters 
the ventral surface. Slightly posterior to this, again, on the 
ventral surface, the duct of the sucking stomach arises. 

During its course through the thorax the intestine is prac- 
tically of uniform thickness, but at about the point where it 
passes over the sucking stomach it becomes thicker, its walls,. 


428 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


at the same time, becoming thinner. The abdominal intestine 
is approximately three times the length of the fly. The thick- 
ened part, 7. e., that nearest the sucking stomach, is the only 
part coiled, and this hes in three simple, superposed coils, 
gradually narrowing to each end. Posterior to this the intestine 
continues, of practically uniform thickness, to the rectum. 


i 


Fig. 3. Stomoxys calcitrans L. Salivary glands and left Malpighian 
tube (semi-diagrammatic). 

The rectum is a transparent sac, cone-shaped, with the 
apex toward the anus. It contains four rectal glands, which 
are long and trumpet like in shape, and terminates in a narrow 
tube leading to the anus. The appendages of the alimentary 
canal are the sucking stomach, the salivary glands, and the 
Malpighian tubes. 

The sucking stomach, when filled with blood, occupies the 
greater part of the abdomen, but when examined before the 
insect has fed, it lies in the anterior third, immediately above 
the salivary glands. Its walls are thin, being composed of a 
single layer of cells with interrupted strands of muscle fibre. 


1912] Stomoxys Calcitrans Linn. 429 


The salivary glands (Fig. 3, s. g.) are situated partly in the 
thorax, and partly in the abdomen. Their two ducts arise from 
the common salivary duct (Plate XXXIV, Figs. 2 and 4, sd.) in 
the head, and follow a parallel course through the thorax until 
the abdomen is reached. Here they become slightly wider 
apart, and then make a sharp turn outward and forward. Their 
extreme ends are slightly enlarged. ‘Throughout their whole 
course they occupy a ventral position to the remainder of the 
alimentary canal. 

The Malpighian tubes, m. ¢. in Fig. 3, are long, slender, and 
much coiled. They are readily seen in dissections, being easily 
distinguished by their opaque and yellowish appearance. They 
arise from the narrow, lower intestine, a single tube on each 
‘side. From each of these, in turn, two tubules branch, those of 
the left side only being indicated in the figure. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
Hansen, H. J. Mouth parts of Glossina and Stomoxys, pp. 105-109 in the 
Monograph of Tsetse Flies by E. E. Austin, London, 1903. 


Tulloch, F. M. G. The Internal Anatomy of Stomoxys. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. 
Ser. B., Vol. 77. 1905-6, pp. 523-531. Also in Jour. Army Med. Corps, 
Lond. Vol. 7. 1906. pp. 154-162. 5 Figs. 


The species dealt with in this paper is not known, as Lieut. Tulloch 
‘states: ‘‘The dissections of the local variety of Stomoxys, which form the 
subject of this Note, were made at the suggestion of Prof. Minchin, during 
his direction of the Royal Society’s Commission on Sleeping Sickness in 
Entebbe, Uganda. Lieutenant Tulloch describes the Digestive System, the 
Nervous System, the Circulatory System, and the ™ and 2 Generative 
Organs. 


Giles, G. M. The Anatomy of the Biting Flies of the Genus Stomoxys and 
Glossina. Journ. Trop. Med. Lond. Vol. 9. 1906. pp. 99, 153, 169, 182, 198, 
‘217, and 235. 1 Pl. and 36 Figs. 


The parts dealing with the digestive tract, and the reproductive organs 
are taken mainly from Tulloch and Minchin, whose figures are reproduced. 


‘Stephens, J. W. W., and Newstead, R. The Anatomy of the Proboscis of Biting 
Flies Ann. Trop. Med. & Parasitol. Liverpool, Vol. 1. 1907. pp. 171-198. 8 pls. 


‘Surcouf, J., and Picard, F. Note sur les diptéres du genre Stomoxys en Abyssinie 
Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Par. Vol. 1, 1908. pp. 195-198. 


This paper deals with the Genus Stomoxys in general but the following 
particulars are given on the mouth parts: 

“Appareil buccal: L’appareil buccal est réduit; il se compose en dessus, 
d’un labre triangulaire, tranchant sur les bords et limitant une cavité ou se 
trouve la langue ou hypopharynx, non piquante et percée d’un canal en son 
milieu. 

“‘La lévre inférieure, tranchante, faite en forme de gouge, pénétre dans 
les tissus et forme le dessous. Cette lévre inférieuer porte deux prolongements 
nommés paraglosses, qui sont hérissés de grosses épines tactiles. Elle porte 
les palpes prés de sa base, et, au repos, sert 4 envelopper la langue.”’ 


430 


Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 


PEATE SexOGhile 


Figs. 1—9 after drawings by Terzi in Reports to Local Goy. Bd. on Public Health, 


Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


Sete ores Meth aiia me eh WS) 


Or 


N.S. No. 5. 1909. London. 


Musca domestica Linn., perfect insect. 

Musca domestica Larva. 

Musca domestica Pupa. 

Homalomyia canicularis, Linn., perfect insect. 
Homalomyia canicularis, Larva. 

Homalomyia canicularis Pupa. 

Stomoxys calcitrans Linn., perfect insect. 
Stomoxys calcitrans Larva. 

Stomoxys calcitrans Pupa. 


N. B.—AIl figures are 4 times natural size. 


PLATE XXXIV. 
External mouth parts of Stomoxys calcitrans Linn. 


Median longitudinal section of skeleton of front of head showing antennae,. 

maxillary palpi and proboscis; v, vertex; ant., antenna; ar., arista; 

p., left maxillary palpus; ap., apodeme; pr., proboscis; I, II, III, 
segments of labium; III, showing left labellum. 

Proboscis with labium removed; ap., apodeme; ph., pharynx; sd., salivary 
duct; g., lower part of oesophagus connecting the food canal of proboscis. 
with the pharynx; I, portion of base of labium; lb., labrum; h. p., 
hypopharynx. 

Transverse section of base of proboscis. I outer wall of base of Segment I 
of labium; m. c., muscle cells; lb., section of labrum; h. p., section of 
hypopharynx; fe., food canal formed by labrum and hypopharynx 
combined; s. c., salivary canal of hypopharynx; tr., trachea; k., keel of 
chitin which gives rigidity to the base of labial groove. 


Base of proboscis with labium removed (adapted from Hansen’s fig.); 
m., right muscle of enlargement of salivary duct s. d.; ph., pharynx; 
g., tube leading to pharynx; ap., base of apodeme.; lb., labrum; h. p., 
hypopharynx; b. h. p., base of hypopharynx; k, part of keel; see Fig. 3. 

Inner surface of right labellum; vw., ventral wall; d. m., dorsal margin; 
ct., chitinous teeth; cb., chitinous blades; h., hair-like processes 
(adapted from Hansen’s fig.). 


UiIpld “xO 


‘TIIXXX 31vTd ‘A “TOA 
"VY °S ‘ SIVNNYV 


Vou. V, PLATE XXXIV. 


OIC 


Brain. 


K. 


C. 


INDEX OF 


abunensis, Iphiaulax, 220. 
aciculatus, Pezomachus, 136. 
acutipleura, Tipula, 42. 
Aeschnide, 278. 
Agelena nevia, 4. 
Agriotypus armatus, 65, 70. 
alaope, Cerceris, 22. 
albifasciata, Tipula, 344. 
albimacula, Tipula, 51. 
albovittata, Tipula, 61. 
Alexander, C. P., article by, 343. 
alta, Tipula, 44. 
Amaurobius, 7. 
amazonica, Microtipula, 361. 
americana, Ranatra, 281. 
americanum, Lethocerus, 281. 
americanus, Pezomachus, 137. 
americanus, Theroscopus, 114. 
Amnicola, 278. 
amoena, Scolia, 317. 
ampla, Cerceris, 16. 
Anagrus subfuscus, 65, 70. 
Anatomy of Icerya purchasi, 383. 
Anax, 278. 
junius, 278. 
anceps, Scolia, 338. 
Andrena, 236. 
annularis, Pomoxis, 276. 
annulatum, Micromeson, 137, 189. 
annulatus, Pezomachus, 137. 
Aphredoderus sayanus, 276. 
apiculata, Nepa, 281. 
Apis, 236. 
Apis mellifica, 234. 
Apterophygus, 113, 114. 
Aptesis, 113, 114. 
Aquatic Hymenoptera in America, 65. 
aquatica, Prestwichia, 70. 
aquivolans, Hydrophylax, 65, 70. 
arelate, Cerceris, 18. 
Arenobius, 141. 
coloradanus, 141. 
mississippiensis, 144. 
sontus, 143. 
Ariadna bicolor, 3. 
apterogyne, Tipula, 344. 
armatipennis, Tipula, 347. 
armatus, Agriotypus, 65, 70. 
ashmeadii, Pezomachus, 119, 120, 135. 
aspersa, Tipula, 51. 
Asynacta, 65. 
atacama, Tipula, 357. 
atrisumma, Tipula, 42. 
Atypus, 3. 
Augochlora, 237. 
auripes, Pezomachus, 184. 
aymara, Tipula, 353. 


VOLUME V. 


badia, Triscolia, 314. 
bakeri, Rhogas, 221. 
Banks, Nathan, article by, 11. 
Bartlett, O. C., article by, 293. 
Belostoma, 277. 
Benacus griseus, 281. 
biarmata, Tipula, 55. 
bicincta, Scolia, 316. 
bicolor, Ariadna, 3. 
bicolor, Eucystomastax, 223. 
bicornuta, Cerceris, 16. 
bidens, Scolia, 3388. 
bidentata, Cerceris, 16. 
bifalcata, Tipula, 55. 
bifasciata, Scolia, 338. 
bifasciatus, Rhogas, 222. 
bilineatum, Ophion, 282. 
Binarea, 209, 211. 
Binarea calida, 209. 
spinicollis, 210. 
biuncus, Tipula, 58. 
Bombus, 234, 236. 
Bombus terricola, 233. 
bonikus, Polydesmus, 168. 
Bracon, 

crassitarsis, 213. 

pareensis, 212. 

thalessiformis, 215. 
Braconide, Brazilian, 193. 
Bradley, J. C., Venation, 78. 
Brain, C. K., article by, 179, 421. 
Branner, J. C., 193. 
branneri, Megaplectes, 195. 
brasiliensis, Chelonus, 206. 
brasiliensis, Crypturopsis, 198. 
brasiliensis, Helorimorpha, 204. 
brasiliensis, Mirax, 205. 
Brazilian Ichneumonide and 

Braconide, 193. 

brevistylus, Pezomachus, 119. 
Bruchus, 377. 

chinensis, 377. 
bruesii, Pezomachus, 136. 
Brues, C. T., article by, 193. 
Buwatia, 159. 

monterea, 159. 
By-Laws, IX. 


calcitrans, Stomoxys, 421, 423. 
calida, Binarea, 209. 
californica, Tipula, 49. 
Campanotus, 236. 

canicularis, Homalomyia, 423. 
capensis, Pseudococcus, 182. 
capitata, Ceratitis, 400. 
carapune, Iphiaulax, 219. 
Caraphractus cinctus, 68, 70. 


433 


454 


-catawba, Cerceris, 25. 
cenoccelius tricolor, 208. 
-cervulus nodicornis, 212. 
Ceratitis Capitata, 400. 
Cerceris, Notes on the Eastern Species 
of, 11 

»Cerceris 

alaope, 22. 

ampla, 16. 

arelate, 18. 

bicornuta, 16. 

blakei, 26. 

catawba, 25. ~ 

chryssipe, 18. 

clymene, 20. 

clypeata, 18. 

compacta, 17. 

compar, 25. 

dentifrons, 18. 

deserta, 18, 22. 

fasciola, 23. 

finitima, 27. 

finitima nigroris, 27. 

firma, 20. 

frontata, 16. 

fulvipediculata, 24. 

fumipennis, 17. 

gnara, 22. 

halone, 24. 

imitatoria. 20. 

insolita, 23. 

irene, 26. 

jucunda, 26. 

juncunda carolina, 26. 

kennicotti, 25. 

nigrescens, 20. 

mandibularis, 17. 

morata, 19. 

prominens, 19. 

psamathe, 21. 

robertsoni, 17. 

tufinoda, 26. 

zelica, 23. 
cetepurange, Tetragonochora, 194. 
Chamberlin, R. V., article by, 141. 
Change of names of Tipula, 61. 
Chelonus brasiliensis, 206. 
chilensis, Macromastix, 344. 


Chilopods and Diplopods, New North. 


American, 141. 
chinensis, Bruchus, 377. 
Chorebus natator, 70. 
chryssipe, Cerceris, 18. 
cinctus, Caraphractus, 68, 70. 
citri, Pseudococcus, 178. 
clara, Tipula, 61. 
clymene, Cerceris, 20. 
clypeata, Cerceris, 18. 
cockerelli, Pezomachus, 123. 
coloradanus, Arenobius, 141. 
coloradensis, Pezomachus, 122. 


Index to Volume V. 


commiscibilis, Tipula, 61. 
communis, Linyphia, 4. 
compacta, Cerceris, 17. 
compar, Cerceris, 25. 
Comstock, J. H. ,article by, 1. 
concinna, Tipula, 61. 
Conotrachalus nenuphr, Death feign- 
ing, 391. 
consors, Scolia, 317. 
Constitution, VII. 
contaminata, Tipula, 61. 
convergens Cerceris, 21. 
cornigerum, Glyptocranium, 2. 
Cosilide, 311. 
Courtship of Trogoderma, 374. 
crassitarsis, Bracon, 213. 
crassus, Mesostenoideus, 197. 
craveri, Tipula, 344. 
Cremnodes, 113, 114. 
cressonii, Pezomachus, 136. 
Crosby, C. R., and Matheson, Robert, 
article by, 65. 

Cryptanura hyalina, 201. 
Cryptopyge obtusa, 194. 
Crypturopsis, 198. 

brasiliensis, 198. 

minor, 199. 

striata, 201. 

uniformis, 200. 
Cryptus heathi, 196. 
cubensis, Scolia, 318. 
Curtis, C. F., article by, 273. 
cylindrata, Tipula, 46. 
Cyclosa, 9. 
Cystomastax, 223. 


Dacnusa rousseaui, 70. 

Damages of Trogoderma, 369, 

Death feigning Conotrachelus 
nenuphar, 391. 

Death Feigning Instinct 
genia, 37. 

dentifrons, Cerceris, 18. 

derbyi, Tipula, 47. 

deserta, Cerceris, 18, 22. 

devorans, Lithobius, 147. 

Dictyna foliacea, 6. 

sublata, 7. 
volucripes, 6. 

differentialis, Melanoplus, 231. 

Diplopods and Chilopods, New North 
American, 141. 

dispar, Pezomachus, 125. 

Distribution of Trogoderma, 369. 

Doane, R. W., article by, 41. 

Dolerus, 232. 

Dolerus unicolor, 232. 

domestica, Musca, 422. 

Dragon-fly Nymphs, Observations on 
the Ecology of, 273. 

dubia dubia, Scolia, 318. 


in Hepta- 


Index to 


dubia hematodes, Scolia, 320. 
dubitatus, Heterospilus, 226. 


. edwardsi, Tipula, 344. 
Elidine, 311. 
Entomology, Faunistic Studies, 63. 
Epicordulia, 278. 
Erax, 244. 
Eucystomastax, 223. 
bicolor, 223. 
excisus, Iphiaulax, 217. 


fasciiventris, Heterospilus, 224. 
fasciola, Cerceris, 23. 


Faunistic Studies in Entomology, 63. 


Feeding of Trogoderma, 375. 

Felt, numerals in classification, 76. 
Biology of miastor oligarces, 87. 

ferruginosus, Pezomachus, 136. 

fervida, Triscolia, 315. 


Field, W. L. W., Hybrid Butterflies, 87. 


Filistata, 7. 

firma, Cerceris, 20. 

fisheri, Helorimorpha, 205. 
flavescens, Perca, 276. 

flavicoma, Tipula, 57. 

flavocauda, Tipula, 60. 
flavocinctus, Pezomachus, 1138, 129. 
flavocostalis, Scolia, 321. 
flavomarginata, Tipula, 46. 


Flight of Insects, A Problem in the, 61. 


foersteri, Pezomachus, 136. 
foliacea, Dictyna, 6. 

Food and Feeding in Heptagenia, 33. 
fortis, Iphiaulax, 216. 
Fossil May-flies, 102. 
fragilis, Pseudococcus, 186. 
frontata, Cerceris, 16. 
fulvilineata, Tipula, 61. 
fulvinodus, Tipula, 45. 
fulvipes, 24. 

fulvipediculata, Cerceris, 24. 
fulviventris, Scolia, 323. 
fumipennis, Cerceris, 17. 
fumipennis, Tipula, 359. 
fuscipennis, Scolia, 324. 


garius, Paraiulus, 167. 
Gee and Wilson, article by, 391. 
gerriphagus, Limnodytes, 67, 68, 70. 
geronimor, Soniphilus, 158. 
Gerris, remigis, 67. 
gibbosus, Lepomis, 276. 
Glyptocranium cornigerum, 2. 
gnara, Cerceris, 22. 
Gosibius, 146. 

monicus, 146. 
gracilis, Pezomachus, 136. 
graphica, Tipula, 61. 
griseus, Benacus, 281. 
guato, Tipula, 349. 


Volume V. 


435 


guttata azteca, Scolia, 326. 
guttata guttata, Scolia, 325. 
Gyrocampa stagnalis, 65, 70. 


Habitat and General Habits in Hep- 
tagenia, 31. 
halone, Cerceris, 24. 
Hartung and Severin, article by, 400. 
Haseman, L., Entomology in Mis- 
souri, 87. 
heathi, Cryptus, 196. 
hebes, cerceris, 16. 
hecate, Scolia, 325, 
Helorimorpha 
brasiliensis, 204. 
fisheri, 205. 
Hemimachus, 113, 114. 
Hemiteles, 114. 
Hepialus, 234. 
humuli, 243. 
thule, 244. 
Hepialus Thule, The 
of, 239. 
Heptagenia interpunctata Say, 37. 
Heterogamus, 222. 
Heterospilus 
dubitatus, 226. 
fasciiventris, 224. 
meridionalis, 225, 226. 
nigrescens, 226. 
histrio, Polycyrtus, 201. 
Homalomyia canicularis, 423, 
Homologies in the Wing-Veins of 
May-flies, 89. 
humuli, Hepialus, 242. 
hyalina, Cryptanura, 201. 
Hydrophylax, 66. 
aquivolans, 65, 70. 
Hymenoptera, Aquatic, in America, 65. 
Hymenoptera, Lacinia in the Maxilla 
Gig PBI 
Hyptiotes, 8. 
Hypochilus, thorellii 7. 


Pupal Wings 


Icerya, purchasi, 383. 
Ichneumonide, Brazilian, 193. 
Idiasta nigripennis, 227. 
iginus, Poabius, 153. 
imitatoria, Cerceris, 20. 
incurva, Tipula, 43. 
infuscata, Macroxyela, 231. 
Interpunctata Heptagenia, Natural 
History and General Behavior 
Grmole 
Iphialax, 216. 
abunensis, 220. 
carapune, 219. 
excisus, 220. 
fortis, 217. 
polybothris, 219. 
reduvioides, 216. 


436 


semialbus, 217. 

starksi, 218. 

tristis, 217. 

xantothorax, 213. 
inca, Tipula, 351. 
inclusum, Trogoderma, 367. 
inconstans, Scolia, 327. 
Insects, A Problem in the Flight of, 61. 
insignipes, Rhogas, 221. 
insolens, Pezomachus, 136. 
insolita, Cerceris, 28. 
insularis, Pezomachus, 136. 
interpunctella, Plodia, 377. 
Ischnura, 65. 


Johnston, C. E., article by, 383. 
Johnson, C. W., color in types, etc., 86. 
junius, Anax, 278. 


kekakensis, Pezomachus, 137. 
kennicotti, Cerceris, 25. 
Kethops, 154. 

utahensis, 155. 
kirkaldyi, Ranatra, 281. 
kukankensis, Pezomachus, 137. 
kukakensis, Theroscopus, 114. 


Lachnosterna, 370. 
Lacinia in the Maxilla of Hymenop- 
tera, 231. 

latzeli, Lithobius, 152. 
lecontei, Scolia, 329. 
Lepomis gibbosus, 276. 
Leptis, 244. : 
Lethocerus americanum, 281. 
Liaconsine, 311. 
Limnodytes 

gerriphagus, 67. 

setosus, 70. 
Linyphia, 4. 

communis, 4. 

marginata, 4. 

phrygiana, 4. 

pusilla, 4. 
Lithobius, 147. 

devorans, 147. 

voracior, 150. 
longipes, Pezomachus, 123. 
longispinus, Pseudococcus, 177. 
longistylus, Pezomachus, 120. 
lounsburyi, Pseudococcus, 179. 
Ludvigia palustris, 68. 
lymense, Micromeson, 1388. 
lymensis, Pezomachus, 187. 


macrosticta, Cerceris, 16. 
Macroxyela, 232. 
infuscata, 231. 
MacGillivray, A. D., article by, 231,239 
Macromastix, 344. 
chilensis, 344. 


Index to Volume V. 


macrosterna, Pachyrhina, 344. 
maculata, Vespa, 232. 
maculatus, Pezomachus, 121. 
maculithorax, Ophiogastrella, 202. 
mandibularis, Cerceris, 17. 
manni, Ophionellus, 203. 
manni, Parabinarea, 211. 
manni, Pezomachus, 132. 
marginata, Linyphia, 4. 
marina, Tipula, 44. 
Matheson, Robert, and C. R. Crosby,. 
article by, 65. 
Mating of Trogoderma, 374, 
maya, Tipula, 358. 
May-flies, Homologies in the Wing- 
veins, 89. 
May-fly tracheation, Peculiarties of, 93. 
Mediterranean Fruit Fly, 400. 
Megaplectes branneri, 195. 
Melanoplus differentialis, 231. 
mellifica, Apis, 234. 
mellitor, Microbracon, 213. 
Membership of the Society, X. 
meridiana, Tipula, 58. 
meridionalis, Heterospilus, 225, 226. 
Mesostenoideus crasuss, 197. 
Metepeira, 9. 
mexicana Cerceris, 17. 
mexicana, Scolia, 338. 
micariz, Pezomachus, 120. 
Microbracon mellitor, 213. 
microcephala, Tipula, 344. 
Microcryptus, 114. 
Micromeson, 137. 
annulatum, 137, 139. 
lymense, 138. 
Microtipula, 360. 
amazonica, 361. 
minor, Crypturopsis, 199. 
minutus, Pezomachus, 119. 
Mirax brasiliensis, 205. 
mississippiensis, Arenobius, 144. 
mohavea, Scolopendra, 156. 
monicus, Gosibius, 146. 
monifera, Tipula, 344. 
moniformis, Tipula, 344. 
monterea, Buwatia, 159. 
monticola, Scolia, 330. 
morata, Cerceris, 19. 
mordax Lithobius, 152. 
Morgan, May-fly photographs, 77. - 
Morgan, Anna H., article by, 89. 
Moulting and Life Cycle in Hep- 
tagenia, 38. 
Moulting of Trogoderma, 372. 
muraltize, Pseudococcus, 184. 
Musca domestica, 422. 
Mutillide, 311. 
Myrmoside, 311. 
Myzinide, 311. 


Index to Volume V. — 437 


nevia, Agelena, 4. 
nankus, Poabius, 153. 
natans, Polynema, 65. 
natator, Chorebus, 70. 
nelson, abnormal queen bee, 78. 
Nemasoma, 162. 

uta, 162. 
Nepa, 277. 

apiculata, 281. 
Nephila, 9, 10. 
New Neotropical Tipuline, 348. 
New Western Tipula, 41. 
nigrellus, Pezomachus, 113, 121. 
nigropennis, Idiasta, 227. 
nigrescens, Cerceris, 20. 
nigrescens, Heterospilus, 226. 
nigrescens, 22, 23. 
nigrocorporis, 45. 
nigrofuscus, Pezomachus, 133. 
nigrolutea, Pachyrhina, 344. 
nobilitata, Scolia, 332. 
nobilitata var. maculata, Scolia, 338. 
nodicornis, Cervulus, 212. 
nodosus, Pezomachus, 128. 
Notonecta, 68. 
novomexicana, 21. 


obsesus, Pezomachus, 125, 136. 
obsoleta, Cerceris, 23. 
obtusa, Cryptopyge, 194. 
occidentalis, Tipula, 59. 
occipitomaculata, 22. 
Officers for 1912, V. 
olympia, Tipula, 61. 
Ophiogastrella, 201. 
maculithorax, 202. 
Ophion bilineatum, 232. 
Ophionellus, 202. 
manni, 203. 
Osborn, Herbert, article by, 61, 68. 
otomita, Scolia, 333. 
ottawensis, Pezomachus, 134. 


pacifica, Tipula, 48. 
Pachyrhina, 344. 
macrosterna, 344. 
nigrolutea, 344. 
trinidadensis, 346. 
palustris, Ludvigia, 68. 
Pantarves, 244. 
Parabinarea, 210. 
manni, 211. 
parensis, Bracon, 212. 
Paraiulus, 163. 
garius, 167. 
timipius, 165. 
tivius, 163. 
parishi, Tipula, 355. 
pellucida, Tipula, 61. 
pennsylvanicus, Pezomachus, 126. 
pennsylvanicus, Sphex, 233. 


Perca flavescens, 276. 
Peterson, Alvah, article by, 237. 
Pezolochus Forster, 113. 
Pezomachus, Key to the Species of, 115, 
Pezomachus, 114. 
aciculatus, 135. 
americanus, 137. 
annulatus, 137. 
ashmeadii, 119, 120, 135. 
auripes, 134. 
brevistylus, 119. 
bruesii, 136. 
cockerelli, 123. 
coloradensis, 122. 
cressonii, 136. 
dispar, 125. 
ferruginosus, 136. 
flavocinctus, 113, 129. 
foersteri, 136. 
gracilis, 136. 
insolens, 136. 
insularis, 186. 
kukakensis, 137. 
longipes, 123. 
longistylus, 120. 
lymensis, 187. 
maculatus, 121. 
manni, 132. 
micariz, 120. 
minutus, 119. 
nigrellus, 113, 121. 
nigrofuscus, 133. 
nodosus, 128. 
obesus, 125, 136. 
ottawensis, 134. 
pennsylvanicus, 126. 
robustus, 120. 
tufipes, 136. 
similis, 127. 
spiraculus, 124. 
stanfordensis, 123. 
texanus, 137. 
utahensis, 118. 
Pezomachini, North American, 113. 
Phanerotoma trivittata, 207. 
Pholcus, 2, 4, 5. 
Phototact reactions and Death Feign- 
ing of Trogoderma, 378. 
phrygiana, Linyphia, 4. 
Physa, 278. 
planicornia, Tipula, 52. 
Plodtay ant. 
interpunctella, 377. 
Poabius, 153. 
iginus, 154. 
nankus, 153. 
polybothris, Iphiaulax, 217. 
Polycyrtus histrio, 201. 
Polydesmus, 168. 
bonikus, 168. 
Polynema natans, 65. 


438 


Pomoxis annularis, 276. 
popofensis, Theroscopus, 114. 
Prestwichia aquatica, 65, 70. 
Priocnemis, 236. 
Proceedings of Washington Meeting, 76. 
prominens, Cerceris, 19. 
Protoparce carolina, 237. 
psamathe, Cerceris, 21. 
Pseudanomalon, 201. 
Pseudococcus of South Africa, 179. 
Pseudococcus 

capensis, 182. 

citri, 178. 

fragilis, 186: 

lounsburyi, 179. 

longispinus, 177. 

muraltiz, 184. 

wachendorfiez, 183. 
Psychoda, Observations on, 411. 
Psychoda, 411. 

albimaculata, 411. 

californica, 413. 

domestica, 413-416. 

floridica, 411, 413, 416. 

nocturnala, 413, 416. 

psychoda, 413. 

schizura, 411, 416. 

sexpunctata, 417. 
pungonius, Sozibius, 152. 
Pupal Wings of Hepialus Thule, 239. 
Pupation of Trogoderma, 374. 
purchasi, Icerya, 383. 
pusilla, Linyphia, 4. 
pyramis, Tipula, 53. 


Rahopalsomide, 311. 
Ranatra, 277. 
americana, 281. 
kirkaldyi, 281. 
reduvioides, Iphiaulax, 216. 
remigis, Gerris, 67. 
Report of the Committee on Nomen- 
clature, 79. 
of Auditing Committee, 85. 
by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, 80. 
of the Committee on Resolutions, 80. 
of the Executive Committee, 81. 
Resolutions 
On the Death of S. H. Scudder, 72. 
On the Death of H. C. McCook, 73. 
On the Death of D. W. Coquillett, 75. 
Results on Starvation of the Larve of 
Trogoderma, 379. 
Rhogas, 221, 223. 
bakeri, 222. 
bifasciatus, 222. 
insignipes, 221. 
ridingsii, Scolia, 334. 
robertsoni, Cerceris, 17. 
robustus, Pezomachus, 120. 
rousseaui, Dacnusa, 70. 


Index to Volume V. 


rubostigmosa, Tipula, 344. 
rufinoda, 12. 

rufipes, Pezomachus, 136. 
rufipes, Theroscopus, 114. 
rufopicta, 12. 

rupicola, Tipula, 50. 
rusticola, Tipula, 47. 


sayanus, Aphredoderus, 276. 
Scolia, 315. 
amoena, 317. 
anceps, 318. 
atrata, 294. 
bicincta, 376. 
bidens, 338. 
bifasciata, 338. 
campestris, 294. 
consors, 317. 
cubensis, 318. 
dubia dubia, 318. 
dubia hematodes, 320. 
flavifrons, 294. 
flavoscostalis, 321. 
fulviventris, 323. 
fuscipennis, 324. 
guttata azteca, 326. 
guttata guttata, 325. 
hecate, 325. 
inconstans, 327. 
lecontei, 329. 
mexicana, 338. 
monticola, 330. 
nobilitata, 332. 
nobilitata var. maculata, 338. 
otomita, 333. 
quadripuncatata, 295. 
ridingsii, 334. 
tricincta, 322. 
vintschgaui, 336. 
Scolopendra, 156. 
mohavea, 156. 
semialbus, Iphiaulax, 217. 
setosus, Limnodytes, 70. 
Severin, H. H., article by, 76, 400. 
sima, Tutsona, 161. 
similis, Pezomachus, 127. 
Smith Glycogen in Insects, 77. 
smithi, Tipula, 350. 
Soniphilus, 158. 
geronimor, 158. 
sontus, Arenobius, 148. 
Sozibius, 1538. 
pungonius, 153. 
spatha, Tipula, 59. 
Sphex pennsylvanicus, 238. 
Spiders, The Evolution of the Webs 
Olas 
spinicollis, Binarea, 210. 
spinipes, 152. 
spinulatus, Thaumatotypus, 116. 
spiraculus, Pezomachus, 124. 


Index to Volume V. 439 


stagnalis, Gyrocampa, 70. 
stanfordensis, Pezomachus, 123. 
starksi, Iphiaulax, 218. 

, sternata, Tipula, 56. 

Sthenopis, 242. 

Stomoxys calcitrans, 421, 423. 
striata, Crypturopsis, 201. 
Strickland, E. H., article by, 113. 
subandina, Tipula, 344. 
subfuscus, Anagrus, 65, 70. 
sublata, Dictyna, 7. 

suprenans, 152. 

sylvicola, Tipula, 53. 


Tabanus, 244. 
taibona, Xystockeir, 170. 
tarsale, Trogoderma, 367. 
Tegenaria, 4. 
tepidariorium, Theridion, 5. 
terricola, Bombus, 233. 
Tetragonochora cetepurange, 194. 
texanus, Pezomachus, 137. 
thalessiformis, Bracon, 215. 
Thaumatotypus, Forster 113. 
Key to the Species of, 115. 
spinulatus, 116. 
Theridion tepidariorum, 5. 
Theridiosoma, 8. 
Theroscopus Forster, 113. 
Theroscopus, 114. 
americanus, 114. 
kukakensis, 114. 
popofensis, 114. 
rufipes, 114. 
Thigmotaxis in Heptagenia, 34. 
thorellii, Hypochilus, 7. 
thule, Hepialus, 239, 244. 
timipius, Paraiulus, 165. 
Tiphide, 311. 
Thynnide, 311. 
Tipula, Change of names. 61. 
Tipula, New Western, 41. 
Tipula 
acutipleura, 42. 
albifasciata, 344. 
albimacula, 51. 
albovittata, 61. 
alta, 44. 
apterogyne, 344. 
armatipennis, 347. 
aspersa, 51. 
atacama, 357. 
atrisumma, 42. 
aymara, 353. 
biarmata, 55. 
bifalcata, 55. 
biuncus, 58. 
californica, 49. 
clara, 61. 
commiscibilis, 61. 
concinna, 61. 


contaminata, 61. 
craveri, 344. 
cylindrata, 46. 
derbyi, 47. 
edwardsi, 344. 
flavicoma, 57. 
flavocauda, 60. 
flavomarginata, 46. 
fulvinodus, 45. 
fulvilineata, 61. 
fumipennis, 359. 
graphica, 61. 
guato, 349. 
inca, 351. 
incurva, 43. 
marina, 44. 
maya, 358. 
meridiana, 58. 
microcephala, 344. 
monifera, 344. 
moniliformis, 344. 
nigrocorporis, 45. 
olympia, 61. 
occidentalis, 59. 
pacifica, 48. 
parishi, 355. 
pellucida, 61. 
planicornia, 52. 
pyramis, 53. 
rubostigmosa, 344. 
rupicola, 50. 
tusticola, 47. 
smithi, 350. 
spatha, 59. 
sternata, 56. 
sylvicola, 53. 
subandina, 344. 
tergata, 56. 
ungulata, 54. 
variinervis, 344. 
vittatapennis, 61. 
Tipulide, 343. 
Tipuline, New Typotropical, 343. 
Tipulini, 343. 
Titsona, 160. 
sima, 161. 
tivius, Paraiulus, 163. 
Tomato-Worm Larva, Anatomy of, 237. 
Trachez, Costal and sub-costal, 93. 
Trachea, Radial, 94. 
Medial, 95. 
Cubital, 99. 
Anal, 100. 
tracheation, Peculiarities of May-fly, 93 
transmarium, Lithobius, 152. 
tricincta, Scolia, 322. 
tricolor, Cenocoelius, 208. 
trinidadensis, Pachyrhina, 344.]} 
Triscolia, 3138. 
badia, 314. 
fervida, 315. 


440 


tristis, Iphiaulax, 217. 
trivittata, Phanerotoma, 207. 
Trogoderma, 367. 

tarsale, 367. 

inclusum, 367. 
Tsou, Chinese wax scale, 77. 
Tucker, Mistletoe Insects, 76. 
tyrannus, 152. 


Uloborus, 8. 

ungulata, Tipula, 54. 
unicolor, Dolerus, 232. 
uniformis, Crypturopsis, 200. 
uta, Nemasoma, 162. 
utahensis, Kethops, 155. 
utahensis, Pezomachus, 118. 


Variation in Size of Trogoderma, 378. 
variinervis, Tipula, 344. 

verticalis, Ischnura, 65. 

Vespa maculata, 232. 


Index to Volume V. 


Vespoidea, 311. 
vintschgaui, Scolia, 336. 
vittatapennis, Tipula, 61. 
volucripes, Dictyna, 6. 
voracior, Lithobius, 147. 
vorax Lithobius, 152. 


wachendorfiz, Pseudococcus, 183. 

Wasps, Digger, 294. 

Webster, F. M., Education of Ento- 
_ mologists, 86. 

Welsh, Paul S., article by, 411. 

Wilson and Gee article by 391. 

Wodsedalek, J. E., article by, 31. 


xantothorax, Iphiaulax, 213. 
Xystockeir, 170. 
taibona, 170. 


zelica, Cerceris, 23. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. 
Organized 1906. 


OFFICERS FOR 1912. 


President. 
DEBBEHEN A SSRORBES “so Secu. os University, of Illinois, Urbana, II. 
First Vice-President. 
ASMOCSEIOPRENS 4.05.44 fine ee Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. 


Second Vice-President. 
C. P. GILLETTE, Colorado Agricultural Exper. Sta., Fort Collins, Colo. 


Secretary-Treasurer. 
miss 1: NIAGGILLIVRAY. 252". 6... University of Illinois, Urbana, III. 


ADDITIONAL MEMBERS OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 


J. H. Comstock, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. 
J. B. Smitu, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, 

New Brunswick, N. J. 
HENRY SKINNER, Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia, Pa. 
HERBERT Osporn, Ohio State University, Columbus, O. 
E. D. Batt, Director Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Logan, Utah. 
P. P. CALvERT, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. 


COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE. 


E. P. Fett, New York State Entomologist, Albany, N. Y. 
Term expires 1912. 
T. D. A. CocKERELL, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo. 
Term expires 1913. 
H. T. FerNAtD, Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass. 
‘Term expires 1914. 


COUNCILORS FOR THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE 
ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. 


STEPHEN A. ForsBes, University of Illinois, Urbana, III. 
HERBERT OsBorN, Ohio State University, Columbus, O. 


EDITORIAL BOARD OF ANNALS. 


HERBERT OSBORN, Managing Editor, Ohio State University, 
Columbus, O. 
. H. Comstock, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. 
_ J. S. Betuune, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ont. 
. W. Jounson, Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass. 
.L. KExioce, Leland Stanford Jr.University, Stanford University, Cal. 
. O. Howarp, Chief, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. 
. M. WHEELER, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 
. CALVERT, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. 
. Forsom, University of Illinois, Urbana, III. 


Bye Bige 
a 


v 


Vi Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1907. 


Pr OSicl Ctipeetetee. tees issu, cd arene Oa eee ae ee Pror. J. H. Comstock 
Pirshevaeereresident).«. (.7chA eae eee ei Dr. JAMES FLETCHER 
Secon: sVaee ‘President: suai: oe... 2 eats ee Dr. HENRY SKINNER 
Secretary-Treasurer .......:..-2.-.0.4-..4ey J. Cumsrrr Beapeny 


Additional Members of the Executive Committee: 


Dr. W. M. WHEELER, Dr. J.B. Smitu, Pror. C. J. S. BETHUNE, 
Pror. HERBERT OsBorRN, Mr. F. M. WessTER, Mr. C. W. JOHNSON. 


OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1908. 


resicetrt. aed). pi tes nena conc pee ens cs Dr. Wm. M. WHEELER 
Pirst (Wices Presidenitar\. ian eet aeae neta cer aaa Dr. J. B. Smith 
Second) Vice yPresidemtin ya yrs eee sees Pror. C. J. 5S. BETHUNE 
Sechetary— Lteastirer dee tac. acts ee eee Mr. J. CHESTER BRADLEY 


Additional Members of the Executive Committee: 


Pror. J. H. Comstock, Dr. J. G. NEEpHAm, Dr. P. P. CALveErrt, 
Pror. HERBERT Osporn, Mr. F. M. WesBsTER, Pror. V. L. KELLOGG. 


OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1909. 


Presicietitinn es a ee a Dr. HENRY SKINNER 
Bicstaviee (President ooo. a ae eee Pror. HERBERT OSBORN 
Seconda 1ce) PresiGetiteus: wert an cee maine eee Dr. A. D. Hopkins 
Secretamy= (reasuren wire ot cients ee oe Mr. J. CHESTER BRADLEY 


Additional Members of the Executive Committee: 


Pror. J. H. Comstock, Dr. Joun B. SmitH, Dr. W. M. WHEELER, 
Pror.C. J.S. BETHUNE, Mr. E.A.ScHwartz, Pror. LAWRENCE BRUNER. 


OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1910. 


reste emit tars (ani. ett vk ke eee OR an one Dr. JoHn B. SMITH 
AUC eha] 2arecikc (2501 ee ae eee Cah a ORE Letom oe Oe, Dr. S. A. ForBEsS 
Second. Vieeu President... 5s. 1o eee See eee Pror. V. L. KELLoce 
Secretary Lreastiner. cons. heh ae Ryan Pror. :G." Ro Crosey 


Additional Members of the Executive Committee: 


Pror. J. H. Comstock, Mr. E. A. Scowarz, Pror. C. J. S. BETHUNE, 
Dr. W. M. WHEELER, Pror. J. M. ALpricH, PRor. LAWRENCE BRUNER 


OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1911. 


Besta Gite” Acct fete vee eM MRD eee gc ca ee Pror. HERBERT OSBORN 
Pirsh-Viceubresidente sete racer A akan Pror. LAWRENCE BRUNER 
Second) Vice President. een Pror. A. D. MAcGILLIVRAY 
Secrevary— ereastiner..ca0) as cieepemtes 2 eos. Pror. A. D. MacGILiivRray 


Additional Members of the Executive Committee: 


Pror. J. H. Comstock, Pror. C. J. 5. BEtHuNE, Dr. H. SKINNER, 
Dr. J. B. Smitu, Dr. W. M. WHEELER, Dr. A. D. HOPKINS. 


1912] Constitution Vil 


CONSTITUTION. 


AR TIC LEAL, 
NAME. 


SECTION 1. This organization shall be known as THE 
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. 


ARTICLE: If. 
OBJECT. 

SECTION 1. It shall be the purpose of this society to pro- 
mote the science of entomology in all its branches, to secure 
cooperation in all measures tending to that end, and to facilitate 
personal intercourse between entomologists. 


AI TUGIE,. IIL. 
MEMBERSHIP. 

SECTION 1. The membership of this society shall consist of 
three classes—members, fellows, and honorary fellows. 

SEc. 2. All persons interested in entomology shall be 
eligible to membership. 

SEc. 3. Members who have made important contributions 
to the science of entomology may be elected fellows or honorary 
fellows of the society. 

ARTICLE IV. 
OFFICERS. 

SECTION 1. The officers of this society shall be a President, 
two Vice-Presidents, a Secretary, and a Treasurer; but these 
two last offices may be held by the same person. 

SEC. 2. The business of the society not otherwise provided 
for shall be in the hands of an executive committee, consisting 
of the officers named in Section 1, and of six additional members, 
five of whom shall be elected from the Fellows by the Society, 
and the sixth shall be ex officio the Managing Editor. Four 
members of the Committee shall constitute a quorum. 

SEC. 3. The president shall represent the society upon the 
Council of the American Association for the Advancement of 
Science until such time as the society shall be qualified for 
representation by two councillors, in which case the second 
councillor shall be elected from the fellows by the Executive 
Committee. 


Vili Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


ARTICLE V. 


ELECTIONS. . 

SECTION 1. Election of Members—Nominations for mem- 
bership may be made by any two members, and election shall 
be by the Executive Committee. 

Sec. 2. Election of Fellows—All nominations for fellows 
shall be signed by three or more fellows and each nomination 
shall be accompanied by the following information concerning 
the nominee: Name, address, occupation, branches of ento- 
mology engaged in, positions held involving entomological 
experience, entomological work done, and list of more important 
publications. Election shall be by ballot by the Executive 
Committee, a majority vote of the committee being necessary 
for election. 

Sec. 3. Election of Officers—All officers shall be elected 
by ballot at the annual meeting for the term of one year and 
shall be eligible for re-election. Their term of office shall 
commence with the first of June following their election. 

SEc. 4. Election of Honorary Fellows—All nominations 
for Honorary Fellows shall be made in the manner prescribed 
for the nomination of Fellows, the nominations being presented 
to the Executive Committee, who shall mail the ballots to the 
Fellows. Election shall be by mail ballot of the Fellows of the 
Society, a two-thirds vote of all the Fellows being required 
for election. 


ARTICLE VI. 


MEETINGS. 

SECTION 1. An annual meeting shall be held in conjunction 
with the annual meeting of the American Association for the 
Advancement of Science, and at such time and place as the 
officers may elect. 


ARTICLE VII. 


AMENDMENTS. 

SECTION 1. This constitution may be altered or amended 
at any annual meeting by a two-thirds vote of the members 
present, a copy of each amendment proposed having been 
presented at the previous annual meeting. 


1912] Constitution ix 


BY-LAWS. 


1. The annual dues for members and fellows shall be two 
dollars. This includes a subscription to the Annals of the 
Entomological Society of America. 


2. A majority of the members present at any annual 
meeting shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. 


3. Notice of all meetings of the society shall be sent to all 
members at least one month in advance. 


4. The Executive Committee shall provide a program for 
all meetings, including at the annual meeting a popular lecture 
and a technical entomological exhibit of materials and methods. 


5. The time of the business session shall be published prior 
to the opening session of the annual meeting. 


6. Any member may become a life member upon payment 
of $50 at one time, and shall be exempt from further assessments. 
He shall receive during his life one copy of each issue of the 
Annals. 


7. Members two years in arrears shall be dropped from the 
rolls by the Secretary-Treasurer after twenty days notice. 


8S. A member-elect shall not be in good standing until he 
pays his first year’s dues. In case he shall not have made such 
payment at the expiration of one year from the date of his 
election, he shall be dropped from the roll by the Secretary- 
Treasurer after twenty days notice. 


9. The Annals of the Entomological Society of America - 
will not be mailed to any fellow or member whose dues are in 
arrears. All dues are payable December Ist, and should be 
received not later than March Ist. 


re Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


MEMBERSHIP OF THE SOCIETY. 


HONORARY FELLOWS. 
Cresson, Ezra TownsenD, Hedgleigh, Swarthmore, Pa. Aug., ’07. 
Unter, Dr. Puirip REESE, 254 W. Hoffman St., Baltimore, Md. 
Aug., ’07. 
FELLOWS. 
AwpricH, Pror. J. M., University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. Aug., ’07. 
Bat, Pror. E. D., Director, Agr. Exper. Sta., Logan, Utah. Dec. ’08: 
BETHUNE, Dr. C. J.S., Ont. Agr. College, Guelph, Ont. Dec., 06. 
BEUTENMULLER, W., 879 Whitlock Av. Bronx, New York, N.Y. Aug., ’07. 
BrunER, Pror. LAWRENCE, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb. Dec. ’07. 
CALveERT, Dr. P. P., Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. Aug., ’07. 
CocKERELL, Pror. T. D.A., Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, Colo. Dec.,’08. 
Comstock, Pror. J. H., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Dec., ’06. 
Dyar, Dr. H.G., U.S. Nat. Museum, Washington, D.C. Aug., ’07. 
EmERTON, J. H., 194 Clarendon St., Boston, Mass. Aug., ’07. 
Fatt, Pror. H. C., 191 N. Raymond Ave., Pasadena, Cal. Dec., ’07. 
Fett, Dr. E. P., N. Y. State Entomologist, Albany, N. Y. Dec., ’08. 
FERNALD, Pror. C. H., Mass. Agr. College, Amherst, Mass. Aug., ’07. 
Fotsom, Dr. J. W., Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. Dec., ’07. 
ForseEs, Pror. 8. A., Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. Awg., ’07. 
GILLETTE, Pror. C. P., Colorado Agr. College, Fort Collins, Colo. 
Dec nOte 
HENSHAW, SAMUEL, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Aug., ’07. 
Ho.iianp, Dr. Wo. J., Director, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa. 


Dec: 307 
Hopkins, Dr. A. D., Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C., ‘ 

Aug., ’07. 
Howarp, Dr. L. O., Chief, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. 

Aug., ’07. 


Jounson, C. W., Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Boston, Mass. Dec., ’06. 
KELLOGG, Pror. V. L., Leland Stan. Jr. Univ., Stanford University, Cal. 
Aug., ’07. 
Lyman, H. H., 74 McTavish St., Montreal, Can. Aug., ’07. 
MacGitiivray, Dr. A. D., Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. Dec., ’08. 
Martartt, C. L., Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C. Dec., ’07. - 
NeEeEpuHAM, Pror. J. G., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Aug., ’07. 
OsBorNn, Pror. H., Ohio State University, Columbus, O. Dec., ’06. 
ScHWARZ, E. A., U.S. Nat. Museum, Washington, D.C. Aug., ’07. 
SKINNER, Dr. HENry, Academy, Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, Pa. Dec., ’06. 
SMITH, Dr. J. B., Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J. Dec., ’06. 
WesstTeEr, F. M., Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. Dec., ’06. 
WHEELER, Dr. W. M., Harvard University, Boston, Mass. Dec., ’06. 
WILLISTON, Pror. S. W., Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. Dec., ’08. 


1912] Membership of the Society xi 


MEMBERS. 


ApBBott, Dr. JAMEs F., Washington University, St. Louis, Mo. Dec., ’07. 
ABpott, W.5S., Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Urbana, Ill. C-: 
AINSLIE, C. N., Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C. June ’08. 
AINSLIE, GEORGE G., U.S. Ent. Lab., Nashville, Tenn. Dec., 07. 
AKERLIND, G. A., 3618 Lexington St., Chicago, Ill. C-: 
ALEXANDER, C. P., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. June, ’10. 
Back, E. A., Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C. C. 
BAKER, ARTHUR CHADEN, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C. 
Deco ie 
BakeEr, Pror. C. F., Pomono College, Claremont, Cal. C. 
BANKS, CHas..5., Chief Entom., Bureau of Sci., Manila, P. I. C: 
Banks, Natuan, U.S. Nat. Museum, Washington, D.C. Dec., ’08. 
Barner, LH. G12 Clay St., Roselle Park, N. J.C. 
BarBeEr, H.S., U.S. Nat. Museum, Washington, D.C. C. 
BarBeER, TuHos, C., Audubon Park Exper. Sta., New Orleans, La. 
Dec., ’09. 
Bartow, Pror. Joun, College of Agriculture, Kingston, R. I. C. 
Barnes, Dr. Wm., 152 E. Prairie St., Decatur Ill. C. 
Barrows, Pror. W. B., Mich. Agr. College, East Lansing, Mich. C. 
Barrows, Pror. W. M., Ohio State University, Columbus, O. June, ’11. 
BARTHOLEMEW, Pror. C. E., Iowa State College, Ames, Ia. C. 
BeEcKER, Geo. G., Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Ark. Dec., ’10. 
BENTLEY, Pror. G. M., State Entomologist, Knoxville, Tenn. C. 
BERGER, E. W., Agr. Exper. Sta. Gainesville, Fla. June ’09. 
BERRENGER, D. F., 314 Masonic Block, Fostoria, O. June ’08. 
BETTEN, Dr. C., Lake Forest College, Lake Forrest, Ill. C. 
Birp, Henry, Rye, N. Y. C. 
BisHopp, F. C., Bureau of Entomology, Dallas, Tex. C. 
BrAISDELE, OR bbe) Weland Stan. Ir. Univ:, Cal.. Cc. 
BLUMENFELD, S. F., Miss. Agr. Coll., Agricultural College, Miss. 
Deer 09: 
Boptne, Dr. D., Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Ind. C. 
Braprey, Dr. |.; Chester, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. C: 
BRAvucHER, RatpuH W., 115 Stewart Ave., Ithaca, N. Y. Dec., ’08. 
Brawn, Miss A. F., 2702 May St., Cincinnati, O. C. 
BreuHME, H. H., 74 18th St., Newark, N. J. C. 
BripcHaM, J., East Providence Center, R. I. C. 
Britton, Dr. W. B., Agr. Exper, Sta., New Haven, Conn. C. 
Brooks, F. E., French Creek, W. Va. C. 
BruEs, C. T., Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Boston, Mass. C. 
Bryant, Owen, Cohasset, Mass. Dec., 08. 
Bucuuo1z, Otto, 710 Monroe Ave., Elizabeth, N. J. C 
BuEno, J. R., de la Torre, 25 Broadway, New York, N. Y. C. 
Burcess, A. F., Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C. C. 
Butter, Miss Hortense, Peterson, Ia. Dec., 08. 
Caun, A. R., 6 Thurston Ave., Ithaca, N: Y. June, ’10. 
Carmopy, Miss Mary, 3055 Q St., Washington, D.C. Dec., 11. 


Xi Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


CuHAGNON, G., Box 521, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. C. 
CHAMBERLIN, Dr. R. V., Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. C. 
CHATTERJIE, B. M., 37 Jaliapara Road, Bhowanispur, Calcutta, India. 

. Dec., ’08. 
CHITTENDEN, Dr. F. H., Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C. C. 
CLICKENER, CHAS., Rural Route No. 1, Box 12, Silverwood, Ind. C. 
CoLEMAN, G. A., Univ. of California, Berkeley, Cal. C. 
Comstock, W. P., 75% Broad St., Newark, N. J. Dec., ’08. 
Conrap!l, Pror. A. F., Clemson College, 5. C. June. ’08. 
Cook, Pror. A. J., State Comm. Horticul., Sacramento, Cal. C. 
Cook, Pror. M. T., Agri Exper. Sta., New Brunswick, N. J. C. 
Cootey, Pror. R. A., Montana Agr. College, Bozeman, Mont. June, ’10 
CRAMPTON, Dr. G. C., Mass. Agr. College, Amherst, Mass. June, ’11. 
Crampton, Pror. H. E., Columbia Univ., New York, N. Y. C. 
Crane, M.S., Westville Ave., Caldwell, N. J. C. 
CRAWFORD, J. C., U.S. Nat. Museum, Washington, D: C. C. 
Cresson, E. T., Jr., Acad. Nat. Science, Philadelphia, Pa. C. 
CripptE, N., Freesbank, Man. C. 
Crosspy: Pror. C. R, Cornell’ Uni., Ithaca, NAY. ¢: 
CurrIE, R. P., Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C. C. 
CusuMAN, R. A., Bureau of Entomology, Dallas, Tex. Aug., ’07. 
DaEckE, V. A. E., Office State. Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa. C. 
DAVENPORT, PRor. C. B., Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, N. Y. C. 
Davis, J. J., Exper. Sta. Building, La Fayette, Ind. C. 
Davis, W.T., 146 Stuyvesant Place, New Brighton, Staten Isl’d, N.Y. C. 
DickERSON, E. L., 5 Broad St., Newark, N. J. C. 
Dietz, Dr. Wa. G., 21 N. Vine St., Hazelton, Pa. C. 
Doane, Pror. R. W., Leland Stan. Jr. Univ., Stanford University, Cal.C. 
DorteEn, Pror. S. B., Agr. Exper. Sta., Reno, Nev. C. 
DurRANT, Pror. E. P., Ohio State University, Columbus, O. June, ’08. 
Dutt, AsutasH, Coochbehar, Bengal, India. Dec., ’08. 
Easton, N. S., 458 High St., Fall River, Mass. C. 
Epwarps, E. H., 7317 Clinton Ave., N. W., Cleveland, O. C. 
Euruorn, E. M., Bureau of Entomology, Exper. Sta. Honolulu, T. H. C. 
EHRMANN, G. A., 2314 Sarah St., Pittsburgh, Pa. C. 
Etiot, Miss Ipa M., 31 Clinton St., New Bedford, Mass. C. 
Ety, Pror. C. R., 5 Kendall Green, Washington, D.C. Dec., ’11. 
ENGELHARDT, G. P., 185 Brooklyn Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. C. 
Erp, H. J., 536 Blum Place, Union Hill, N. J. C. 
Essic, E. O., Sec. State Comm. Hort., Sacramento, Cal. Dec., ’10. 
BVANS, J: D., Lrenton,, Ont iC. 
Ewers, E. V., 140 N. Goodman St., Rochester, N. Y. C. 
Ewrnc, Dr. H. E., Oregon Agr. College, Corvallis, Ore. Dec., 10. 
FENNINGER, C. W., 409 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. C. 
FenyveEs, Dr. A., 170 N. Orange Grove Ave., Pasadena, Cal. C. 
FERNALD, Pror. H. T., Mass. Agr. College, Amherst, Mass. C. 
FIELD, W. L. W., Milton Academy, Milton, Mass. C. 
Fink, D. E., 1204 Cascadilla Building, Ithaca, N. Y. Dec., ’10. 
FisHER, W. S., Highspire, Pa. Dec., ’07. 


1912] Membership of the Society xiii 


Frint, W. P., 1231 W. Edwards St., Springfield, Ill. June, ’08. 

Fores, Dr. W. T. M., 23 Trowbridge Road, Worcester, Mass. Dec.,’08. 

Foster, S. W., Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C. C. 

FRACKER, 5. B., Iowa State College, Ames, Ia. Dec., ’11. 

Francisco, Campos R., Guayaquil, Equador, S. A. Aug., ’07. 

FRANCK, GEORGE, 55 Stuyvesant Ave., Brooklyn N. Y. C. 

FrencuH, Pror. G. H., State Normal School, Carbondale, Ill. C. 

Frost, C. A., 40 Grant St., South Framingham, Mass. C. 

Fucus, Cuas., 713 Lincoln Ave., Almeda, Cal. C. 

Purraway, Dit; Uo: Agr Exper. ota: Honolulu, T; H. C. 

FUNKHOUSER, W. D., 415 N. Tioga St., Ithaca, N. Y. Dec., 11. 

GaHAN, A. B., College Park, Md. C. 

GARMAN, Pror. H., Agr. Exper. Sta. Lexington, Ky. C. 

GARRETT, J. B., La. Crop Pest Comm. Baton Rouge, La. C. 

GERHARD, Wm. J., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Chicago, Ill. C. 

Gipson, ARTHUR, Central Experiment Farms, Ottawa, Can. C. 

Girrorp, W. M., Box 1308, Honolulu, T. H. C. 

Grascow, Huce, Univ. of ML. Urbana, Hl. Dec.,.’11. 

Grascow. kbs Univ. ot Tk Urbana, Wh. Dee, * 1d. 

Goopwin, Wm. H., Ohio Agr. Exper. Sta., Wooster, O. Dec., 08. 

GoruHaM, Pror. F. P., Brown University, Providence, R. I. C. 

Gossarp, H. A., Ohio Agr. Exper. Sta., Wooster, O. C. 

Graen, E. l., 58:Court. St., Brooklyn, N.Y. C- 

GRAENICHER, Dr. S., 116 Harmon St., Milwaukee, Wis. C. 

GREEN, F. V., Nyack, N. Y., Aug., ’07. 

GRIFFIN, D. B., Winooski, Vt. C. 

GrosBEcK, J. A., American Mus. Nat. Hist., New York, N. Y. C. 

GuTHRIE, Prof. J. E., Iowa State College, Ames, Ia. C 

Harmsac3, F., 150 Sumac St., Wissahickon, Philadelphia, Pa. C. 

HAMBLETON, J. C., Ohio State University, Columbus, O. Dec., ’07. 

Hamar, A. G., Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C. Dec., ’07. 

HANSEN, REv. JAMES, St. John’s University, Collegeville, Minn. C 

HARNED, Pror. R. W., Miss. Agr. College, Agricultural College, Miss. 
Begs. (O07 

HarrinctTon, W. H., P. O. Department, Ottawa, Que., Can. C. 

Hart Casruns Ay tlt State Lab: Nat. Hist... Urbana, Ill. .C. 

Hartman, Miss F. T., Geological Hall, Albany, N. Y. C. 

FPARTZHLL, FZ, o20 W. Mam St., Fredonia, N. Y. Awg., '07, 

HASEMAN, Dr. L., Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. C. 

Havuurst, Pror. P., Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Ark. C. 

HEADLEE, Pror. T. J., State Agr. College, Manhattan, Kans. C. 

Heaty, J. L., 1531 Estes Ave., Rogers Park, Chicago, Ill. C. 

HEBARD, Morean, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pa. C. 

HEIDEMANN, O., Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C. C. 

HeErRRIcK, Pror. GLENN W., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. C. 

Hertzoc, P. H., Hightstown, N. J. Dec., 08. 

Hewitt, Dr. Cuas. G., Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa, Can. Dec., ’09. 

Hirton, Dr. W. A., Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn. Dec., ’08. 

Hinps, Pror. W. E., Ala. Polytech. Inst., Auburn, Ala. C. 


XiV Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


Hine, Pror. J. S., Ohio State University, Columbus, O. C. 
HopceExkiss, H. E., State Agr. Exper. Sta., Geneva, N. Y. C. 
Hoop, J. D., Biol. Survey, U.S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D. €. C. 
HooKER, CHARLES W., Amherst, Mass. C. 
Hooker, W. A., Office of Exper. Stations, Washington, D.C. C. 
Hornie, H., 144 N. 53d St., Philadelphia, Pa. C. 
Hovucuton, Pror. C. O., State Agr. College, Newark, Del. C. 
HovseEr, J. $.; Ohio Agr. Exper. Sta., Wooster, O. C. 
Howarp, Dr. C. T., 1735 East Ave., Rochester, N. Y. C. 
*Howarp, Cuas. W., Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn. Aug., ’07. 
Hvarp, Rev. V. A.; 2 Port Dauphin St., Quebec, Can. -C. 
HuncGarteE, Pror. J. W., State Normal School, Cheney, Wash. Dec., ’09. 
Hunter, W. D., Bureau of Entomology, Dallas, Tex. C. 
Hys top, J. A., Bureau of Entomology, Pullman, Wash. Dec., ’08. 
ILLINGWORTH, J: #5, 115 -imn st:) Tthaca Ins V¥ > eer. aa 
Jackson, Pror. C. F., New Hamps. Agr. College, Durham, N. H. 
Aug., ’07 

JENNE, E. L., Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C. C. 
Jennincs, H. R., Parkville, Mo. Dec., ’10. 
JENSEN, JESSE O., Eagle Bend, Minn. Dec., 08. 
JopBins-PomErRoy, A. W., Nat. Hist. Bldg., Urbana, Ill. Dec., ’11. 
JOHANNSEN, Pror. O. A., Maine Agr. Exper. Sta., Orono, Me. C. 
Jounson, Pror. C. E., Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn. C. 
Jounson, FrRED., Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. C. 
JouNSON Pror. 8. A., Colorado Agr. College, Fort Collins, Colo. C. 
Jounston, F. A., Truck Exper. Sta., Norfolk, Va. Dec., ’08. 
Jones, C. R., 317 Edward St., Fort Collins, Colo. C. 
Jones, F. M., 802 Washington St., Wilmington, Del. C. 
Kayser, Wo ., 26 E. Auglaize St., Be aa On: 
KEARFOTT, W. Dye Montclair, Nea: 
KeEiTH, Epw. D., 290) Sacket St., SE eevee | Rael hetae( Oop 
Keniry 191 Avon Ave., Newark, INC: 
Ker Eo OuGe Wes: Entom. Lab., Wellington, Kans. C. 
Kincaip, Pror. T., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. C. 
Kinc, VERNON, Entom. Lab., Wellington, Kans. Dec., ’11. 
Kwnap, F., U.‘S. Nat. Museum, Washington, D.C. C. 
Kwaus, W., 512'S. Main St:, McPherson, Kans. °C. 
Knicut, Harry, H. 45 East Ave., Ithaca, N. Y. Dec., ’11. 
Koutsaat, J. E. C., 1739 Eastern Ave., Cincinnati, O. C. 
Kotinsky, JAcos, Board of Agr. and Forestry, Honolulu, T. H. C. 
Kriss, H. G., Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pa. Dec., ’08. 
Kraus, E. J., Bureau of Entomology, Corvallis, Ore. C. 
Kuans, D. B., Ter. Division of Entomology, Honolulu, T. H. Dec., ’08. 
Lacey, H., Kerrville, Tex. C. 
Lacal, Dr: G., care of Kny-Scheerer Co., 404 W. 27th St., 

New: York: NivYonG 
Lane, Jos: N., 1433 59th Ave., Cicero, Ill. C. 


* Life Member. 


1912} Membership of the Society XV 


LAURENT, P., 31 E. Mt. Airy Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. C 
LAWFORD, J. M., 718 N. Howard St., Baltimore, Md. C. 
REonArD, Mio VR nysDs No. 2 ltihaca. N. Y. Dec. 10. 
Lewis, A. C., 332 State Capitol, Atlanta, Ga. Dec., ’09. 
LILJEBLAD, E., 1018 Roscoe St., Chicago, Ill. C. 
Liovp, J. T., College of Agriculture, Ithaca, INE Ves 
LocHHEAD, Pror. W., MacDonald College, MacDonald College, 

Que., "Can. C: 
Lopinc, H. P., 911 Palmetto St., Mobile, Ala. June, 08. 
Lowe, Epwarp G., 80 E. 55th St., New York, N. Y. C. 
Lutz, Dr. F. E., American Mus. Nat. Hist., New York, N. Y. C. 
McCann, Miss SvuE D., 187 E. High St., Lexington, Ky. Dec.,’08. 
McConneE Ll, Pror. W. R., Penn. State College, State College, Pa. 
Dec. “10: 
McCracken, Miss M. I., Stanford University, Cal. Aug., ’07. 
McDante1, Miss EucentA Inez, East Lansing, Mich. Dec., ’10. 
McErnosr, H., 20 West St., Ilion, N.Y. C. 
McInpoo, N. E., Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C. Dec.,’11. 
MackeEnziE, G. P., 1921 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. C. 
Many, B. P., 1918 Sunderland Place, Washington, D.C. C. 
Marsuatt, Dr. W. S., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. C. 
Martauscu, Ignaz, American Mus. Nat. Hist., New York, N. Y. C. 
MartTHeson, Dr. R., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. C. 
MarttHews, J. H., 3219 N. 18th St., Philadelphia, Pa. C. 
MELANDER, ProrF. A. L., Washington State College, Pullman, Wash. C. 
Mercatrr, Z. P., Division of Entomology, Raleigh, N. C. Dec., ’08. 
Mitrer, Mrs. E. R., 4180 E. 95th St., Cleveland, O. C. 
MircHet., Miss E. G., U.S. Nat. Museum, Washington, D.C. C. 
Montcomery, Pror. T. H. Jr., Univ. of Pennsylvania, 
Philadelphia, Pa. C. 
Moore, Dr. R. M., 745. Fitzhugh St., Rochester, N. Y. C. 
Moore, W., College of Agr., Potchefstrom, Transvaal, S. Afr. Dec., ’08. 
Moreay, A. C., Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C. C. 
Morean, Miss Ann H., Mt. Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass. 
Dee~ (Og 
Morcan, Pror. H. A., Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. C. 
Morritt, A. W., Arizona Agr. Exper. Station, Phoenix, Ariz. C. 
Morris, Eart, Hall of Records, San Jose, Cal. C. 
Morsg, A. P., Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass. C. 
MosuHe_r, Miss Epna, 740 Harrison St., Gary, Ind. Dec., ’08. 
Mosuer, F. H., 17 Highland Ave., Melrose, Mass. C. 
Movutrton, DupieEy, Room 11, Ferry Building, San Francisco, Cal. C. 
Munernre G. T. O:, San MateomCal. 'C: 
Murr, F., Ha. Sug. Plan. A. Exper. Sta., Keeaumoku, Honolulu, T.H. C. 
Myers, P. R., U.S. Nat. Museum, Washington, D.C. C. 
Nason, Dr. Wm. A., Algonquin, Ill. C. 
Netson, Dr. J. A., Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C. Dec., 07. 
Ness, H., Jonesboro, Ark. C. 
Newcoms, H. H., 146 Summer St., Boston, Mass. C. 


XVi Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


NEwcoms, Dr. W. W., Venice, Cal. C. 
NEWCOMER, E101 5 Forest Court, Palo-Alto, Cah: ¢ 
NeEwELt, Miss A. G., Smith College, Northampton, Mass. Dec., ’10. 
NEWELL, Pror. W.., Texas Agr. College, College Station, Tex. Dec., ’07. 
O’KangE, W. C., New Hampshire Agr. Exper. Sta., Durham, N. H. 
June, ’08. 
Ossorn, H. T., ‘Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. Cx Dec. Q8. 
OsBURN, Pror. R. C., Columbia University, New York, N. Y. C. 
Oszar, E. J., 4535 Raleigh St., Denver, Colo: C. 
Parrott, P. J., Agr. Exper. Sta., Geneva, N. Y. C. 
Patcu, Miss Epiru M., Agr. Exper. Sta., Orono, Me: C. 
Paxson, O. S., Devon, Chester Co., Pa. C. 
Pazos, Dr. L. J. H., Marti 46, San Antonia de los Banos, Cuba. C. 
PETERSON, ALVAH, 1005 S. Second St., Champaign, Ill. Dec., ’11. 
PETRUNKEVITCH, Dr. ALEx., Yale University, New Haven, Conn. 
Dee.;. "O72 
Pettit, Pror. R. H., Michigan Agr. College, East Lansing, Mich. C. 
Puipries, E. E., Plainfield, N. J, Jane, 70: 
Puitiies, Pror. J. L., Blacksburg, Va. C. 
Pierce, W. D., Bureau of Entomology, Dallas, Tex. C. 
PLUNKETT, CR, fihaca, NY. Deak. HO: 
Power, P. Bs Clinton, NB ce 
PRICE WW; i: qr, Blacksburg, Va. Dec., ’08. 
QUAINTANCE, A, L., Bureau ‘of Entomology, Washington, D.C. C, 
QuaYLE, Pror. H. mn Univ. of California, Whittier, Cal. C. 
RAMSDEN, C. T., Apartado 146, Guantanamo, Cuba. C. 
REGAN, W.S., Mass. Agr. College, Amherst, Mass. Dec., ’08. 
Reun, JAMES A. G., Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, Pa. C. 
Retrr, Wa., Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Boston, Mass. Dec., 08. 
Rarey, C.F. C., Untv. of Ilmois, Urbana, Til; Wec:, *07-. 
RitEy, Dr. Wm. A., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. C. 
Rouwer, S. A., U.S. Nat. Museum, Washington, D.C. Dec., ’08. 
RvuGGLES, Pror. A. G., Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn. C. 
Rumsey, W. E., Univ. of West Virginia, Morgantown, W. Va. C. 
Ruta, W. A. 522: McCormick Bide, Chicaso, Il) Der ii: 
RUTHERFORD, ANDREW, Maryburgh Cottage, Blairadam, Scotland. 
June, '11. 
SaFRO, V. I., State Agr. College, Corvallis, Ore. June, ’09. 
SANBORN, Cuas. E., Oklahoma Agr. College, Stillwater, Okla. Aug., ’07. 
SANDERS, G. E., Central Experimental Farms, Ottawa, Can. Dec., ’07. 
SANDERS, J. G., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. C. 
SANDRESON, Pror. E. D., Univ. of West Virginia, Morgantown, W.Va. C. 
SANFORD, H. L., Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C. Dec.,’11. 
Sasscer, E. R., Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C. C. 
SATTERTHWAIT, A. F., Middletown, Pa. Avug., ’07. 
ScHOENE, Wm. J., Agr. Exper. Sta., Geneva, N: Y. C. 
Scott, E. W., Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C. Dec., ’10. 
scort, 1. L., West Libesty. 0.2 Dec:, “OS 
SEVERIN, Pror. H. C., State College Agr., Brookings, S$. D. Dec., ’08. 


1912] Membership of the Society XVil 


SEVERIN, H. H. P., 941 Grove St., Milwaukee, Wis. June, ’08. 

SHAFER, Dr. G. D., Michigan Agr. College, East Lansing, Mich. Dec.,’07 

SHAFFER, Dr. J. M., 12% S. 4th St., Keokuk, Ia. Aug., ’07. 

SHELFORD, Dr. V. E., Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. C. 

SHERMAN, FRANKLIN JR., Dept. of Agr., Raleigh, N.C. C. 

SHERMAN, JOHN D. Jr., 335A Decatur St., Brooklyn, N. Y. June, ’11. 

SHIDLER, Dr. Wm. H., Miami University, Oxford, O. Dec., 09. 

SHOEMAKER, F. H., Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb. Dec., ’10. 

SHULL, A. F., Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. C. 

SHULL, ProrF. C. A., Transylvania Univ., Lexington, Ky. C. 

Stosson, Mrs. A. T., 83 Irving Place, New York, N.Y. C. 

SMART, Pror. E. H., 775 N. lst E St., Provo, Utah.. June, ’09. 

SmiTH, Mrs. A. W., 15 East Ave., Ithaca, N. Y. Dec., ’08. 

SmiTH, C. P., 404 University Ave., Ithaca, N. Y. Dec., ’08. 

SMITH, Rev. J. A., 121 W. 91st St., New York, N.Y. C. 

SMITH, Miss Lucy Wricnt, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. June, ’11. 

SMITH, Putiip E., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Dec., ’09. 

SMITH, Pror. R. I., Univ. of Porto Rico, Mayaguez, P. R. C. 

SmyTH, E. A., Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Va. C. 

SmytTH, E. G., 1100 Virginia Ave., S. W., Washington, D.C. Dec., ’08. 

SouLE Miss CAROLINE Gray, 187 Walnut St., Brookline, Mass. C. 

SPOONER, C. S., Office State Ent., Atlanta, Ga. C. 

STAFFORD, E. W., Agr. Exper. Sta., New Brunswick, N. J. Dec., ’10. 

STEDMAN, Pror. J. M., U.S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D.C. C. 

StTRYKE, Miss A. C., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. June, ’10. 

SuMMERS, Pror. H. E., Iowa State College, Ames, Ia. C. 

SuMMERS, J. N., Melrose Highlands, Mass. Dec., ’08. 

SWAINE, Pror. J. M., Central Experimental Farms, Ottawa, Can. C. 

SwENK, M. H., Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb. C. 

TANouARM MC. Univ. of limos, Urbana, Il. C. 

Tayvior, Pror. G. W., Br. Col. Biol. Sta., Departure Bay, 
Nanaia, B.C. iC. 

Tuomas, Pror. W. A., Clemson College, S. C. June, ’09. 

Tuompson, Wm. R., Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C. Dec.,’10 

TIMBERLAKE, P. H., Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C. Dec.,’/1. 

Titus, Pror. E. 8. G., State Entomologist, Logan, Utah. C. 

TOWNSEND, C. H. Tyvter, Gov. Entomologist, Piura, Piura, Peru. C. 

TRIGGERSON, Pror. C. J., Univ. of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man. Dec.,’08. 

Troop, Pror. J., Indiana School Agr., La Fayette, Ind. C. 

Tsou, Yinc H., 14 Garden Ave., Ithaca, N. Y. June, 11. 

TuckER, E. S., Louisiana Exp. Sta., Baton Rouge, La. C. 

TuRNER, Dr. C. H., Sumner High School, St. Louis, Mo. Aug., '07. 

TurRNER, W. F., Box O, Auburn, Ala. Dec., 08. 

UrBAuns, T. D., Bureau of Entomology, Salt Lake City, Utah. Dec.,’07. 

Van Dine, D. L., Estac. Exp. de Azucas, Rio Piedras, Porto Rico. C. 

VAN Dozrt, E. P., Grosvenor Public Library, Buffalo, N. Y. C. 

VAN Dyke, Dr. E. C., 1478A California St., San Francisco, Cal. C. 

VARREIMAN, F. A., State Agr. College, State College, Pa. Dec., ’11. 

VickEry, R. A., Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C. C. 


XVIli Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. V, 


ViERECK, H. L., U.S. Nat. Museum, Washington, D. C. C. 

Von GELDERN, CHARLES, 1978 Broadway, San Francisco, Cal. C. 

WALKER, Dr. E. M., Univ. of Toronto, Toronto, Can. June, ’10. 

Watts, J. B., 316 Boyd Ave., Winnipeg, Man. June, ’11. 

Watton, Dr. L. B., Kenyon College, Gambier, O. C. 

WASHBURN, Pror. F. L., Agr. Exper. Sta., St. Anthony Park, Minn. C. 

Watson, F. E., 2390 Amsterdam Ave., New York, N. Y. C. 

WessTER, R. L., Agr. Exper. Sta., Ames, la. C. 

WEED, Pror. C. M., State Normal School, Lowell, Mass. C. 

WEED, Howarp E., 303 Lewis Bldg., Portland, Ore. C. 

WELD, L. H., 107 Ayers Place, Evanston, Ill. Dec., *07. 

WELDON, G. P., Agr. Exper. Station, Fort Collins, Colo. C. 

Wuitmarsuy, R. D., Ohio Agr. Exper. Sta., Wooster, O. Dec., ’10. 

Wickuam, Pror. H. F., State Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, Ia. C. 

WILDERMUTH, V. L., Box 254, Tempe, Ariz. Dec., ’08. 

WittiaMs, Pror. J. B., University of Toronto, Toronto, Can. C. 

WILLIAMSON, E. B., Bluffton, Ind. C. 

WILLIAMSON, WARREN, Agr. Exper. Sta., St. Anthony Park, Minn. 
6G. 471 te 

Wit.inc, Pror. T. N., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Can. C. 

Witson, H. F., State Agr. College, Corvallis, Ore. C. 

*WIRTNER, Rev. M., St. Vincent Archabby, Beatty, Pa. C. 

WITHINGTON, C. H., 928 Ohio St., Lawrence, Kans. Dec., ’08. 

Woctvm, R.S., Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C. C. 

Wotcortt, Pror. R. H., Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb. Dec., 08. 

Wo ttey-Dop, F. H., Millarville, Alberta, Can. C. 

Woop, W. C., 57 5th Ave., New York, N. Y. C. 

WorsuaM, E. L., State Entomologist, Atlanta, Ga. Dec., '07. 

WUNDER, CHARLES, Dundee Lake, N. J. C. 

Yotuers, W. W., Orlando, Fla. C. 

Younc, D. B., Geological Hall, Albany, N. Y. C. 

ZETEK, JAMES, Ancon, Canal Zone, Panama. Dec., ’07. 

ZIMMER, J. F., Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C. Dec., ’08. 


* Life Member. 


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